TURKEY FOOT RIDGE SITE
A MOGOLLON VILLAGE
Pine Lawn Valley Western New Mexico
PAUL S. MARTIN JOHN B. RINALDO
FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY
VOLUME 38, NUMBER 2
Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
AUGUST 17, 1950
I
TURKEY FOOT RIDGE SITE
Pine Lawn Valley Western New Mexico
TURKEY FOOT RIDGE SITE
A MOGOLLON VILLAGE
Pine Lawn Valley
Western New Mexico
PAUL S. MARTIN Chief Curator, Department of Anthropology
JOHN B. RINALDO
Assistant in Archaeology, Department of Anthropology
FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY
VOLUME 38, NUMBER 2
Published by
CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM
AUGUST 17, 1950
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS
PREFACE
In 1948 we continued our archaeological investigations in western New Mexico in the Apache National Forest, Catron County. We carried on our work in the Pine Lawn Valley (Fig. 79), which lies between the San Francisco and the Saliz Mountains; our nearest town was Reserve, New Mexico, about seven miles to the east.
The archaeological work was conducted under a permit issued to Chicago Natural History Museum by the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. We wish to thank Mr. R. B. Ewing, Forest Supervisor of the Apache National Forest, and Mr. Ray Swapp, Ranger of the Hood Ranger Station, for their co-opera- tion and assistance.
While the excavating proceeded, Dr. Ernst Antevs, Research Associate, Department of Geology, continued his intensive investiga- tion of the strata and deposition records in Wet Leggett Canyon, in which stone tools of the Chiricahua stage of the Cochise culture were found in 1947. During the course of Dr. Antevs' vigorous, thorough, and painstaking work, he discovered several new Cochise loci that yielded grinding tools and hearths.
We have planned to continue our work in the Pine Lawn Valley until we have completed the plan laid down several years ago — to investigate all phases of Indian occupation in the Pine Lawn Valley. From our present knowledge, the history of the valley will cover a span of time from about 1500 B.C. to about a.d. 1300, at which time the people of the Tularosa culture abandoned the area. We hope to discover what occurred during these 2,800 years of history. What became of the last settlers, why they left the area, and when they went are all grist for the mill. Some results have already been published covering the periods from 1500 to 500 B.C. and from a.d. 500 to 1000 (Martin, 1940, 1943; Martin and Rinaldo, 1947; Martin, Rinaldo and Antevs, 1949), and more will follow from time to time.
Without the continuing and profound interest of Mr. Stanley Field and Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, respectively President and Director of Chicago Natural History Museum, and the Board of
237
238 PREFACE
Trustees, our work would not be possible. We wish to express publicly our deep gratitude for their appreciation of the important work we are undertaking.
We also wish to thank the members of the camp staff for their devotion and zeal, without which our success would not have been possible: Mr. L. G. Johnson, Mr. W. T. Egan, Mr. Irving W. Wood, Jr., and Mrs. Martha Perry.
For five seasons, Mrs. Mary Crackel, proprietress of the Pine Lawn Tourist Camp and her assistant, Mr. George Spore, have given us generous assistance in ways too numerous to list. Perhaps their never-failing friendly neighborliness was their greatest con- tribution.
We wish to thank the men who dug for us: Willy Serna, Ruben Serna, Gregorio Jiron, George Jiron, Ed. A. Ulibarri, and Jake Snyder. We are also grateful to the two volunteers: Philip Olson and Earl Roethke.
More than three hundred specimens of charcoal from the ex- cavated houses were shipped in 1948 to Dr. A. E. Douglass, Director of the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, Arizona. It is hoped that he and his assistant, Mr. T. L. Smiley, will soon be able to release dates on our work in the Pine Lawn Valley.
Mrs. Charles Gillette traced the maps used in this report.
Paul S. Martin John B. Rinaldo
CONTENTS
PAGE
List of Illustrations 241
List of Tables 243
I. Introduction 245
Location of Site 245
Physiographic and Biotic Conditions 245
Problems 245
II. Description of Architectural Details 249
Pit-house C 250
Pit-house D 256
Pit-house E 260
Pit-house F 264
Pit-house G 268
Pit-house H 272
Pit-house I 276
Pit-house J 280
Pit-house K 284
Pit-house L 288
Pit-house M 292
Pit-house N 296
Pit-house O 300
III. Artifacts 303
List of Artifacts 303
Discussion 304
Functions and Associations of Artifacts 307
Manos 309
Rubbing Stones 314
Pestles 316
Metates 318
Small, Metate-like Grinding Stones 322
Mortars 324
Stone Bowl 327
Stone Ball 327
Worked Stone Slabs 328
239
240 CONTENTS
PAGE
Polishing Stones 330
Hammerstones 332
Mauls (ground and pecked) 334
Ax (ground and pecked) 334
Mauls (chipped stone) 334
Ax (chipped stone) 334
Pipes 336
Projectile Points 338
Drills 338
Knives 340
Scrapers 342
Choppers 344
Hoes 346
Pendant (turquoise) 346
BoneFlesher 348
Bone Needle 348
Bone Tube 348
Pendant (shell) 348
Bracelet 348
Bone Die 348
Bone Awls 350
Data on Unworked Bone Fragments 350
Worked Sherds 352
Human Figurine 352
Miniature Ladles 352
Unworked Stone 354
IV. Pottery 359
Culinary Pottery 359
Painted Pottery 362
Intrusive Pottery Types 367
Trends in Pottery Popularity 370
Conclusions 374
V. Summary 389
Architecture 389
Artifacts 389
Pottery 390
Bibliography 392
Index 394
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
TEXT FIGURES
PAGE
79. Map showing location of Pine Lawn Valley, New Mexico 244
80. Map of west half of Turkey Foot Ridge site showing locations of Pit-
houses A-E and 1-0 246
81. Map of east half of Turkey Foot Ridge site showing locations of Pit-
houses F, G, and H 247
82. Plan and sections of Pit-house C 251
83. Detail of masonry-filled post recess in south wall of Pit-house C, and
masonry in clay that formed upper part of adjacent wall 252
84. Pit-house C 253
85. Stepped lateral entrance in center of east wall of Pit-house C, first occu-
pation; firepit and deflector groove in foreground 254
86. Detail of masonry-lined ventilator tunnel and adjacent east wall of
Pit-house C, last occupation 255
87. Plan and sections of Pit-house D 257
88. Pit-house D ; mano in situ, right foreground 259
89. Plan and sections of Pit-house E 261
90. Pit-house E 263
91. Plan and sections of Pit-house F 265
92. Pit-house F 267
93. Plan and sections of Pit-house G 269
94. Pit-house G 271
95. Plan and sections of Pit-house H 273
96. Pit-house H 275
97. Plan and sections of Pit-house I 277
98. Pit-house I 279
99. Plan and sections of Pit-house J 281
100. Pit-house J 283
101. Plan and sections of Pit-house K 285
102. Pit-house K 287
103. Plan and sections of Pit-house L 289
104. Pit-house L 291
105. Plan and sections of Pit-house M 293
106. Pit-house M 295
107. Plan and sections of Pit-house N 297
108. Pit-house N 299
241
242 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
109. Plan and sections of Pit-house O 301
110. Pit-house O 302
111. Disk type and oval pebble type manos 311
112. Rectangular tabular type manos 312
113. Turtleback type manos showing upper surface 313
114. Rubbing stones: a-c, e, oval type; d, f, rectangular type 315
115. Pestles: a-c, e, f, multifaced type; d, g, angular type 317
116. Trough type metate, trough open at one end only 319
117. Trough type metate, trough open at one end only; groove for mano rest
in shelf above trough 320
118. Trough type metate, trough open at both ends 321
119. Small, metate-like grinding stones 323
120. Boulder mortar 325
121. Pebble mortar 326
122. Circular worked slab 329
123. Polishing stones 331
124. Hammerstones 333
125. Grooved and notched tools: a, notched ax; c, three-quarters grooved
maul; e, three-quarters grooved ax; b, d, f, chipped notched mauls . 335
126. Pipes and cylinder pipe blank (?) 337
127. Projectile points and drills 339
128. Knives: a, c, e, g, random flake type; b, d, f, h, blades 341
129. Scrapers: a-c, e, g, side scrapers; d, end scraper; /, In, hollow-edged
scrapers 343
130. Choppers 345
131. Hoe fragments 347
132. Flesher, needle, tube, shell pendant, and die 349
133. Bone awls 351
134. Baked clay artifacts: a, figurine; e, miniature ladle; b-d, f-n, worked
sherds 353
135. Ceremonial objects(?) 355
136. Bowl and jar forms, culinary pottery: a-d, Reserve Smudged; e, g,
Alma Plain;/, Alma Scored 361
137. Mogollon pottery design sequence: a, e, i, m, q, Mogollon Red-on-
Brown; b, f, j, n, r, Three Circle Red-on-White; c, g, k, o, s, Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White; d, h, I, p, t, Mimbres Black-on- White . 363
138. Mogollon pottery design sequence: a, e, i, Mogollon Red-on-Brown;
b, f, j, m-o, Three Circle Red-on-White; c, d, g, k, p-r, Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White; h, I, Mimbres Black-on-White 364
139. Frequency of design elements on three early Mogollon pottery types . 365
140. Red Mesa and Puerco Black-on-White potsherds 371
141. Chart showing relationships of principal pottery types in Mogollon
sites, western New Mexico 372-373
142. Three Circle Red-on-White bowl 374
143. Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White bowl 375
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 243
LIST OF TABLES
PAGE
9. Occurrence of artifacts by pit-houses 356-358
10. Frequency of design elements of three Mogollon pottery types . . . 366
11. Comparative analysis of characteristics of Mogollon pottery . . 368-369
12. Sherd analysis 377-388
MONTICELLO O
1928-29 EXCAVATIONS
LOWRY RUIN 1930-34 1938 EXCAVATIONS
COLORADO
MEXICO
Fig. 79. Map showing location of Pine Lawn Valley, New Mexico.
244
I. INTRODUCTION
LOCATION OF SITE
The Turkey Foot Ridge site (Figs. 80, 81) is located in the Apache National Forest, on a high, rather narrow ridge (S.W. x/i Sec. 34, T. 7 S., R. 20 W., N.M.P.M.), about seven miles west of Reserve, New Mexico, the county seat of Catron County. The altitude is approximately 6,400 feet above sea level. The SU site is situated about four miles to the north.
PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND BIOTIC CONDITIONS
The physiographic and biotic conditions for the area worked are the same as those given for the Wet Leggett site (see Martin, Rinaldo, and Antevs, 1949, pp. 34-43). There is an average precipitation of less than sixteen inches per year. The dominant trees are the yellow pine, juniper, and pinyon pine. The important food animals of the region are the mule deer, white-tailed deer, black bear, rabbit, tree squirrel, ground squirrel, chipmunk, wood rat, turkey, quail, and dove. In Hart Merriam's life zone classification the Pine Lawn Valley should be included in the Transition zone (open yellow pine forest). The valley ranges from 6,000 to 7,000 feet in elevation, has a midway divide at about 6,350 feet, and is drained to the San Francisco River by small intermittent streams passing through deep, narrow canyons at both ends.
PROBLEMS
In general, the objective of the summer's excavations was to find and excavate some houses of the Georgetown and San Francisco phases, in order to fill in a postulated four-hundred-year gap in the local sequence in the Pine Lawn Valley. After having excavated houses and sites of the Pine Lawn, Three Circle, and Reserve phases, as well as some artifacts of the Chiricahua stage, we found that we needed more data from the Georgetown and San Francisco phases, to be able to make valid generalizations concerning the development and growth of the Mogollon culture in the Pine Lawn Valley. We
245
0 5 10 20
<lft- * METERS
Fig. 80. Map of west half of Turkey Foot Ridge site showing locations of Pit-houses A-E and I-O. Narrow, unoccupied ridge 70 meters long between east and west halves.
246
V\ W
I-
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'•'- ■ AJ '4i VF
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10
20
METERS
Fig. 81. Map of east half of Turkey Foot Ridge site showing locations of Pit-houses F, G, and H. Narrow, unoccupied ridge 70 meters long between east and west halves.
247
248 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
felt that local data added to that described by Haury and Nesbitt might fill certain gaps in the story of development of house structures and stone and bone tools.
A few of the more specific problems we had in mind are as follows:
(1) Were there transitional types of house structures between those of the Pine Lawn and Three Circle phases, in addition to those described by Haury (1936a) and Nesbitt (1938)?
(2) Was there evidence of an abrupt change in milling tools and methods, or was the change a gradual one?
(3) Could we find evidence of an increased use of agriculture as a means of subsistence?
(4) Was there any evidence in Pine Lawn Valley sites that Re- serve Smudged pottery came into use previous to the Three Circle phase, as Haury suggested (Haury, 1940, p. 94)? Or did it make its first appearance during the Three Circle phase, as the evidence indicated in 1947?
(5) Did Alma Rough go out of use suddenly, with the coming into use of the textured wares such as Alma Neck Banded and Alma Scored?
(6) Did the Chiricahua people linger on in the Valley from about 1500 B.C. up to the beginning of the Pine Lawn phase? Were there more of their camp sites to be found? Were there any indications other than the similarities of stone tools that the Chiricahua people were the ancestors of the Pine Lawn people?
Some of these questions were answered, others were only partially answered, and still others not at all. The answers to some of these problems are embodied in the data and the discussions concerning the data in the following pages, and in the conclusions contained in the final summary.
II. DESCRIPTION OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS
PIT-HOUSE C (Figs. 82-86)
Shape. — Rectangular; length, 3.7 meters; width, 3.5 meters.
Walls of unplastered, orange-colored native clay; rubble masonry in north- west corner, in upper south wall and around ventilator.
Floor of gravelly, pinkish native clay covered over with gray plaster; depth below present ground level, 1.2-1.35 meters; surface fairly even; gray plaster probably represents later alteration as original central posthole was plastered over.
Firepit. — One in south half of house; square with rounded corners; 41 cm. square and 18 cm. deep.
Lateral Entrance. — In the middle of east wall; length, 1.6 meters; provided with two steps. In later occupation of house, this entrance was converted to a ventilator by insertion of masonry to form tunnel and shaft.
Pits. — None found.
Wall Niche (not shown on map). — Oval in shape; dimensions, 1.5 meters by 90 cm.; depth, 35 cm. Floor of niche 37 cm. above floor of house. Posthole in center of niche floor; diameter, 12 cm.; depth, 6 cm. Found therein were two rubbing stones, two polishing stones, two pestles, two hammerstones, two grinding slabs, two worked slabs, a fragment of a metate. Opening of niche sealed with slab; niche apparently used with first occupation of house.
Postholes. — Five primary and two secondary; least diameter, 9 cm.; greatest diameter, 30 cm.; least depth, 6 cm.; greatest depth, 29 cm. Five of these post- holes bisect house from north to south; one posthole in southwest corner, and one in northwest corner.
Roof. — Exact character unknown; probably like type 3 (Haury, 1936a, p. 83, fig. 26).
Grooves in Floor. — One just east of firepit for deflector or ladder; length, 30 cm.; width, 13 cm.; depth, 10 cm.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases. — San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house was apparently built in the San Francisco phase with characteristic entrance of that period. Later, passageway converted to ventilator; posts in north and south walls removed, postholes filled with rocks and plastered over; central posthole plastered over; wall niche sealed up with slab; and fill in top of south wall in northwest corner reinforced with rubble masonry. Pit-house C apparently has cut through section of earlier shallow house.
250
D FIREPIT
E FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
GZ3 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A'
Fig. 82. Plan and sections of Pit-house C. 251
B
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T3 S
i
03 C3
a ^_
S o «~ +■>
o 3 a A
SB'S
X o fa""
252
a a
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253
I
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rv, E
254
Fig. 86. Detail of masonry-lined ventilator tunnel and adjacent east wall of Pit-house C, last occupation.
255
PIT-HOUSE D
(Figs. 87, 88)
Shape. — Roughly square, with rounded corners; length, 3.5 meters; width, 3 meters.
Walls of unplastered, native pink clay.
Floor of gravelly, yellow clay; 86 cm. below present ground level; uneven surface; no alterations.
Firepit. — Near entrance, in east half of house; very shallow ash-filled depression of irregular shape.
Lateral Entrance. — On east side, 1 meter in length.
Pits. — None found.
Burials. — One; bones scattered over large area.
Postholes. — Five primary and three secondary; least diameter, 11 cm.; greatest diameter, 40 cm.; least depth, 7 cm.; greatest depth, 15 cm.
Roof. — Exact character unknown; probably like that of Pit-house C.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phase. — Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house burned.
256
E FLOOR
G BURIAL
H HEARTH
• POSTHOLE
EZI UNOISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A'
SECTION B B
Fig. 87. Plan and sections of Pit-house D. 257
t
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259
PIT-HOUSE E (Figs. 89, 90)
Shape. — Rectangular; 6.3 by 5.6 meters.
Walls of pinkish-orange-colored native clay, covered with gray plaster.
Floor of gravelly clay; fairly even; 28 to 82 cm. below present ground level. Covered with gray plaster.
Firepit. — None found.
Lateral Entrance. — In center of east wall; 1.65 meters long.
Pits. — None found.
Postholes. — Five primary, four secondary; least diameter, 29 cm.; greatest diameter, 42 cm.; least depth, 14 cm.; greatest depth, 55 cm.
Roof. — First a layer of beams; on top of this, poles or branches; outer layer, adobe. This evidence from burned clay and charcoal. Similar to type 4 (Haury, 1936a, p. 83, fig. 26).
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases. — Construction, San Francisco. Occupation, San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house burned. In west side of wall a niche(?) or irregularity; same as, or comparable to, niche in Pit-house H.
260
E FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
EZ3 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A
I : I
SECTION B B
Fig. 89. Plan and sections of Pit-house E.
261
c
3
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&
H
263
PIT-HOUSE F
(Figs. 91, 92)
Shape. — Rectangular, with rounded corners; 4.85 by 5.4 meters.
Walls of orange-colored, gravelly clay.
Floor of same clay; uneven; depth below present ground level, 60 to 95 cm.
Firepit. — Round, with niche on east side and bulbous extensions on north and south sides.
Lateral Entrance. — In center of east wall; length, 3 meters.
Pits. — One; just west of firepit; diameter, 80 cm.; depth, 16 cm.; filled with grayish-brown dirt containing sticks of charcoal.
Postholes. — Seven primary and eight secondary; least diameter, 12 cm.; greatest diameter, 40 cm.; least depth, 11 cm.; greatest depth, 70 cm.
Roof. — Made of beams and branches covered with adobe; evidence obtained from charcoal and burned clay; probable that beams lay parallel with axis of lateral entrance.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phase. — San Francisco.
General Comments. — This house burned. Low "bench," 20 to 45 cm. wide and 18 cm. high; around east, north and west walls.
264
D FIREPIT
E FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
^ UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A'
SECTION B B'
Fig. 91. Plan and sections of Pit-house F.
265
Fig. 92. Pit-house F. Arrow (50 cm. long) points north; meter stick in back- ground.
267
PIT-HOUSE G (Figs. 93, 94)
Shape. — Roughly hexagonal; 4.65 by 4.85 meters.
Walls of gravelly, orange-colored clay; unplastered.
Floor of same clay; fairly even; depth below present ground level, 45 to 75 cm.
Firepit. — None found.
Lateral Entrance. — Middle of east wall; length, 50 cm.
Pits. — Five in number; two oval, one rectangular, two circular; least diameter, 30 cm.; greatest diameter, 97 cm.; least depth, 14 cm.; greatest depth, 20 cm.; walls practically vertical, of gravelly, orange clay. Four manos found in rec- tangular pit in west wall; other pits contained only fill and sherds.
Postholes. — Twelve primary and four secondary; least diameter, 10 cm.; greatest diameter, 24 cm.; least depth, 9 cm.; greatest depth, 17 cm.
Roof.— Exact character unknown.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phase. — Georgetown?
General Comments. — This house did not burn. Low "bench" on either side of door; greatest width of bench, 35 cm.; height above floor, 20 cm.
268
C PIT
E FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
E2 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A'
Fig. 93. Plan and sections of Pit-house G. 269
T3
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271
PIT-HOUSE H (Figs. 95, 96)
Shape. — Rectangular; 4.4 by 5 meters.
Walls of pink, gravelly clay; unplastered.
Floor of same clay; fairly even; plastered; depth below present ground level, 1 to 1.2 meters.
Fire-pit. — Oval; in east portion of room; deflector (?) made of fragment of trough-type metate.
Lateral Entrance. — Middle of east wall; 2.5 meters long.
Pits. — One; diameter, 30 cm.; depth, 4 cm.; contained ashes; probably a secondary firepit.
Wall Niche. — In west side of house; depth, 60 cm.; length, 1.6 meters; floor 30 cm. above house floor. Two postholes(?); diameters, 20 cm.; depths, 7 and 12 cm.
Postholes. — Four primary and 6 secondary; least diameter, 14 cm.; greatest diameter, 30 cm.; least depth, 10 cm.; greatest depth, 28 cm.
Roof. — Exact character unknown; some burned main beams and smaller cross poles found on floor; probably like type 3 (Haury, 1936a, p. 83, fig. 26).
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phase. — San Francisco.
General Comments. — This house burned. In floor at east end of entrance two small holes that might have been postholes or possibly ladder holes.
272
C PIT
C FIREPIT
E FLOOR
H HEARTH
• POSTHOLE
© DOUBTFUL POSTHOLE
E2 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A*
Fig. 95. Plan and sections of Pit-house H.
273
H3
C 3 O
275
PIT-HOUSE I (Figs. 97, 98)
Shape. — Rectangular; 4.1 by 4.35 meters.
Walls of gravelly, orange-colored clay partly covered by one coat of adobe plaster.
Floor of same clay; fairly even; depth below present ground level, 70 cm. to 1.2 meters.
Firepit. — Circular; very close to entrance.
Lateral Entrance. — In middle of west wall; length, 2.3 meters; provided with two steps.
Pits. — None found.
Postholes. — Seven primary and two secondary; least diameter, 12 cm.; greatest diameter, 34 cm.; least depth, 5 cm.; greatest depth, 25 cm.
Roof. — Exact character unknown.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases. — Construction, San Francisco. Occupation, San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house burned. Attention is called to the fact that the entrance is on the west side of the house — a rare occurrence (see Pit-house O). At foot of second riser are two holes that may have been postholes or ladder holes. Metates and manos were found in situ in southeast corner of house; manos un- usually large.
276
E FLOOR
H HEARTH
• POSTHOLE
E2 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A'
SECTION B B
Fig. 97. Plan and sections of Pit-house I.
277
a B a
o I
£
279
PIT-HOUSE J (Figs. 99, 100)
Shape. — Roughly circular; inner portion rectangular; greatest diameter, 5.45 meters.
Walls of gravelly, orange-colored clay.
Floor of same clay; fairly even; one coat of plaster 5 cm. thick; depth below present ground level, 70 cm. to 1 meter.
Firepit. — Circular.
Lateral Entrance. — Center of east wall; short and stubby; length, 50 cm.
Pits. — None found.
Postholes. — Twelve primary and six secondary; least diameter, 11 cm.; great- est diameter, 35 cm.; least depth, 8 cm.; greatest depth, 30 cm.
Roof. — Exact character unknown; from evidence of burned roof-clay, was com- posed of main beams, branches, and adobe covering.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phase. — San Francisco.
General Comments. — This house burned. Long, wide "bench" (?) along east, south and north walls; greatest width (1.1 meters) in front of entrance; pinches out along north and south walls. Small recess(?) in west wall. Includes earlier house?
280
SECTION B B'
••"L.DJ
Fig. 99. Plan and sections of Pit-house J. 281
T3
C 3
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9 0
283
PIT-HOUSE K (Figs. 101, 102)
Shape. — Rectangular, with rounded corners; 7.5 by 8 meters.
Walls of unplastered, orange-colored, gravelly clay.
Floor of same clay; plastered; fairly even where plaster was intact, otherwise uneven; depth below present ground level, 75 cm. to 1.4 meters.
Firepit. — Oval, shaped like a dish.
Lateral Entrance. — None found.
Pits. — Two in number; one circular, one oval; diameters, 30 cm. and 45 cm.; depths, 12 cm. and 24 cm.; round pit has inward-sloping walls, oval pit has vertical walls and contained mano and metate.
Postholes. — Nine primary and three secondary; least diameter, 12 cm.; great- est diameter, 45 cm.; least depth, 7 cm.; greatest depth, 75 cm.
Grooves. — Four long ones, ranging in length from 1.6 to 3 meters, forming a large rectangle in center of house. In grooves were logs with floor plaster coming up and over them.
Roof. — Composed of beams, poles, brush, all covered by adobe; evidence from charred beams and impressions in burned clay.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases. — Construction, San Francisco. Occupation, San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house burned. There was a "bench" along north and west walls, the greatest width of which was 80 cm., narrowing down to 37 cm. On east side of rectangular central area were two small holes that might have been ladder holes. Attention is called to central rectangular area defined by logs partly buried in grooves. This area may have served some special purpose. North groove contained fragment of charred log.
284
O FIREPIT
E FLOOR
F TROUGH
• POSTHOLE
© DOUBTFUL POSTHOLE
E2 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A
SECTION B B'
Fig. 101. Plan and sections of Pit-house K. 285
T3
§
3 O
287
PIT-HOUSE L (Figs. 103, 104)
Shape. — Rectangular with rounded corners; width, 5 meters; length, 5.3 meters.
Walls of unplastered, gravelly, orange-colored clay.
Floor of same clay; unplastered; fairly even; depth below present ground level, 70 cm. to 1.2 meters.
Firepit. — None found.
Lateral Entrance. — None found.
Pits. — Two in number; one circular, diameter 50 cm., depth 13 cm.; one oval, 45 by 30 cm., and 15 cm. deep.
Extra-mural Pits. — Three in number; round to oval in shape; least diameter, 70 cm.; greatest diameter, 1.3 meters; floor 10 cm. above floor of house; west niche contained manos and hammerstones.
Postholes. — Nine primary and one secondary; least diameter, 13 cm.; greatest diameter, 30 cm.; least depth, 6 cm.; greatest depth, 35 cm.
Roof. — Exact character unknown.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases.— Construction, San Francisco. Occupation, San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house did not burn. On east side of house portion of floor was burned and covered with thin layer of ashes. "Bench" on north side of house 40 cm. wide; another narrower one on east side of house; "bench" 10 cm. high.
288
C PIT E FLOOR • POSTHOLE V& UNDISTURBED CLAY POSSIBLE FORM OF HOUSE
SECTION A A'
Fig. 103. Plan and sections of Pit-house L.
289
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291
PIT-HOUSE M (Figs. 105, 106)
Shape. — Roughly circular; 5.7 by 6.7 meters.
Walls of unplastered, orange-colored, gravelly clay.
Floor of same clay; uneven and unplastered; depth below present ground level, 95 cm. to 1.2 meters.
Firepit. — Near entrance; a vaguely shallow, circular depression; diameter, 60 cm.; depth, 6 cm.
Lateral Entrance. — In middle of east wall; 1.3 meters long.
Pits. — Three in number; least diameter, 70 cm.; greatest diameter, 1 meter; least depth, 10 cm.; greatest depth, 45 cm.; two of these pits have undercut walls; fill was brown, although normal fill in house was black.
Postholes. — Six primary and seven secondary; least diameter, 10 cm.; greatest diameter, 35 cm.; least depth, 5 cm.; greatest depth, 29 cm.
Roof. — Composed of beams and branches covered with adobe; evidence ob- tained from charcoal and burned clay; probably similar to type 3 (Haury, 1936a, p. 83, fig. 26).
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases. — Construction, San Francisco. Occupation, San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house burned. Metates and manos in situ in north- west quadrant of house and in center of house; two-hand manos associated with slab type metate; one-hand mano associated with trough type metate, open at one end only; both metates rested on discarded manos and other stones. "Bench" around all sides of house except for opening of entrance; height ranging from 25 to 40 cm.; width ranging from 40 cm. to 1.25 meters. Main floor area rectangular as in Pit-house J; arrangement of pits similar to houses B and L on this site. Includes earlier house?
292
C PIT
D FIREPIT
E FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
0 DOUBTFUL POSTHOLE
E2 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A
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SECTION B B'
Fig. 105. Plan and sections of Pit-house M.
293
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295
PIT-HOUSE N (Figs. 107, 108)
Shape. — Rectangular, with rounded corners; 3.65 by 4.35 meters.
Walls of unplastered, orange-colored, gravelly clay.
Floor of same clay; uneven in east half of house, with rocks protruding; depth below present ground level, 55 cm. to 1.2 meters.
Firepit. — None found.
Lateral Entrance. — On east side, toward south end of wall; floor or step 20 cm. above pit-house floor; length, 65 cm.
Pits. — One; oval-shaped; 80 by 95 cm.; depth, 20 cm. One mano on floor of pit.
Postholes. — Three primary and seven secondary; least diameter, 10 cm.; greatest diameter, 27 cm.; least depth, 6 cm.; greatest depth, 21 cm.
Roof. — Composed of beams and branches covered with adobe; evidence ob- tained from charcoal.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases. — Construction, San Francisco. Occupation, San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house burned. Along west and north walls was a "bench" 21 cm. high and 30 to 65 cm. wide. Metates and manos in situ in south- east quadrant. Postholes in front of door may have held posts that supported deflector slab.
296
C PIT
E FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
V& UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A'
SECTION B B
Fig. 107. Plan and sections of Pit-house N. 297
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299
PIT-HOUSE O (Figs. 109, 110)
Shape. — Rectangular, with rounded corners; 3.8 by 3.9 meters.
Walls of unplastered, gravelly, orange-colored clay.
Floor of same clay; uneven; depth below present ground level, 80 cm. to 1.35 meters.
Firepit. — Circular; located in west half of house near entrance.
Lateral Entrance. — In middle of west wall; greatest length, 1.4 meters; floor or step 29 cm. above floor of pit-house.
Pits. — None found.
Postholes. — Five primary and eight secondary; least diameter, 12 cm.; greatest diameter, 36 cm.; least depth, 6 cm.; greatest depth, 40 cm.
Roof. — Composed of beams and branches covered with adobe; evidence ob- tained from charcoal and burned clay.
Pottery. — See chapter on pottery.
Phases. — Construction, San Francisco. Occupation, San Francisco and Three Circle.
General Comments. — This house burned. Note should be made of the fact that the entrance is on the west side of the house — a rare occurrence (see Pit- house I). Slab metate found near north wall; trough metate near east wall.
300
D FIREPIT
E FLOOR
• POSTHOLE
© DOUBTFUL POSTHOLE
E3 UNDISTURBED CLAY
SECTION A A'
SECTION B B
Fig. 109. Plan and sections of Pit-house 0. 301
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302
III. ARTIFACTS
On pages 309-358 the details of the artifacts are given in outline
form. For convenience in comparison the artifacts have been grouped as follows:
LIST OF ARTIFACTS Object Ground and Pecked Stone Number
Handstones excavated
Manos 140
Rubbing stones 33
Pestles 7
Milling stones
Metates 36
Small, metate-like grinding stones 8
Mortars 6
Worked stone slabs 9
Polishing stones 36
Hammerstones 16
Mauls 2
Axes 1
Stone dishes 1
Pipes 4
Stone ball 1
Chipped Stone
Projectile points 7
Knives 36
Scrapers 37
Choppers 3
Drills 2
Mauls 3
Ax 1
Hoes 2
Polished Stone
Pendant 1
Shell
Bracelets 2
Pendant 1
Bone
Awls 25
Needle 1
Flesher 1
Die 1
Tube 1
Clay
Worked sherds 32
Figurine 1
Miniature ladles 2
303
304 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO
Unworked Stone
Pigments 3
Crystals 4
Ceremonial objects(?) 4
Total number of artifacts 470
DISCUSSION
The greater number of post Pine Lawn phase artifacts (artifacts of the Georgetown, San Francisco, and Three Circle phases) recovered through the complete excavation of the Turkey Foot Ridge site, provided considerable additional evidence to strengthen and modify the conclusions reached on the basis of the evidence available in 1947.
In general, the impression received from an examination of the early and late stone and bone artifacts of the Pine Lawn Valley is one of cultural continuity. This is evident from the uniformity of the stone artifacts from the Cochise levels up through Three Circle times, and of the bone and shell artifacts from at least Pine Lawn phase times. The majority of tools and other artifacts from the Turkey Foot Ridge site have their prototypes and frequently their counterparts in the implements and objects from the Pine Lawn phase as represented at the SU and Promontory sites. The primary artifact categories (such as manos, metates, mortars and mauls) and in many cases the secondary categories (such as pebble and boulder type mortars), remained the same. The differences between the artifacts of the Pine Lawn phase and those of the later phases lie in small but significant details and in the frequencies of certain types, in the addition of a few secondary artifact categories (such as through-trough type metates), and in the dropping out of a few old categories (for example, basin-type metates).
Basically and essentially there are greater stability and continuity in the stone and bone artifacts than in architecture or pottery types, for modifications in the artifacts are less radical and there are fewer of them; for example, the transitions from the use of only plain pottery to the use of both plain and decorated wares, or from large, vaguely circular pit-houses with side entrances, to small, rectangular pit-houses, seem more radical changes than any apparent in the artifact categories.
In order to implement a direct village-to-village and house-to- house comparison of artifact frequencies for the purpose of sub- stantiating these impressions of change, a table was constructed (Table 9, pp. 356-358) showing artifact frequencies in each house of
ARTIFACTS 305
Turkey Foot Ridge Village. This was then compared with a similar table constructed for the houses of the SU, Promontory and Twin Bridges sites (see Martin, Rinaldo and Antevs, 1949, Table 3, pp. 180-183).
It was immediately evident from this comparison that the primary categories of manos, metates, rubbing stones and the like remained much the same; for example, a comparison of primary artifact categories from twenty-three pit-houses later than the Pine Lawn phase (from the Turkey Foot Ridge and Twin Bridges sites) with those of twenty-three houses of the Pine Lawn phase (from the SU site) reveals in the Pine Lawn phase only four primary categories that are not represented in the Three Circle phase : bone pins, antler rubbers, abrading stones, and "bird" pendants. Moreover, these artifact types appeared so sporadically even in the Pine Lawn phase and are so few in number that their absence from the later list de- tracts very little from the basic continuity evident from the large number of categories common to both lists.
Of course the culture changes that are apparent from changes in architecture and pottery types are also evident in the artifact categories, although they are less pronounced ; for instance, no basin metates (other than mortar-metates) were recovered from Turkey Foot Ridge Village, and attendant to this change is a corresponding decrease in the number of oval and oblong manos and rubbing stones. Conversely, the greater frequency of trough-type metates and the innovation of the through-trough-type metate is correlated with a greater frequency of rectangular manos. These changes, in addition to a marked decrease in the frequency of mortars and pestles in the Three Circle phase pit-houses, appear to be indicative of a general change in grinding methods. Other evidence of this change besides the changes in frequency of grinding-tool types, are changes in the troughs of trough-type metates. These troughs have straighter sides than those of the Pine Lawn phase trough-type metates and are striated lengthwise, indicating a straight back and forth motion