Presertteh to of tl|C Pntberstty of ©orottto Professor John Satterly Dep-^rtment of Fb'-sics University of Toronto HANDBOUND AT THE UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO PRESS f Digitized by tine Internet Arcinive in 2007 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation Iittp://www.arcliive.org/details/19161918devonian00londuoft DEVONIAN YEAR BOOK 1916'/^ ^ ILLUMINATED ADDRESS Presented to Captain William Pillar by the London Devonian Association. Frontispiece THE I Devonian Year Book I FOR THE YEAR 191 in I (SEVENTH YEAR OF PUBLICATION) R. PEARSE CHORE, B.A. One's native place is the shell of one's soul, and one's church is the kernel of that nut. H. Belloc, The Path to Rome. PUBLISHED BY Xon&cii: THE LONDON DEVONIAN ASSOCIATION (JOHN W. SHAWYER, Hon. Sec.) 16. Regent Street. S.W. [ SIMPKIN. MARSHALL, HAMILTON. KENT & CO. LTD. >16ri5t0l : JOHN WRIGHT & SONS LTD.. STONE BRIDGE (/or the West cf England and South Wales). w JOHN WRIGHT AND SONS LTD., I'RINTERF, BRISTOL. • "'N2S1SS4 S78740 Contents. The London Devonian Association — Officers and Com- mittees - - - - - - -7 The Year's Work - - - - - - 10 Devonshire Patriotic Fund - - - - - 13 Died for their Country - - - - - i5 " For Dartymoor " - - - - - 22 Captain WiUiam Pillar — A Devon Hero - - - 23 'Devon Men" - - - - - - 28 WilHam Hayman Cummings, Mus.D. — Dr. T. Lea Southgate 29 Notes and Gleanings - - - - - 35 " Drake's Drum " — Sir Henry Newbolt - - -51 New Light on Drake — Sir Clements R. Markham, K.C.B. 52 " Called Up "—Dudley Clark - - - - 54 Farthest from Railways : An Unknown Corner of Devon — R. Pearse Chope - - - - - 55 "The Visitors' Book : Hartland Quay "— R. A. Knox - 76 The Saints of Devon, Part IL — Rev. J. F. Chanter - "]"] Some Recent Devonian Literature — H. Tapley-Soper - 107 AffiUated Societies ------ 109 Devonian Societies not Affiliated - - - - 120 Rules of the London Devonian Association - - - 121 List of Members and Associates - - - - 124 Officers and Committees The London Devonian Association. Officers and Committees. 1915-16. President : The Right Hon. the Earl of HALSBURY, P.C. Paat Presidents : The Right Hon. Earl FORTESCUE, K.C.B., A.D.C., Lord-Lieutenant of Devon (1909-10). The Right Hon. Lord NORTHCOTE, G.C.M.G., G.C.I.E., C.B. (1910-11). Vice>Presidents : The Right Hon. the Earl of MOUNT EDGCUMBE, P.C, G.C.V.O., VD. The Right Hon. the Viscount ST. CYRES. The Right Rev. the LORD BISHOP OF EXETER. The Right Hon. Lord CHURSTON, M.V.O. The Right Hon. Lord CLIFFORD OF CHUDLEIGH, VD, A.D.C. The Right Hon. Lord SEATON. The Right Hon. H. E. DUKE, K.C., M.P., Exeter (Plymouth). The Right Hon. GEORGE LAMBERT, P.C, M.P. South Molton {Spreyton) . Sir CLIFFORD J. CORY, Bart., M.P. (Bideford). Sir H. Y.-B. LOPES, Bart. (Roborough). Sir WILFRID PEEK, Bart. (Rousdon). Sir GEORGE W. KEKEWICH, K.C.B., D.C.L. [Peamore). Lady MARKHAM (Arlington). Sir roper LETHBRIDGE, K.C.I.E., M.A., D.L., J. P. (Exbourne). Sir JOHN JACKSON, K.C.V.O., M.P. Devonport. Lt.-Col. Sir FREDK. UPCOTT, K.C.V.O., CS.I. (Cullompton) . Sir EDWIN A. CORNWALL, M.P. (Lapford). Sir JOHN W. SPEAR, M.P. Tavistock (Tavistock). Sir harry J. VEITCH (Exeter). Commander H. L. L. PENNELL, R.N. (Awliscombe). Colonel E. T. CLIFFORD, VD (Exeter). Major WALDORF ASTOR, M.P. Plymouth. Major A. C MORRISON-BELL, M.P. Honiton (Harpford). Captain E. F. MORRISON-BELL, M.P. Ashburton (C'hudleigh). T. DYKE ACLAND, Esq., M.D., F.R.CP. (Columb-John). A. SHIRLEY BENN. Esq., M.P. Plymouth. Rev. W. p. BESLEY, M.A. (Barnstaple). Minor Canon of St. Paul's. J. B. BURLACE, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S. (Brixham). JOHN COLES, Esq., J. P. (Tiverton). A. E. DUNN, Esq. (Exeter). H. T. EASTON. Esq. (Exeter). JOHN GALSWORTHY, Esq. (Manaion). The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Vice-Presidents : — Continued. Rev. H. R. GAMBLE, M.A. {Barnstaple), Hon. Chaplain to the King. ALLEN GILL, Esq., F.R.A.M. {Devonport). T. CANN HUGHES, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. (Hittisleigh). JOHN LANE, Esq. {West Putford). F. B. MILDMAY, Esq., M.P. Totnes {Flete. Ivybridge). R. J. PARR, Esq. {Torquay). Rev. RICHARD PEEK, M.A. {Drewsteignion). EDEN PHILLPOTTS, Esq. {Exeter). P. E. PILDITCH, Esq., J. P., L.C.C. {Kingsbridge) . J. C. PILLMAN, Esq., J.P. {Plymouth). Alderman C. PINKHAM, J. P.. C.C. {Plympion). G. H. RADFORD, Esq., LL.B., M.P. {Plymouth). SYDNEY SIMMONS, Esq.. J.P. {Okehampton). S. M. SKINNER, Esq. MICHAEL B. SNELL, Esq., J.P. {Barnstaple). H. TAPLEY-SOPER, Esq. {Stoke Gabriel). Rev. W. temple, M.A. {Exeter). HENRY TOZER, Esq. {Exeter). HENRY VIVIAN, Esq. {Cornwood). Rev. a. J. WALDRON {Plymouth). H. MICHELL WHITLEY, Esq., M.Inst.C.E. {Plymouth). Rev. H. S. WOOLLCOMBE. M.A. {Northlew). Chairman of the Association : Colonel E. T. CLIFFORD, VD {Exeter). Cranley Gardens, South Kensington, S.VV. Committee : Chairman. Alderman C. Pinkham, J. P., C.C. {Plympion), Linden Lodge, Winchester Avenue, Brondcsbury, N.W. Deputy Chairman. R. Pearse Chope, B.A. {Hartland), Patent Office, 25, Southampton Buildings, W.C. Prof. W. S. Abell, M.I.N.A. {Exmouth), 11, Wedderburn Road, Hamp- stead, N.W. Stanley J. Bowen {London Bidefordian Soc), 22, St. Paul's Churchyard, E.C. G. E. Bridgeman {Ugborough), 8, Lavender Sweep, Clapham Common, S.W. J. B. Burlace {Brixham), 38, Corfton Road, Ealing, W. Norman W. Champion {Sheldon), 8, Holmewood Gardens, Brixton Hill, S.W. N. Cole {Salcombe), 45, Allerton Road, Lordship Park, Stoke Newing- ton, N. G. W. Davey {Sampford Spiney), 16, John Street, Bedford Row, W.C. J. Donald {Three Towns Assoc). " Westleigh," Whytecliffe Road, Purley, Surrey. H. Geald (Threepton), la, Middle Temple Lane, E.C. H. H. M. Hancock {Barumites in London), 56, Devereux Road, Wands- worth Common, S.W. W. Inman {Stoke Gabriel), Sherbourne, Longley Road, Tooting, S.W. W. J. McCormack, J.P. {Plymouth), Dunkeld. Slough, Bucks. F. A. Perry {Tiverton), 4, Kirchen Road, West Ealing. I Officers and Committees John Ryall (Exeter Club), 94, Jerningham Road, New Cross, S.E. J. Summers {Old Ottregians Soc), 44, Grove Hill Road, Peckham, S.E. J. H. Taylor (Northam), The Lodge, Old Deer Park, Richmond. F. G. Wright (Tiverton), 10, Old Deer Park Gardens, Richmond. Robert Yandle (Tivertonian Assoc), 22, Carter Lane, E.C. Hon. Auditors. Gilbert Harris (Plymouth), 78, Wood Street, E.C. J. Arnold Hill, C.A. (Holcombe Rogus), 19a. Coleman Street, E.C. Hon. Treasurer. H. Brinsmead Squire (Torrington), London County & Westminster Bank, Ltd., 90, Wood Street, E.C. Hon. Assistant Secretary. R. Stewart Barnes (Vealmpton), 53, Moorgate Street, E.C. Hon. Secretary. John W. Shawyer (West Buckland School O.B.A.), 5, Hemington Avenue, Friem Barnet, N. Benevolent Fund Sub-committee : G. E. Bridgeman, G. W. Davey, H. H. M. Hancock, W. Inman, J. H. Taylor. Finance Sub-committee : J. B. Burlace, G. W. Davey, W. Inman, W. J. McCorm.vck, J. Summers. Year Book Sub-committee : Prof. W. S. Abell, J. B. Burlace, H. Geen, F. A. Perry. Representatives on the English County Societies Conference : Colonel E. T. Clifford (Chairman of the Conference), G. W. Davey, J. W. Shawyer (ex officio). National Memorial to Drake. President : The Right Hon. Winston Churchill, M.P. The London Devonian Association is represented on the Executive of the National Committee by Colonel E. T. Clifford, Vice-Chairman, The Right. Hon. George Lambert, Hon Treasurer, Major A. Clive Morrison- Bell, M.P., P. E. Pilditch, J.P., L.C.C, G. H. Radford, M.P., and J. W. Shawyer. Note. — The Chairman of the Association, the Chairman of Committee, the Deputy Chairman, the Hon. Treasurer, the Hon. Assistant Secre- tary, and the Hon. Secretary axe ex officio members of the Committee and of all Sub-committees. k 10 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 The Year's Work. Under the stress of War the normal functions of the County Societies in London have necessarily undergone great change. The disposition of members to meet at social gatherings for mere enjoyment has rightly given place to a heartfelt desire for the direction of energies and resources into channels where they can best be utilized for the alleviation of the hardships of fellow- countymen who are fighting England's battles on the sea and on lands beyond the sea, and of those whose ill fortune has led them as prisoners of war into the hands of enemies devoid of chivalry — devoid even of the common dictates of humanity ; for the provision of comforts and practical assistance to those who have been broken in their country's service ; and for the augmentation of the national provision for the dependents of our soldiers and sailors. Two Concerts were held by the Association during the year for the furtherance of these objects. The first was in aid of the Devonshire Patriotic Fund, in the Great Hall of the Cannon Street Hotel, presided over by the Right Hon. George Lambert, M.P., Civil Lord of the Admiralty, and resulted in a substantial sum being handed over. The opportunity was taken of inviting Captain William Pillar, the skipper of the trawler Provident, of Brixham, to attend and be presented with an illuminated address recording his gallant act of rescuing 71 survivors of H.M.S. Formidable, which had been torpedoed in the English Channel by a German submarine. A full account of this function appears on pages 23-27. The second Concert was held under the presidency of the Right Hon. T. J. Macnamara, LL.D., ParUamentary Secretary of the Admiralty, at the Balham Assembly Rooms, generously placed at the disposal of the Committee by Mr. J. B. Beare, a native of Devon. The proceeds were, on the advice of Earl Fortescue, forwarded to the Mayoress of Exeter for the purpose of being added to her fund for soldiers and sailors already in existence. Mr. R. P. Chope gave the members of the Association an illustrated lantern lecture on " Farthest from Railways : an Unknown Corner of Devon," a full report of which appears on pages 55-75. The chair was taken by Mr. J. C. Pillman, J. P., one of our Vice-Presidents, and there was an excellent attendance. The Year's Work ii The Children's Party was held as usual at the Holborn Hall, and was a distinct success, 134 children and over 160 adults being present. A distinct and charming innovation was the presence of a number of Belgian Refugees, to whom special invitations had been sent. The Annual Dinner and the Annual River Trip were both cancelled. Owing to the fact that the greater number of Devonians in London on whom the Rifle Club relied for support have joined His Majesty s Forces, the attendance at the Rifle Club has been meagre, and consequently the Committee have decided to dis- continue for the present their arrangements for the use of the National Reserve Rifle Association Range at Blackfriars. In this connection it is recorded with regret that Mr. G. B. Godsland, the Captain of the Club, and Mr. R. W. Mourant, both of whom shot for the Association in the Winans' Cup Competition, have fallen in action. Reference has been made to the Devonshire Patriotic Fund which was instituted at the suggestion of Earl Fortescue ; as a result of the Committee's efforts the sum of £223 Os. 5d. has been received. Details are given on pages 13-14. The fund remains open, and contributions will be gladly received by the Hon. Treasurer. During the year 40 new members were elected, and it is in- teresting to note there are now 16 Home Societies and 8 Societies of Devonians abroad affiliated to the Association, in addition to 18 Home and 5 Colonial Societies, which may be regarded as Corresponding Societies. The Association has had the misfortune to lose through death three of its most distinguished Vice-Presidents, viz.. Dr. W. H. Cummings, the Hon. Lionel Walrond, and Mr. W. H. K. Wright. Obituary notices appear elsewhere. The Rev. William Temple, M.A., Rector of St. James's, Piccadilly, son of the famous Arch- bishop, and Mr. S. M. Skinner, Chairman of John Barker & Co., Ltd., have been elected Vice-Presidents. The Annual General Meeting of the Association was held at Anderton's Hotel, Colonel E. T. Clifford occupying the chair. Messrs. J. B. Burlace, G. W. Davey, W. J. McCormack, and W. H. Smart retired and were re-elected. Mr. Henry Gillham, who had served on the Committee for six years, resigned owing to indifferent health, and Mr. F. G. Wright, one of the original members, was elected in his stead. Mr. R. Stewart Barnes was elected Hon. Assistant Secretary. Mr. W. H. Smart resigned the position of Hon. Subscription Secretary, and the thanks of the Association are due to him not only for the work done by 12 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 him in his official capacity, but also for the great amount of time generously given by him in connection with his duties as Hon. Secretary of the Entertainment Committee. Mr. Smart remains on the Committee, so the Association can still rely on his cordial co-operation and assistance whenever opportunity arises. All the other officers were re-elected. After the disposal of the routine business, the Chairman referred to the disappointment the Committee of the National Memorial to Drake in London had experienced, owing to the fact that, although the matter was so near completion, it had had to stand over entirely owing to the War. He also referred to a scheme which had been put forward by the Conference of the English County Societies in London which would enable members of all the affiliated Societies to have an opportunity of under- taking the visitation of and provision of comforts for wounded soldiers and sailors, natives of their own counties, now lying in London hospitals. The meeting cordially appreciated the scheme, which, we learn, is approaching completion. The membership of the Association still falls far short of what it should be, and the co-operation of existing members in ex- tending its ramifications amongst their many friends from the old County in London would lead to a corresponding extension of the influence and value of the organization. It will be readily recognized how necessary this is for the effective realization of the immediate objects indicated above, and the consequent material benefit to those who have so generously answered their country's call. The question of employment of the partially disabled after the War is one which particularly commends itself, and looms large on the horizon ; much good might be done in this direction. The direct connections of the Com- mittee must necessarily be limited ; it is therefore hoped that every reader of this book will lose no opportunity of helping to increase the membership, and so forwarding the interests of the London Devonian Association in the best practical manner. J. W. S. A Wish. One thing I ask of Heaven : A very httle gold. That I may go to Devon And live there till I'm old. Geoffrey Dennis. Devonshire Patriotic Fund Devonshire Patriotic Fund. In the last Year Book was given a first list of subscriptions to this fund obtained through the London Devonian Association. The amount actually received was £170 5s. 6d. Since this book was published the following additional subscriptions have been received, making a total of {223 Os. 5d., and a cheque for £200 has been sent to the Treasurer of the fund. The subscription Hst is still open, and it is hoped that many more contributions will be received during the coming year. The object of the fund is to give assistance in case of need to the wives, famihes, and other dependent relatives of Sailors and Soldiers (Regulars and Territorials) belonging to the County, and to aid in the care of the sick and wounded. In addition to providing monetary assistance in these cases, the Fund is being utilized to purchase materials for the use of the numerous ladies' working parties which have been formed to make hospital garments and clothing comforts for the troops. SECOND LIST OF SUBSCRIPTIONS. Amount previously acknowledged Devonshire Patriotic Fund Concert Hong-Kong Devonian Society Subscribers : — £ s. d. 170 5 6 24 811 20 o o W. Barret, Esq. A. J. J. Brock, Esq. G. K. Hall Brutton, Esq. F. T. Chappie, Esq. Dr. Francis Clark G. Curry, Esq. A. C. Dennys, Esq. H. L. Dennys, Esq. J. A. Dove, Esq. A. Dunrich, Esq. H. R. G. Elson, Esq. F. Goodman, Esq. B. A. Hale, Esq. H. C. R. Hancock, Esq. R. H. Hancock, Esq. F. A Hazeland, Esq C. W. Heard, Esq P. M. Hodgson, Esq. A. Shelton Hooper, Esq. J. Hooper, Esq. Philip Jacks, Esq. E. P. H. Lang, Esq. J. D. Lloyd, Esq. G. C. Moxon, Esq. M. Stafford Northcote, Esq. Dr. W. W. Pearsel H. R. Phelips, Esq. H. E. Pollock, Esq. W. Pope, Esq. Dr. J. H. Sanders N. J. Stabb, Esq. Dr. F. O. Stedman C. V. Swiggs, Esq. J. Tooker, Esq. E. M. Tozer, Esq. Capt. Wilde 14 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Society of Devonians in Bristol Eng.-Capt. VV. D. Chope, R.N. G. W. Wilcocks, Esq. Swansea Devonian Society . . Miss K. Lawday Ottregians in London, per J. Summers, Esq. £ s- I I oil d. o o o o /223 With reference to the contribution from the Hong-Kong Devonian Society, the Hon. Secretary (Mr. PhiHp Jacks) writes : " This amount has been collected by the Hong-Kong Devonian Society, to which most of the Devon men in this Colony have subscribed their mite. People here generally have already subscribed or are subscribing a percentage of their monthly pay to the Prince of Wales' Fund, so that we could not get as large a sum for the Devon Fund as we might otherwise have done. On the receipt of your letter I called a meeting of the Committee of the local Devonian Society, who decided that, instead of holding the Annual Dinner this year, the members should be asked to subscribe a small sum for the benefit of the men of Devon and their families who are in distress owing to the war." The Royal North Devon Hussars. An Appeal for Comforts. The following letter from Earl Fortescue has appeared in the local press : — " Sir, — We now have information that the Royal North Devon Hussars are fighting against the Turks in the Gallipoli Peninsula. We know there are many in Devon who would wish to help in sending comforts to the men, and are therefore appeaUng through your colunjns for money to provide plum puddings, cigarettes, tobacco, chocolate, etc. Mufflers, socks and mittens are acceptable presents. Parcels and cheques should be sent to Mrs. Sanders, 150, St. James's Court, London, S.W. Yours truly, (Signed) Fortescue, Hon. Col. R.N.D.H." Died for their Country 15 JBietr for tftcir (ffountnj. Allen. — Died of wounds in France, on Sept. 26-27, i9^5» -nd Lieut. F. J. Allen, 9th Devon Regt., son of Mr. Allen, of Clapham, age 22. Anstey. — Killed in Flanders, on June 24, 1915, Capt. George A. Anstey, ist Devon Regt., son of Maj. W. Anstey, of Fleet, Hampshire, age 27. Aplin. — Died of wounds in France, on ^lay 13, 1915, Lieut. Elphinstone D'Oyly Aplin, 2nd Gloucester Regt., son of Lieut.-Col. H. M. Aplin, of the Royal WilHam Yard, Plymouth, age 22. Arundell. — Killed on the Suez Canal, on Feb. 3, 1915, Capt. Reinfred Tatton Arundell, 2nd Rajputs (Indian Army), of Cheriton Fitzpaine, age 38. He saw active service in Tibet, 1903-4, taking part in the march to Lhasa. ASHCROFT.— Killed whilst leading his men into action on Sept. 25, 1915, Lieut. Ernest Ashcroft, 8th Devon Regt., son of Wm. Ashcroft, of Prenton, Cheshire, age 31. Bates. — Lieut. Raymond Plumptre Bates, 2nd Devon Regt., son of Philip Bates, of Bude, age 25. Baynes. — Died from pneumonia, on March 19, 1915, following wounds received at Festhubert, on Dec. 21. Ma]. Nigel Williams Francis Baynes, Gloucester. Regt., son of W. F. Baynes, of Torquay. From 1 901-4 he was employed with the West .\frican Frontier Force, having seen active service in the South African War. 1899-1900, when he obtained the Queen's medal with two clasps. Bennitt. — Died in France, on Oct. 7, 191 5, of wounds received in action, Capt. Harry Pynson Bennitt, 7th Seaforth High- landers, son of the late Pynson Bennitt, of Totnes. He saw service in the Somaliland, Gambia, and Gold Coast expeditions, for which he received the general African medal with three clasps. Bewes. — Killed in France, on May 23, 1915, Lieut. Reginald Charles Hope Bewes, ist The King's (Liverpool Regt.), son of R. A. Bewes, of Plymouth, age 25. Blacker. — Killed in France, on Oct. 18, 1915, 2nd Lieut. John Robin Blacker, ist Coldstream Guards, son of C. Blacker, of Torquay, age 18. BoLiTHO. — Before June 3, 1915, Lieut. William Torquil Macleod Bolitho, 19th Hussars, son of Maj. W. E. T. BoHtho, D.S.O., 1st Royal Devon Imperial Yeomanry, and of Hannaford, Ashburton, age 23. Bristowe. — Before March 19, 191. 5. Lieut. Robert Owen Bristowe, 2nd Devon Regt., age 26. i6 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Bruce. — Killed at the Dardanelles, on May 24, 1915, Major John Elliott Lidderdale Bruce, R.A.. son of Col. E. A. Bruce, of Barnstaple, age 45. He took part in the Wuntho Expedi- tion, 1891, was mentioned in dispatches, and received medal with clasp. In 1894-5 he took part in the Waziristan Expedition, receiving a clasp, and in 1897-8 in the operations of the Tochi Field Force on the North-West Frontier of India, and received, medal with clasp. In 1900 he received the Queen's medal with three clasps for his services in the South African War, and in 1898 was on the staff in the operations in the Mohmand country, on the North-West Frontier of India, and received medal with clasp. Bryant. — Died at Roulers of wounds received on Apr.l 26, 1915, Capt. H. G. Bryant, 2nd Shropshire Light Infantry, son of H. S. Bryant, of Torquay. He saw service in the South African war and gained there the D.S.O. Byfield. — Died at Boulogne, on March 24, 1915, of enteric fever contracted in the trenches. 2nd Lieut. Arthur T. S. Byfield, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infatnry, son of T. W. Byfield, of Plymouth, age 20. Carden. — Killed in France, on Sept. 26-27, 1915, Maj. Henry Charles Carden, D.S.O., 9th Devon Regt., son of the late Sir John Carden, Bart., of Templemore, age 60. In 1900-2 he went to South Africa with the Imperial Yeomanry, was mentioned in dispatches, and received the D.S.O. Carver. — Killed in action in France, on Sept. 25-27, 1915, Lieut. Frank Maitland Carver, 8th Devon Regt., son of Frank Carver, of Bude, age 21. Cole. — Lost in H.M.S. Lynx, Comm. John F. H. Cole, R.N., son of R. H. Cole, of Torquay. CoPNER. — Missing, believed killed, on Sept. 25, 1915, Lieut. Arthur Bruce Copner, Devon Regt., son of the late A. L, Copner, of Ilfracombe. Davies. — Killed in action in France, on Sept. 25-27, 1915, 2nd Lieut. Maurice Albert Mervyn Davies, 9th Devon Regt., son of L. R. Davies, of Montagu Mansions, Portman Square, W., age 25. DiTM.\s. — Before Jan. 19, 1915, Lieut. T. O. B. Ditmas, Devon Regt., age 28. DoDGSON. — Killed in action in France, on Sept. 25, 1915, Lieut- Kenneth Vernon Dodgson, 8th Devon Regt., son of Rev. F. V. Dodgson, of Dr. Barnardo's Homes, Barkingside, age 24. DowNES. — Died on Aug. 11, 1915, of wounds received at the Dardanelles, Lieut. Gilbert George Downes, 6th Lincoln Regt., son of D. G. Downes, of Up-Ottery. Eardley-Wilmot. — On March 19, 1915, Lieut. Frederick Laurence Eardley-Wilmot, Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, son of Col. A. Eardley-Wilmot, R.A., of Westward Ho, age 20. ExELL. — On July 31, 1915, Capt. Noel Jardine Exell, 9th King's Royal Rifles, son of the Rev. Exell, of Stoke Fleming. Died /or their Country 17 I'ergusox-Davik. — Killed at the Dardanelles, on May 9, 191.5, 2nd Lieut. Herbert George Ferguson -Davie, Royal Marines, son of Sir William Ferguson- Davie, Bt., of Greedy Park, Crediton, age 42. l"'oRTESCUE. — On Sept. 4, 1915, Capt. Grenvillc Fortescue, nth Rifle Brigade, son of Capt. the Hon. Arthur Fortescue, Cold- steam Guards, and nephew of Earl I'ortescue, age 28. GoLDiE. — Accidentally killed, before March 10, 191 5, Maj. Mark Leigh Goldie, D.S.O., M.V.O., Royal Horse Artillery, son of Col. M. H. G. Goldie, R.E., of Plymouth, age 39. He served with the Aro Expedition. Southern Nigeria, in 1901-2, and for his services, which were mentioned in dispatches, he received the medal with clasp and the D.S.O. Gransmore. — Killed in action in France, on Sept. 28, 1915, Capt. Rodney Gransmore, Middlesex Regt., son of Capt. Gransmore, R.N., of Paignton, age 25. (iRANT. — Killed in action in France, on Sept. 25, 1915, Lieut. -Col. Alexander George William Grant, Devon Regt., age 47. In the South African war he was Commandant at Eland's River, and was employed for some time with the Rand Rifles. He took part in the operations at Paardeberg, and in the actions at Poplar Grove. Dreifontein, Houtnek, and Zand River, and in other operations in the Transvaal, being mentioned in dispatches and receiving the brevet rank of major, the Queen's medal with five clasps, and the King's with two clasps. Gregory. — Killed in France before May 20, 1915, 2nd Lieut. S. M. Gregory, 6th London Rifles, son of Rev. W. H. Gregory, of Okehampton. (.REiG. — Killed on Oct. 1 7, 1915, while serving with the Mediterranean Expeditionary Force, Maj. Morl^nd John Greig, Royal North Devon Hussars (Yeomanry), of Exford, Somerset, J. P., Master of the Devon and Somerset Staghounds, age 51. Harrison. — Killed in Flanders on July i, 1915. Lieut. Eric Harrison, 3rd Leicester Regt. (attached to ist), son of F. P. Harrison, of Devonport, age 17. Hellyer. — Died at Boulogne on May 8, 191 5, of wounds received near Ypres, on April 28, 2nd Lieut. Sidney H. Hellyer, 4th East Yorkshire Regt., son of Charles Hellyer, J. P., of Brixham, age 25. Hewitt. — Killed in France, on Sept. 27, 1915, Frederick Whitmore Hewitt, Chaplain to the Forces, Vicar of Brixton, South Devon, son of S. Hughes Hewitt, of Camberley, age 35. Hill. — Killed at the Dardanelles, on Aug. 7, 1915. Maj. Frederick Thomas Cecil Hill, 6th York and Lancaster Regt., son of A. !\L Hill, of Yelverton, age 41. Hodgson. — Died in hospital of wounds received near Neuve Chapelle, on March 13, 1915, 2nd Lieut. PhiHp Ormiston Hodgson, 2nd East Lancashire -Regt., son of Lieut. T. T. Hodgson, R.N., of Teignmouth, age 27. 1 8 The Devonian Year Book, 191b HuLM. — Died of wounds received in action on Sept. 25, 1915, Lieut. Wynne Odyerne Hulm, 8th Devon Regt., son of Mrs. Wynne Hulm, of Finborough Road, S.W., age 27. Hume. — Died of wounds received at the Dardanelles, before May 8, 1915, Lieut. -Col. Robert Ouseley Cuthbert Hume, ist Border Regt., son of Capt. Walter Hume, of Lynton, age 48. He took part in the Waziristan Expedition, 1894-5, receiving the medal with clasp. He had also the Tirah medal with two clasps for service on the North-West Frontier in 1897-8. Hunt. — Died at Boulogne on Nov. 28, 1914, from wounds received in action, 2nd Lieut. Alfred J. Hunt, Royal Field Artillery, son of Capt. Hunt, of Abbotscliffe. James. — Died in France, on Sept. 30, 1915, of wounds received in action, 2nd Lieut. Charles Douglass-James, South Staffs. Regt., son of C. H. James, J.P, of Ingledene, Plymouth, age 20. James. — Killed in France on Sept. 25, 1915, Lieut. William Douglass- James, R.G.A., eldest son of C. H. James, J. P., of Ingledene, Plymouth. Jeffreys. — Killed in Flanders, on July 11, 1915, Capt. Darell Richard Jeffreys, Devon Regt., son of John Jeffreys, of Canterton Manor, age 33. He served in the South African War, taking part in the operations in the Transvaal in 1902, and being awarded the Queen's medal with four clasps. Kekewich. — Killed in action in France, on Sept. 25, 1915, Capt. Arthur St. John Mackintosh Kekewich, 8th Devon Regt., son of C. G. Kekewich, age 28. Koebel. — Died of wounds at Gallipoli, on Aug. 24, 1915, Capt. Charles Edward Koebel, Royal West Surrey Regt., son of Oscar Koebel, of Bishopsteignton, age 36. Lafone. — Capt. Claude A. Lafone, D.S.O., 2nd Devon Regt., age 37. He served throughout the South African War, was mentioned in dispatches, and was awarded the Queen's medal with five clasps and the King's medal with two clasps. His D.S.O. was granted for " conspicuous gallantry on the night of Dec. 18, 1914, near Neuve Chapelle, in capturing a trench from the enemy." Legge. — Before Dec. 26, 1914, Capt. Ronald George Legge, Devon Regt., son of the Hon. Charles G. Legge, age 36. He served with the Imperial Yeomanry in the South African campaign, and held the Queen's medal with four clasps. LiPTROTT. — Died at Boulogne from wounds received in action, Lieut. Eric Carr Liptrott, 6th Jats L.I., son of Rev. B. B. Liptrott, of West Teignmouth, age 26. His double company was specially congratulated for brilliant work in the trenches by the Divisional and Brigade Generals. He served in the Mohmand expedition with the West Yorkshire Regt., and received a medal. Lock. — On Nov. 26, 1914, Lieut. Henry John Lock, Royal Marine Light Infantry, H.M.S. Bulwark, son of Maj. Lock, of Musbury. Died for their Gauntry 19 Lucy. — Died on March 19, 1915, of wounds received near Neuve Chapelle, on March 12, Lieut. Reginald Eric Lucy, 2nd Northants Regt., son of Reginald Lucy, of Plymouth, age 21. Mackenzie. — Died at Ismailia of acute bronchitis, Maj. Kenneth Lee Warner Mackenzie, 62nd Punjabis, son of T. D. Mackenzie, of Exmouth, age 40. He saw active service in 1897-8 both at Mohmand and Tirah, being present at the capture of Sampagha Pass, at Dwatoi, and in the Bara Valley. For these services he received medal with clasp and clasp respec- tively. Morris.— 2nd Lieut. Henry Gage Morris, 2nd Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, son of Col. Morris, of Budleigh Salterton, age 17. Mortimer. — Died of wounds received at the Dardanelles, on Aug. 10, 1915, 2nd Lieut. William Lionel Gueritz Mortimer, 6th Royal Dublin Fusiliers, son of Rev. R. A. Mortimer, of St. Mary Major, Exeter, age 20. Newton-King. — On April 12, 1915, 2nd Lieut. A. R. Newton-King, Royal Irish Regt., son of Maj. Newton-King, of Westward Ho, age 20. He took part in the retreat from Mons, and the battles of the Marne and the Aisne. He had been twice previously wounded, and was one of the first officers to receive the French military decoration. Orlebar. — Killed at Neuve Chapelle, on Jan. 9, 1915, Lieut. Robert Evelyn Orlebar, 2nd Middlesex Regt., son of Lieut. -Col. E. H. Orlebar, of Ivybridge, age 20. Paddison. — Killed in Flanders on July 30, 1915, Lieut; George Mitford Paddison, 6th Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, son of Richard Paddison, of Tiverton. Page. — Died in France, on Nov. 11, 1914, from the result of an accident. Col. Robert Burton Page, late Lancashire Fusiliers, of Exmouth. Parker. — Killed in Flanders, on July 30, 1915, Capt. William Mackworth Parker, Adjutant of the 8th Rifle Brigade, son of Lieut. -Col. W. F. Parker, of Delamore, Devon. Pitts-Tucker. — Killed in France, on Dec. 20, 1914, Lieut. Cecil Mortimer Pitts-Tucker, ist Highland Light Infantry, son of W. E. Pitts-Tucker, of Barnstaple. PoPHAM. — Lost on active service, before Feb. 26, 1915, Lieut. - Commdr. Arthur Leyborne Popham, R.N., son of Rev. E. L, Popham, of Hemyock. Radcliffe. — Killed in Flanders, on July 30, 1915, Capt. John Douglas Henderson Radcliffe, 7th King's Royal Rifle Corps, Fellow of All Souls, M.A., B.C.L., son of A. N. Radchffe, of Bag Park, Widecombe-in-the-Moor, age 30. Renton. — Killed in Flanders, on June 2, 1915, Capt. W. G. F* Renton, King's Dragoon Guards, son of W. Renton, of Tiverton. In the South African War he took part in the operations in the Transvaal, Orange River Colony, and Cape Colony, being mentioned in dispatches and retJeiving the Queen's and King's medals, with two clasps. 20 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Rogers. — Before Feb. 22, 1915, Capt. Francis Caryer Campbell Rogers, M.V.O., Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, son of A. C. C. Rogers, of Paignton, age 31. RuNDLE. — Killed at Rouge Bancs, on May 9, 1915. Lieut. Raymond Wallis Kundle, ist Sherwood Foresters, son of Brevet Col. G. R. T. Rundle, C.B., R.A., of Ermington. He was present at the battle of Neuve Chapelle. Smyth-Osbourne. — Killed in France, on Aug. 29, 1915, Lieut. Wilfrid Smyth-Osbourne, ist Worcester Regt., son of J. Smyth- Osbourne, of Iddlesleigh, age 21. He served in the battle of the Aisne, and was wounded on Oct. 24, 1914, at St. Julien in the first battle of Ypres. Sparling. — Reported killed in France on Sept. 26-27, 1915, Maj. Norman Chalmers Sparling, 54th Sikhs, attached 6th K.O.S. Borderers, son of Lieut. -Col. J. P. Sparling, LA., of Westward Ho. He served in the Zukka Khel expedition, and received medal with clasp. Sparrow. — Killed on March 10, 1915, Capt. Benjamin Charles Sparrow, Garhwal Rifles, son of Benjamin Sparrow, of Ivy- bridge, age 33. He saw active service in South Africa, receiving the Queen's medal with five clasps. Spencer. — Killed on Dec. 18, 1914, Capt. Charles James Spencer, 2nd Devon Regt., son of C. A. Spencer, of Leicester, age 35. He was wounded in the South African War, where he was present at the relief of Ladysmith, and at the actions at Spion Kop, Vaal Kranz, Tugela Heights, Pieters Hill, and Laing's Nek. He received the Queen's medal with five clasps and the King's medal with two clasps. Spottiswoode. — Capt. John Spottiswoode, King's Royal Rifles, son of G. A. Spottiswoode, of Chatton, Devon, age 40. Steel. — Died on Nov. 2, 1914, from wounds received the same day at La Clytte, Maj. E. B. Steel, R.A.M.C., of Exeter, age 43. Stirling. — Killed in Flanders on Jan. 2, 1915, Capt. James Stirling, The Cameronians (Scottish Rifles), son of Col. Stirling, R.A., of The Grange, Rockbeare, age 30. Stirling. — Killed in Flanders, on Aug. 21, 1915, Lieut. Richard Kellock Stirling, 5th Royal Fusiliers, son of Richard Stirling, of South Brent, age 22. Toms. — Accidentally killed in Flanders, on Nov. 27, 19 14, Lieut. Arthur Woodland Toms, 3rd Devon Regt. (attached), 2nd Scottish Rifles (Cameronians), son of Woodland Toms, of Jersey, age 23. TozER. — Killed in action in France, on Oct. i, 1915, 2nd Lieut. Horace Gordon Tozer, 2nd York Regt., son of J. C. Tozer, of Stoke House, Devonport, age 20. Tracey. — Killed in action in France, on Sept. 25-27, 1915, Lieut. Geoffrey Eugene Tracey, 9th Devon Regt., son of the late H. E. Tracey, M.B., and Mrs. Tracey, of Willand, Devon, age 19. Died for their Country 21 Trefusis. — Killed in B'rance, on Oct. 24, IQ15, Brigadier-General the Hon. John Frederick Hepburn-Stuart-Forbes-Trefusis, D.S.O., son of the late Lord Clinton, age 37. He served in the South African War, and held several staff appointments, including A.D.C. to Lord Methuen from 1904 to 1909. From that year to 1913 he served as adjutant of the Irish Guards, of which he was gazetted temporary Lieut. -Col. in December, 1914. On Aug. 16. 1915, he took up the command of the 2oth Brigade in the famous 7th Division, and led it in the successful attack upon Loos. Uniacke. — On March 13, 1915, Lieut. -Col. Henry Percy Uniacke, C.B., commanding 2nd Gordon Highlanders, son of Capt. Uniacke, of Laywell, Devon. He had previously served with his regiment in the Tirah campaign, being wounded and mentioned in dispatches. He was severely wounded in the head by shrapnel on Oct. 29 in the battle of Ypres, but resumed command of his battalion on Jan. 26. He was mentioned in Sir John French's dispatches, and was made C.B. Watkins. — Killed on Jan. 31, 1015, I,ieut. Eustace Arundel de St. Barbe Sladen Watkins, 2nd Devon Regt., son of K. A. Watkins, of Chippenham, age 26. Webb. — Killed before Achi Baba, on Aug. 6, 1915, " gallantly leading his men to the attack," Lieut. Gerald Vernon Tisdall Webb, 2nd Hampshire Regt., .son of the late Capt. W. W. Webb, I. M.S., and of Mrs. Webb, The Hermitage, Exeter. Whipple. — -Died on Nov. 24, 1914, from wounds received on the 2oth, Capt. Herbert Council Whipple, ist Devon Regt., son of Connell Whipple, of Plymouth, age 35. He served in the South African War, and was present at the relief of Lady- smith, and at the actions at Colenso, Spion Kop, and Laings Nek. He received the Queen's medal with four clasps and the King's medal with two clasps. Fight the Good Fight ! Hurrah ! for dear Old England ! Come, Britons, one and all. Strike on, strike hard, strike home, strike sure. Till War himself shall fall ; Fight on, keep heart, look up, be firm. And never once forget That Heaven proclaims this God-stamped truth, " The Right shall conquer jTt." E. Capern, Poems. 22 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 For Dartymoor. (Reprinted by the special permission of the proprietors of Punch.) Now I be man ov Dartymoor, Grim Dartymoor, grey Dartymoor ; I come vrom wur there bain't no war, An' Tavy be a-voaming ; I'd pigs an' sheep an' lass — Aw my ! The beyootifullest wench 'er be ! An' one vine day 'er comes to I, An' zays — " My Jan," 'er zays, — " lukee ! To France yu must be roaming ! Vur Devon needs her sons again ; Her du be rousing moor an' fen ; An' yu must fight wi' Devon men Vur Dartymoor, your Dartymoor ! " I zays, zays I, " Leave Dartymoor ? Grim Dartymoor, grey Dartymoor ? Wliy, lass," I zays, " whativer vor, While Tavy be a-voaming ? While pigs be pigs, an' 'earts be true; An' market prices purty vair ; Why should 'un go an' parley-voo ? " 'Er zays, " 'Cuz yu be waanted there ! That's why yu must be roaming ! Vur Devon needs her sons again ; Her du be rousing moor an' fen ; An' yu must fight wi' Devon men Vur Dartymoor, my Dartymoor ! " Ef yu woan't fight vur Dartymoor, Grim Dartymoor, grey Dartymoor, Things shall be as they wur avore Us courted in the gloaming ! " 'Er zays, an' left me arl alone, A-thinking over what 'er zaid, Till arl wa$ plain as Dewar Stone — I zays to Dad, " Mind pigs is fed. While I be gone a-roaming ! Vur Devon needs her sons again ; Her du be rousing moor an' fen ; An' I must fight wi' Devon men Vur Dartymoor, our Dartymoor ! " ^z CAPTAIN WILLIAM PILLAR 0/ Bri.vham, Devon. Captain William Pillar — A Devon Hero 23 Captain William Pillar. A DEVON HERO. Devonians in London held a memorable gathering on Saturday night, January 30, 1915, when a very large company assembled to do honour to the skipper of the Brixham trawler Provident, who, with his crew of three, rescued seventy-one survivors of the battleship Formidable, which was sunk in the Channel by enemy submarines on New Year's Day. Glowing tributes to Captain Pillar's bravery were paid by the Right Hon. George Lambert. M.P., Civil Lord of the Admiralty, who presided, and by Colonel Burn, M.P., who supported him. The London Devonian Association, which had organized for the occasion a patriotic Bohemian concert in aid of the Devon County Patriotic Fund, expressed its admiration in an illuminated address. The announcement that the captain and crew of the trawler are to receive at the hands of the King the silver medal for gallantry in saving life at sea, and also substantial monetary reward from the Admiralty, was loudly cheered. Many men in khaki sat among the Devon men and women, whose patriotic feeUngs were deeply stirred by the main incident of the evening. A large contingent of the Devon Regiment sat in the gallery, and they were not the least demonstrative in rendering honour to their comrade of the sea. During the evening a collection was taken for the Devon County Patriotic Fund. Captain Pillar was pressed for signatures to the portrait of himself which was presented with tlie programme, and it was announced that he would give autographs at half a crown each for the benefit of the fund. Colonel Clifford (Chairman of the Association), extended a welcome to Mr. Lambert, who, he said, had come straight from a hard-working desk, and had to sacrifice himself to be there. Devonians ought to be proud that they had such distinguished representatives of their county at the Admiralty as Mr. Lambert and Mr. Winston Churchill — for they claimed Mr. Churchill as a Devonian. His forbears were bred and born in Devonshire, and the blood of Drake was in his veins. (Applause.) Mr. Lambert acknowledged the greeting of his " fellow Devonians," and then welcomed Captain Pillar, who took a place at his right hand for a photograph. His appearance was the signal for a great outburst of cheers. 24 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Colonel Burn, in asking Mr. Lambert to make the presentation, said he was proud to represent a Devon constituency, and he was still prouder, though a Scotsman, to have a strong vein of ancient Devonshire blood in his veins. It was peculiarly fitting that on such an occasion they should have so distinguished a representative of the Admiralty as Mr. Lambert present. The high officials at the Admiralty were performing a great work. No regiment in this tremendous campaign had more distinguished itself than the county regiment of Devon. (Cheers.) The reason why they were able to assemole so peacefully that night, and able to pursue in England their normal avocations, was first of all the work of the British Navy. Devonians knew the part that was being played by the men of their county in the navy as well as in the army. In the town from which Captain Pillar came, Brixham — (cheers) — they had the home of the trawling industry, and 800 men, fishermen of that place, were serving in the Royal Navy. (Cheers.) As member for the division, he appreciated very highly the gallantry of the Brixham fishermen. This was not the first time that deeds of heroism had been performed by Brixham men, and certainly at no time had the traditions of gallantry been more splendidly upheld than on this occasion. On his way to that gathering he (Colonel Burn) met his old friend. Lord Charles Beresford, who on learning the nature of his business said : "I want you to tell Captain Pillar that I am proud of him, and more than that, that the whole of the British Navy is proud of him." (Cheers.) He felt that to be absolutely true, for Captain Pillar performed a deed which was not only heroic in the way of saving life, but which brought safely to shore seventy -one men who would be able to do tneir duty. (Cheers.) Mr. Lambert said : " The New Year was ushered in with gloom ; the Formidable was sunk in the early hours of the morning. But there was a glimmer of sunlight for us Devonians in that gloom, since it brought out the fine seamanship of Captain Pillar, who is here this evening. Picture for yourselves New Year's morning. It is half-past nine, a heavy southerly gale, and big seas running. A boat full of men is sighted, with a shirt or a scarf at the end of an oar as a signal of distress. Then Captain Pillar in his smack, seeing this boat in distress, had to close reef his mainsail, shift over his jib, and then had lost sight of the boat. He made on to the course on which the boat had drifted, sent his third hand — there were but four on board — aloft to sight the boat. The boat was sighted. Three times after he got near they threw the line ; three times they failed. The fourth time they were more successful. They reached the Captain William Pillar— A Devon Hero 25 boat, but on the weather side. Then with fine skill they brought round, and got the rope to the leeward, fastened it to the capstan, and brought sixty-nine sailors and two petty officers, seventy- one in all, on board the smack. (Cheers.) The last two were hurt, and had to be carried aboard. Then came a battle with the seas for six hours more. It was one o'clock ; at seven o'clock they reached Brixham, where these men were looked after. Official reports, as you may know, do not err on the side of luxuriant eloquence, but here is the official record of the deed done by Captain Pillar and his men, and I can add nothing to it : ' The rescue was only effected by careful and splendid seaman- ship, and not without danger to the smack. An error of half the ship's length would have swamped or crushed the boat, which was already holed in several places and kept afloat by baling with sea boots and clothing, and even a leg and arm stuffed into the holes. The small boat was cut adrift and sank almost immediately.' " Such was the state of the boat from which these seventy-one were taken safely off by the smack Provident. As Colonel Burn has so well said, they saved seventy-one sailors. The navy is grateful to them, and you and we all — I speak not as a member of the Board of Admiralty — have reason to be grateful to the navy. They are doing their work, not boastfully, but calmly and confidently, silently, and well. From the top to the bottom, from the veteran First Sea Lord, who has been called from his retirement, and who now directs Britain's naval might, whose genius is largely responsible for its force and efficiency to-day — from him down to the humble stoker, without whose perspiring efforts even the mightiest warship would be ' As idle as a painted ship Upon a painted ocean ' — the navy is protecting our commerce and our food, the very life-blood of our country ; the navy is enabling us to send across to France or to various parts of the British Empire, or to bring from distant portions of the empire, men who are fighting the empire's battles in Flanders or elsewhere. There are Devonians in the navy, and we Devonians are proud of the navy from hereditary pride. There were Devonians in the North Sea last Sunday, when Admiral Beatty brilliantly foiled that cultured and courageous German purpose of butchering more babies, and wounding, maiming, and killing more women and old men. There were Devonshire men there then. The Blucher did not go back to Germany, and I can con<:eive of nothing (excuse my strong language) nearer hell than being on board a warship battered by superior force. Imagination boggles at it. 26 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 " But it is not only in the navy, it is across the narrow Channel in Flanders, amid those mud-soaked trenches, that the Devon soldiers are doing their duty as Devon soldiers always do. I take this line from an officer's letter from the front : ' The Devons were perfectly wonderful — no humans could have done more.' I am glad we have here to-night a private in the 1st Devons, invalided home, who has fought in the trenches in Flanders. (Cheers.) It is my privilege to present this memento of our esteem to Captain Pillar.* It is a token of the gratitude of the London Devonians. But next week there will be a wider and a higher honour conferred upon him and his men. His Majesty the King has been graciously pleased to award to William Pillar, William Carter, John Clarke, and Dan'l Taylor — (laughter, amid which the speaker remarked that he had almost expected to come to 'Uncle TomCobleigh') — the silver medal for gallantry in saving life at sea. (Loud cheers.) The King intends to present those medals himself a week to-day, and, as a tangible reward from the Admiralty, at the same time will be presented to Captain Pillar £250, William Carter ;^100, John Clarke, £100, and little Dan'l £50. (Cheers.) Captain Pillar, I ask you to accept this address as a token of the admiration of the London Devonians, and as a mark of their lasting gratitude." (Cheers.) The address was then read by Mr. J. W. Shawyer, the hon. secretary, and received by Captain Pillar amid a scene of great enthusiasm. The recipient acknowledged the gift in these simple words : " I am no speaker : I am only a Brixham fisherman. I am glad you appreciate that I have done my duty." The short speech was loudly cheered. The details of the programme as arranged were as follows, there being several encores : — Part I. — Selections by Almeda Orchestra, under the direction of Mr. Alfred Growtage ; solo, the National Anthem, Miss Marion Battishill ; song, " The Land Between the Seas," Miss Marion Battishill (Plymouth) ; Devonshire dialect recital, " Jan's Cricket Match," Mr. Charles Wreford (Poltimore) ; song, (a) " The Lass of Lydford Down," {b) " Devon for Me," Mr. Frank Webster (Exmouth) ; humorous sketch, " My Marriage." Mr. Ben Lawes ; song, " Impressions," Miss NeUie Perryer ; song, " Heart of Oak," Mr. Clay Thomas ; humorous sketch, " Faust Up-to-date," Mr. Ben Osborne ; song, " Land of Hope and Glory," Miss Trilby Small (Barnstaple) ; some experiments in sleight of hand by Mr. Herbert Collings. * See Frontispiece. Captain William Pillar — A Devon Hero 27 Part II. — The National Anthems of the AlHes by the Orchestra ; song, " The Garden of Your Heart," Miss Marion Battishill ; duet, " Conversations," Miss NeUie Perryer and Mr. Ben Osborne ; song, " Drake's Drum," Mr. Frank Webster ; song, " Are we Downhearted ? " Miss Nellie Perryer ; song, " Three Jolly Fishermen," Mr. Clay Thomas ; humorous sketch, " All about Love," Mr. Ben Lawes ; song, " Lovely Devon Rose," Miss Trilby Small ; Devonshire dialect recital, " The Orytorio," Mr. Charles Wreford ; " Auld Lang Syne." The accompanist was Mr. Harry Collman. Among those present were the following members of the committee : Alderman C. Pinkham, J. P., C.C. (Plympton), Brondesbury, N.W. (chairman) ; Mr. R. Pearse Chope, B.A. (Hartland), (deputy-chairman) ; Professor W. S. Abell (Ex- mouth), Messrs. G. E. Bridgeman (Ugborough), J. B. Burlace (Brixham), Norman Champion (Shaldon), G. W. Davey (Sampford Spiney), J. Donald (Three Towns Association), H. H. M. Hancock (Barumites), W. Inman (Stoke Gabriel), J. W. McCormack. J. P. (Plymouth), F. A. Perry (Tiverton), John Ryall (Exeter Club), J. Summers (Ottregians), J. H. Taylor (Northam), Robert Yandle (Tivertonian Association), Mr. J. W. Shawyer (West Buckland O.B.A.), Mr. H. B. Squire (Torrington), Mr. W. H. Smart (Plymouth), (hon. secretary of the Entertainment Com- mittee), and Mr. N. Cole (Salcombe) (chairman of the Entertain- ment Committee). Several were present from Brixham in addition to Capt. Pillar, who was the guest of Mr. J. B. Burlace. The party included Mrs. and Miss Winifred Burlace, Miss A. Clare, Mr. Cecil Fox, Mr. A. L. Hannaford, Mr. and Mrs. Newman, Mrs. Almond, Miss Crees, Miss Gregory, Miss B. Dugdal!, and Mr. H. M. Smardon (hon. secretary of the Brixham Torbay Royal Regatta Committee and the ex-president of the Devon Rugby Union). Hearts of Oak. Still Britain shall triumph, her ships plough the sea. Her standard be justice, her watchword ' Be free.' Then, cheer up, my lads, with one heart let us sing Our soldiers, our sailors, our statesmen, our King. Hearts of oak are our ships, hearts of oak are our men. We always are ready. Steady, boys, steady. We'll fight and we'll conquer again and again. David Garrick. 28 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Devon Men. (Reprinted by the special permission of the proprietors of Fundi.) Froini Bideford to Appledore the meadows lie aglow With kingcup and buttercup that flout the summer snow ; And crooked-back and silver-head shall mow the grass to-day^ And lasses turn and toss it till it ripen into hay ; For gone are all the careless youth did reap the land of yore, The lithe men and long men, The brown men and strong men, The men that hie from Bideford and ruddy Appledore. From Bideford and Appledore they swept the sea of old With cross-bow and falconet to tap the Spaniard's gold ; They sped away with dauntless Drake to traffic on the Main, To trick the drowsy galleon and loot the treasure train ; For fearless were the gallant hands that pulled the sweeping oar, ; The strong men, the free men. The bold men, the seamen, The men that sailed from Bideford and ruddy Appledore. From Bideford and Appledore in craft of subtle grey Are strong hearts and steady hearts to keep the sea to-day ; So well may fare the garden where the cider-apples bloom, And Summer weaves her colour-threads upon a golden loom ; For ready are the tawny hands that guard the Devon shore, The cool men, the bluff men. The keen men, the tough men, The men that hie from Bideford and ruddy Appledore ! ^? {^Photo hy Jlisteif, 42, Baker Street, IF) WILLIAM HAYMAN CUMMINGS, MUS.D. (Dub). F.S.A. Formerly principal of the GuiUhall School 0/ Music ; y ice- President 0/ the London Devonian Association. WillMm Hayman Cnmmtngs 29 William Hayman Cummings, Hon. Mus. D., Dub., Hon. R-A.M., F.S.A. By Dr. T. LEA SOUTHGATE. (Reprinted by permission from Musical News.) William Hayman Cummings was born August 22, 1831, at the pretty village of Sidbury, Devon, the home of his family for long past. Shortly afterwards his parents removed to London. The musical aptitude of the boy becoming apparent, at the early age of six he was placed in the choir of St. Paul's Cathedral, at that time governed by the terrible William Hawes, Master also of the Choristers of H.M. Chapels Royal. The boys were boarded in Adelphi Terrace, and Cummings went to the City School of the Corporation. Five years later he became attached to the Temple Church, studying the organ under Dr. E. J. Hopkins so satisfactorily that at the age of seventeen he was appointed organist at Waltham Abbey. It was here that the young musician made the now universally used Christmas tune, " Hark ! the Herald Angels Sing," from a subject by Mendelssohn in his " Festgesang " — " Vaterland." At that period it was quite common to adapt favourite themes for church use. Weber's " Softly Sighs " was employed, and Goss made an excellent chant from the slow movement of Beethoven's " A " symphony. " Lo, He Comes " was another example of early nineteenth century treatment for church use. With a keen appreciation of fitness, the youthful organist saw how well the melody would go to the old revered hymn, and his adaptation enjoys wide accept- ance. A pleasing remembrance of Cummings' connection with the composer of " Elijah " was preserved in the form of Mendels- sohn's visiting card, which he signed and gave to the youth who sang with the altos on the performance of the work at Exeter Hall, on April 18, 1847. Later on his voice becoming settled, he re-entered the Temple Choir, and after some time became a lay vicar at Westminster Abbey and a Gentleman of the Chapel Royal. All this was indeed an education carried on in that most famous of all our music schools, the Cathedrals, the nursery of so many of our notable Enghsh musicians for ages past. To J. W. Hobbs, an admirable singer and composer of several popular songs, Cummings was apprenticed, Teaming much from him in purity of tone, clearness of enunciation, and the expression 30 The Devonian Year Book, 191 6 which distinguished his singing in church and in the concert- room. Later came some study under Randegger, Thanks to all this methodical culture, the young tenor soon arrived, and for many years he held a prominent place, not only in London, but likewise at the Three Choirs and other provincial Festivals. His musicianship was put to the test at Birmingham in 1864, when he was called upon to take the place of Mario, singing at sight in Sulhvan's " Kenilworth," a performance which drew from the composer quite a remarkable testimonial to the artistic insight and skill of the young singer. Sterndale Bennett wrote the tenor part in the " Woman of Samaria " especially for him. In America he met with so much success when engaged for the Handel and Haydn Festival at Boston in 1871, that he was sub- sequently encouraged to make a tour in the States with a quartette of notable English singers. The visit of this band in 1871, viz.. Miss Edith Wynne, Madame Patey, W. H. Cummings, and Lewis Thomas, was an admitted revelation to the Americans as to what the best English concerted vocal music was like. Owing to the frequent illnesses of Sims Reeves, the rising tenor was constantly called upon to take his place ; a special instance was that in 1866, when he sang in place of Reeves at all the Norwich Festival performances of that year. In 1872 he took part in a memorable performance of Bach's " Passion," given at Westminster Abbey ; some years later he acted as Precentor and Conductor of the services at St. Anne's, Soho, a church where Bach's music is made a special feature. He urged the perform- ance of " St. Matthew's Passion " at one of the Novello Oratorio series carried on in 1870, and which may be characterized as the modern setting off of the vocal works of the great contrapuntist. During all these years Cummings was a prominent member of several of the old Glee and Madrigal Societies. For these bodies he composed quite a large number of part-songs, glees, madrigals, and catches, several winning prizes offered by the executives ; a choice example is, " O Thou Sweet Bird," written in 1850. His vocal experience has been extensive beyond church services. He sang in opera at Drury Lane, the Gaiety Theatre, and frequently at Manns's famous Saturday Crystal Palace Concerts, and at the Shakespeare Tercentenary Festival at Stratford-on-Avon in " As You Like It." He was the tenor in Leslie's opera, " Ida," Randegger's " Rival Beauties," and in the performance of Men- delssohn's " Son and Stranger," given by the New Philharmonic under Dr. Wylde ; and he created the tenor parts in Smart's " Bride of Dunkerron," Randegger's " Fridolin," and Hiller's " Nala and Damayanti." So much for Cummings' career as a public and successful vocalist. I William Hayman Cummings 31 With his appointment as Professor of Singing at the Royal Academy of Music, in 1879, commenced a new phase of his life. There he taught with success until 1896, when he was called upon to direct the music at the Guildhall School of Music, established by the Corporation of the City of London ; the post became vacant by the death of Sir Joseph Barnby. Prior, however, to this change, he had been teaching singing at the Royal Normal College for the Blind, Upper Norwood, and had acted as chorus master and afterwards conductor of the Sacred Harmonic Society, then in its decline, on the death of Costa. The Com- mittee, considering that the mission of the famous old Society was accomplished, dissolved it. While at the R.A.M. Cum- mings, thanks to his excellent method, may be said to have created many singers, who have since attained eminence. Not . only did he carry to the City establishment this ripened experi- ence, but having been on the Academy Committee of Manage- ment, he also brought with him business aptitude with a wide knowledge of music and men, not the least of the advantages the City reaped in the new appointment. Besides these busy phases of a musician's life, there were other spheres of work in which Cummings' remarkable activity and usefulness were displayed. For a considerable time he was Orchestral Director of the Philharmonic Society, acting as Treasurer up to his death. It requires much knowledge and tact to manage a body of this sensitive nature. In this respect Cummings was always singularly successful. Ever courteous, considerate, and kind, I can truly say I have met with no one more diplomatic, able to smooth difficulties, and work for a satisfactory outcome than he whom we mourn ; such is a gift possessed but by few. He had a great affection for the Royal Society of Musicians, of which benevolent association he had been Treasurer for years past, giving up much time to its affairs, and going to town regularly every Sunday evening (the appointed meeting time in the Royal Charter) to see to the business con- nected with the Society. He was the founder of the Purcell Society, formed in 1876, to publish and perform our great musi- cian's works, several of which he edited. Cummings was one of the group responsible for the institution of the Incorporated Society of Musicians ; he devoted much time and attention to the affairs of this national association. He was also one of the founders of the Musical Association, and read a number of papers before that learned body. On the retirement, from ill- health, of Sir Hubert Parry, Dr. Cummings was elected President of the Society, and up to quite recently attended and took part in the discussions carried on after the papers were read. His 32 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 investigations into the music of the past, especially English music, to which may be added his admiration of Handel and his works, secured for him the distinction of the Fellowship of the Society of Antiquaries. By way of acknowledgment of his contributions to the notable Music Loan Exhibition in 1904, promoted by the Worshipful Company of Musicians, and a Lec- ture, " Our EngUsh Songs," delivered at the time, he received the Freedom of this ancient City Guild. Finally, it should be recorded that in 1900 he had conferred on him the distinction of Mus.D., Hon. Causa, by the University of Dublin, a generous public acknowledgment of the long services he had in so many ways rendered to the art of music. There remains one more feature, and that an important one in the long career of William Cummings, that has to be chron- icled, viz., the creative side of his musicianship and his literary output. Mention has already been made of some of his vocal works. Though most of these were written long ago, they are not forgotten ; some of his sacred music is still heard in our cathedrals and churches. Perhaps the most important of his works is the cantata, " The Fairy Ring," produced in 1872, still in favour with our choral societies. His music invariably dis- plays the cultivated, imaginative, and refined musician. An important text-book is " The Rudiments of Music," written for the Novell© Primer series. This has found such wide acceptance that it has been translated into several languages. In the realm of what may be termed pure literature, Dr. Cummings' output ranks important, for he was always a pains- taking, earnest searcher after facts, and knew how to present these in a useful and attractive form. He was an extensive contributor to " Grove's Dictionary " and •' The Dictionary of National Biography." A great admirer of Purcell, and possessing a knowledge of his music of various types that perhaps no one else can claim, he has given us a character- istic " Life of Purcell " in the Great Musicians series, revealing much historically not before known. His book on the source of our National Anthem, " God Save the King," tells all that can be discovered on that vexed question of authorship. " Rule Britannia " and the " Life of Arne " must likewise be cited as a contribution to the national music history of our land. Lastly should be mentioned a useful " Biographical Dictionary of Musicians." It must have taken a long time and much labour to have got together the hundreds of names and dates in this handbook. What a busy, tireless life all this widespread activity reveals ! What a lesson of industry it teaches to not a few ! Cummings WiUiam Hayman Cummings 33 was a fluent, ready speaker, always happy in expression. Despite multifarious close duties he found time to do a consider- able amount of lecturing ; notable were the series he gave at the Royal Institution of Great Britain in 1894, and at the London Institution in 1900. He seems to have belonged to nearly all our societies connected with music. He was an Hon. R.A.M., Vice-President R.C.O., and a member of the Board of Musical Studies of the University of London ; he served the office of President of the Union of Graduates in Music in 1904, and that of the Incorporated Stal^-Sight-Singing College, 1905. It may be added that he was often called upon to act as judge at Competition Festivals, a duty he was peculiarly fitted for, owing to his long experience, exact taste, and acquaintance with music of all types. Of the results of Dr. Cummings' rule at the Guildhall School of Music from 1896 until his retirement in 1910, it is enough to observe that improvements were introduced in the methods of tuition, the students were encouraged to take a wider view of the art, the concerts — showing the result of work — became of much more importance, and the number of those studying there increased largely. He was entertained at a banquet on his appointment, a memorable gathering of musicians and friends presided over by Sir Alexander Mackenzie, and having by his side Sir Hubert Parry, Sir John Stainer, and Sir Frederick Bridge. Sir Alexander paid a graceful tribute to Cummings' work in the past and to his natural gifts, which peculiarly fitted him for the new post at the City School. He said in the course of this : "-There is hardly a field of our Art in which he has not laboured successfully. We know him as an artist, teacher, conductor, composer, antiquary, and musical historian. Surely this is an exceptionally long Hst of accomplishments, gifts, and talents, not one of which has been allowed to lie fallow, to become rusty or blunted for want of exercise ! The great City School of Music is to be congratulated on securing him as chief administrator." In later years Dr. Cummings was again entertained and honoured for a very different cause. In 1907, addressing the members of the Incorporated Society of Musicians, he considered it his duty to warn and expose a supposed royal but dangerous method of acquiring singing. The proprietor of this scheme brought an action for Ubel against the Principal of the G.S.M., and lost his case. The subsequent bankruptcy of the unsuccess- ful plaintiff left Cummings with a very heavy bill of costs to pay. However, a committee was formed, the musical profession with the Worshipful Company of Musicians rallied round him, and 3 34 The Devonian Year Book, 191 6 the whole of the money was raised. At a public banquet, pre- sided over by Dr. E. Prout, the then Dublin University Professor, such a gathering of musicians came together as has certainly never been seen before in our country. It was all a rightful testimony to that fearless devotion to duty which characterized the career of William Hayman Cummings from youth until his death. An address of thanks to him for what he had done was signed by almost every professional musician of note in the kingdom. It was declared that the cheque presented was, " For the valuable services which with exemplary courage he has ren- dered the community." Cummings married his old teacher, Hobbs', daughter, Clara, who had for her godmother, Clara Novello. It proved a union of deep and long affection. Mrs. Cummings died only last year, leaving a large family to mourn her loss. Retirement from ■official duties in the City by no means implied cessation of activity on the part of its aged Principal ; on the contrary, a good •deal of important business work was got through, despite the heart trouble which eventually mastered him. Always a keen student and collector, Dr. Cummings, in the course of his long life, had amassed a library probably the most important, so far as English music is concerned, of any collection in private hands. At his pleasant country home in Dulwich he devoted his spare time to research in musical history and out-of-the-way investiga- tions, one of the latest of these issues being the explosion of the Handel and Edgware Blacksmith myth as to the popular harpsi- chord piece of the Anglo-Saxon master. Now he rests from his multifarious labours, leaving behind him a memory that will be cherished by all his many friends who mourn his loss. M USIC. And what if all of animated nature Be but organic harps diversely fram'd, That tremble into thought, as o'er them sweeps Plastic and vast, one intellectual breeze, At once the Soul of each, and God of All ? S. T. Coleridge, Poems. Notes and Gleanings 35 Notes and Gleanings. The Hon. Lionel Walrond, M.P. The Hon. W. Lionel Charles Walrond, M.P. for the Tiverton Division, President of the Tivertonian Association, and a Vice- President of the London Devonian Association, died in Scotland on November 2, 1915, at the age of 39. He was the only son of first Baron Waleran, formerly Chief Whip of the Unionist party and Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancashire, and was born on May 22, 1876. In 1904 he married Lottie, eldest daughter of George Coats, one of the captains of British industry, and there are two sons, his heir being William George Hood Walrond, who was born on March 29, 1905. Although it was not the lot of Mr. Walrond to fall upon the field of battle, to him nevertheless belongs a share of the honour of those hundreds of Britain's best sons who have laid down their lives for the fair fame of their country, and to his name — a name alread}' writ large on the roll of the country's service — is due a place upon its roll of honour. His life was sacrificed for his country just as truly as if he had died of wounds on foreign service. With a heart greater than the capacity of his physical frame, a body never robust, and still further weakened by his appHcation to public work, he sought with eagerness to take his part in the. fight for liberty, and in the early days of the war volunteered for service. No less nobly minded and feeling no less the imperious call of duty, his devoted wife urged and encouraged him. In the meantime he threw himself into the task of recruiting for the army with industrious zeal, and a month or so later the wish of his heart was granted when he received a commission in the Army Service Corps. On December 12, 1914, he sailed from Southampton for France, Mrs. Walrond having in the meantime shouldered her share of duty by turning the family seat at Bradfield into a convalescent home for soldiers which she personally superintended. As Mr. Walrond said himself, rather by way of disappointment and complaint, the A.S.C. was not a fighting corps, but its duties put such an unaccustomed tax upon his physique that almost from the first he endured more than many a robust man would experience in the actual fighting line. Suddenly deprived of those comforts to which his position entitled him at home, the exposure and anxiety, the strain of fresh and 36 The^Devonian Year Book, 1916 arduous duties were an immense tax. Yet he endured bravely and cheerfully. An incipient throat trouble, contracted as soon as he got out, did not yield to treatment, and after about three months' active service, Mr. Walrond was ordered home with acute laryngitis. His enforced return went much against the grain of his wishes, for his heart was in his new work, and he was constantly chafing to be back in France. Bearing his disappoint- ment with characteristic bravery, he set himself, under skilled advice and assisted by the nursing of his wife, to accompUsh his recovery as speedily as possible. The bracing air of Scotland, his wife's home, was tried, as were all other means which medical science could suggest. The very anxiety with which he desired his restoration to health perhaps fretted him and made recovery more difficult. England has indeed lost a worthy son. — Western Weekly News. Plymouth's Librarian. It is with the greatest regret that we have to record the death, in his seventy-first year, of Mr. Wilham Henry Kearly Wright, a Vice-President of the London Devonian Association, and for many years Librarian of Plymouth. He was a fellow of the Library Association, and for many years a member of its Council ; and he was also a Fellow of the Royal Historical Society. The following account is abriged from The Librarian, of June, 1915 : " He had few advantages of birth and early education ; and his parents were only able to send him for a few years to ' the Free School.' His first start on the work of life was in the Plymouth Bank of Deposit ; and when its existence came to an end, he took service at Millbay Station, under the old South Devon Railway Company. " When the railway servants formed a library, Mr. Wright was made their librarian ; and, when a librarian was required for a Plymouth Working Man's Association, he was found able and willing to undertake the duties. These were both honorary appointments ; but when the Public Libraries Act was adopted at Plymouth, in 1876, Mr. Wright had his reward by being appointed public librarian of Plymouth, a position he held with ever-increasing usefulness until the day of liis death. During the whole period of its existence, Plymouth Free Library has been identified with him. He it was who made the Devon and Cornwall collection at the Library, and he it was who was mainly instrumental in persuading Mr. Carnegie to give £15,000 towards providing the fine set of buildings for the Library in Tavistock Road. Notes and Gleanings 37 " His own literary labours have been considerable. He has published a good many books, principally of an historical and descriptive character, including the transactions of a curious old Plymouth fellowship called ' The Blue Friars.' Among works of wider interest, it may be mentioned that he edited Gay's Fables for Warne's ' Chandos Classics.' ' The Western Antiquary ' ran for several years under his guidance. Taking up the subject of book-plates, he formed a special society in 1891, called the Ex-Libris Society, and acted both as its honorary secretary and as editor of the Ex-Libris Journal. He was also for some years honorary secretary of the now defunct United Devon Association, and editor of Devonia, its monthly organ." He has been a valued contributor to past numbers of the Devonian Year Book. In 1912 he wrote an interesting article on " Eden Phillpotts, Poet and Novelist " ; in 1913, one on " John Gay and the ' Beggar's Opera ' " ; in 1914, on " Drake in History, Song, and Story." Plymouth Hoe in a great measure owes to him both the Drake statue and the Armada Tercentenary Memorial. He was well known in the West of England as a lecturer, a vocalist, and an elocutionist ; and his stately figure and sonorous voice will be especially missed from St. Andrew's Church choir, of which he was its oldest member. " Tommy Bucknill." The Right Hon. Sir Thomas Townsend Bucknill, who retired from the Bench in February, 1914, died on Oct. 4, 1915, at his residence, Woodcote Lodge, Epsom. Familiarly known to everybody as " Tommy Bucknill," he was the most popular man at the Bar and maintained his popularity on the Bench. He was a son of Sir John Charles Bucknill, the founder of the Volunteer movement, to whom a national memorial was erected on Northernhay, E.xeter, and he was born at Exminster in 1845. He was called at the Inner Temple in 1868, took silk in 1885, and was Recorder of Exeter from that year until his elevation to the Bench in 1899. He was well known as a hard rider to hounds ; he loved horses and horse racing far better than " briefs and bamboozling," as he once summed up his profession, and he found his chief pleasures at his country seat at Epsom. He was verj- fond of fishing, and described himself as a born poacher. " When I was shooting in North Wales with a member of the Chancery Bar," he said, " I took off my coat and vest, and showed my friend how to tickle trout in a wayside stream. My movements were watched by a local lad who 38 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 accompanied me on our shoot, and the following year, when visiting the neighbourhood, I was told the boy was in prison. My informant added : ' He saw you tickle trout last year. He had been doing it himself since, and they caught him.' " I n The Defender of Kimberley. The gallant defender of Kimberley, Major-General Robert George Kekewich, C.B., was, on Nov. 5, 1914, found dead in his bed at his residence, Whimple Rectory, Devonshire, a county with which his family had been identified for centuries. He had recently been in a nursing home suffering from a nervous break- down, and death was due to a gunshot wound in the head. Only two or three weeks previously he had been gazetted a Divisional Commander in the New Army. The gallant officer obtained his commission from the Militia in December, 1874, and was posted to the 102nd Foot, but was transferred to the East Kent Regiment (" The Buffs ") a few days later, and was Adjutant of the 1st Battahon from 1876 to 1883. On promotion to substantive rank of Major in 1890, he transferred to the Royal Inniskilling Fusiliers, and on reaching the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel in 1898, he was appointed to command the 1st Battalion Loyal North Lancashire Regiment. He first saw active service in the Perak Expedition in 1875-6 (medal with clasp), and in 1884-5 he was in the Soudan, and for his services received the medal with clasp, the bronze star, and brevet of Major. He again saw service in the Soudan in 1888, when he was present at the action of Gamaizah. At the outbreak of the South African War he was stationed with his regiment at the Cape, and was sent to command the troops in Kimberley, where he remained during the siege of that town. He afterwards commanded a mobile column, and on one occasion was severely wounded. For his services he was three times mentioned in dispatches, and received the brevet of Colonel, the Queen's medal with three clasps, the King's with two, and the C.B. At the conclusion of the war he was promoted to Major- General for Distinguished Service. He was Colonel of " The Buffs " at the time of his death. A Statue of Captain Scott. Mr. Balfour, First Lord of the Admiralty, unveiled, on November 5, 1915, at Waterloo-place, a statue, subscribed for by officers of the Navy, in memory of the late Captain Scott. The statue, which is in bronze and shows the explorer in his Arctic dress, is the work of Lady Scott. Notes and Gleanings 39 In a short address, Mr. Balfour said : "It seems strange, perhaps, to us at tnis moment to have a ceremony in honour of a great sailor, whose performances, from the very nature of the case, were performances in times of peace, while we, at this moment, have but few thoughts for anything but the immediate necessities of war. Yet it is not a bad thing, even at a moment when the British Fleet is supporting the whole of the Entente Powers in their efforts against Germany and Austria, that we should remember, when the Fleet is showing us what it can do in time of war, how great also have been its performances in times of peace, A familiar quotation tells us that peace has her victories as well as war, and the sailor whose great performance we are here to commemorate was the hero of one of those peaceful victories which, nevertheless, resemble the victories of war more than most victories of peace, in that it involved danger, struggle, and an heroic death. What the Fleet has done for the safety of these shores, for the greatness of this Empire, and for freedom throughout the world, is a commonplace among the English-speaking peoples. We some- times are apt to forget how much it has done in the unwarhke and yet most dangerous work of exploration, travel, and of wresting from Nature secrets most jealously held. Between the place where I am now speaking and the Admiralty only a few yards off, there are already two statues erected by a grateful country to great explorers. The statue opposite where we are standing is that of Frankhn. The statue nearer the Admiralty is that of Captain Cook. We are adding to those two another statue of one full worthy to be ranked with his compeers. " Captain Scott showed all the great qualities of the British sailor, the British explorer, the British man of science. His services to knowledge were great. He perished in carrying out a great work, and we do well to celebrate his memory, and to place for perpetual record of his fame the statue which I am unveiling. He has one great advantage over, so far as I know, every other man whose memory is commemorated by statues. In most cases the artist does not know him whom he commemor- ates, except by reputation, and he struggles with great difficulty to reproduce from such pictures as remain, or from the memory of friends and relatives, a true likeness of him whom he desires to commemorate. Captain Scott has had a happier and far rarer destiny, for his statue has been made by Lady Scott. It was not only loving hands, but an eye that knew, and a memory that recorded all that could be seen and known to her. And we, who look upon it, and those who come after us, when we have departed, will be able to look upon this memorial of 40 The Devonian Year Book, 191 6 Captain Scott and say, ' Thus he appeared to those who knew him in hfe. So he was portrayed by one who was united with him hving and has commemorated an immortal testimony of her affection after his death.' This is a rare work of art ; it has been made in memory of a man of rare courage and rare genius." — The Times. Two Privy Councillors. The last Birthday Honours list contained the names of two Devonian Privy Councillors, viz., Mr. Henry Edward Duke, K.C., M.P., a Vice-President of the London Devonian Association, and Mr. Francis Dyke Acland, M.P. Mr. Duke was born near Plymouth in 1855, son of the late Mr. W. E. Duke, quarry proprietor, of Merrivale, Devon. In 1879 he joined the staff of The Western Morning News, and shortly afterwards represented that journal in the Press gallery of the House of Commons. He was called to the Bar at the age of 29, and rapidly made a reputation. He was appointed Recorder of Plymouth and Devonport in 1897, and about a year later took silk. He has for a number of years past had one of the largest practices at the Common Law Bar. He has appeared in many famous cases, and is a most formidable and skilful advocate. His successful political career began as Conservative member for Plymouth, which he represented from 1900 to 1906. He has represented Exeter since December, 1910, and has won the esteem of all parties in the city by his devotion to its interests. On the recent amalgamation of Devonport with Plymouth, Mr. Duke voluntarily relinquished his office of Recorder of Devonport without claiming compensation to which he was legally entitled. The position which he has won in the House of Commons was recently recognized by his selection as chairman of the committee which is to consider claims arising out of the Government's control of munition factories and the regulation of public-houses in the areas where munitions are manufactured. Mr. Acland comes of a family which has been associated with the representation of Devon and Cornwall for 300 years. His father (the Right Hon. A. H. D. Acland) was Minister for Education in Mr. Gladstone's last Administration. At Balliol College, Oxford, the new Privy Councillor took honours in the School of Modern History. From an early age he has displayed his father's deep interest in education. In 1900 he was appointed junior examiner in the Board of Education at South Kensington, and during three years' work he helped to establish the system of secondary schools. Yorkshire owes much, in connection Notes and Gleanings 41 with its educational system, to his labours as assistant director of secondary education. His Parliamentary career has been a brilliant one. On entering Parliament as Liberal member for the Richmond Division of North Riding, he became Mr. (now Lord) Haldane's private secretary, and in March, 1908, was appointed by Mr. Asquith financial secretary to the War Office and finance member of the Army Council. Defeat at the poll brought his tenure of these offices to an end. He has represented the Camborne Division of Cornwall since 1910. For eight years an officer in the Civil Service Rifles, Mr. Acland had much to do with setting up the County Association under the Territorial and Reserve Forces Act. Prior to his recent appointment as Secretary to the Board of Agriculture, he did valuable work at the Foreign Office and the Treasury. Dr. Macnamar.\ on the Devonshire Regiment. At a concert given in the Balham Assembly Hall on March 20, 1915, under the auspices of the London Devonian Association, on behalf of the Devonshire Regiment, the chair was taken by the Right Hon. T. J. Macnamara, LL.D., Parhamentary Sec- retary of the Admiralty, who, although not a Devonian, was brought up in Devonshire, and had been both pupil and teacher in Exeter schools. He said he accepted the invitation to preside with great pleasure and in affectionate remembrance of a fine old regiment — the old 11th Foot. To him — and he knew they would not mind his saying so — there was an even greater regiment — the old 47th, the Loyal North Lancashire Regiment, in which his father served twenty-one years as a private, corporal, and sergeant — the regiment in which he himself was bom, the regiment in which one of his two soldier sons was now serving. The old North Devon Regiment, however, came next in his affection, for his father was attached to the depot of the old nth Foot for many years after the close of his twenty-one years with the Loyal North Lancashire, and he himself was brought up among them as a young fellow. The old 11th had never belied its proud title, " Semper FideHs." No matter how grave the test, no matter how heavy the odds, no matter how prolonged the struggle, the Devons had always performed the task allotted them — performed it quietly, faithfully, doggedly, stubbornly. No general in the field had ever reason to feel anxious about the old 11th. Naturally, they would be interested to hear something about the history and record of this fine old corps. It was raised 230 years ago in the West of England to repel Monmouth's rebellion. 42 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 the Duke of Beaufort being its father. For a very long time it bore the title of the Duke of Beaufort's Musketeers. The regiment fought under the famous Duke of Marlborough, who was himself a Devon man. They were in the field with George II. at Dettingen. They went through the Peninsular War with the Duke of Wellington, where they greatly distinguished themselves. They were in the Afghan campaign, 1878-9 ; afterwards in Burma ; later in the North- West Frontier campaign of 1895 ; and in 1897 formed part of the famous Tirah Field Force. Next they were in South Africa. As they all knew, the Devons came out of the war with a reputation second to none with the British Army, and he well knew that in the terrible struggle which began on August 4 last, the Devons more than sustained their great reputation. He was sure the regiment had all their good wishes for the best of good luck in whatever might be before them ; for if ever men earned it and deserved it, they did. Major Morrison-Bell a Prisoner of War. The following extracts are from a letter written by Major Morrison-Bell, M.P. for the Honiton Division of Devon, and a Vice-President of the London Devonian Association, from Friedberg, Hessen, where he was then a prisoner : — " I suppose I am posted missing with lots of others who fought that Monday ; but, alas, most of those will not be heard from again. Strange to say, except having my back nearly broken when the mines went off, and having my cap blown off later, I got off in a most miraculous way. " I went up with my comrades on the left flank into the trenches on Sunday afternoon, after being twenty hours in support in a place they called the ' keep.' We had to improve some of the loopholes, and the company worked splendidly. Meanwhile, one-third were on outposts, and kept up a lively sniping all night. It all seemed very peaceful, and the war might have been a hundred miles away instead of thirty-five yards, as it was opposite my platform. " As I was passing my dug-out the signaller said : ' There is a message just come in for you.' It was to say that the Germans were expected to attack in twenty minutes, preceded by a heavy bombardment, and that my trench had been mined, and to let the Coldstreams know. " Here was a nice little bolt from the blue. I went back down the company, telling each man personally, and told them to oil bolts, and served out three extra boxes of ammunition, which we found there, and let the Coldstreams know. The men Notes and Gleanings 43 were in splendid spirits, and soon got everything ready. In fact, they were a magnificent company. " A couple of heavy shells came whispering over from our guns and plumped into their lines, and then all was still, and suddenly an inferno began. A mine exploded a few yards from where I stood, but just round the bend in a trench. Tons of stuff seemed to come my way, and I remember oending my back to try and support the weight I could sec falling. It knocked me down, but I was not buried, and still had hold of my revolver. Simultaneously with the mine their guns started shelling us, but chiefly the left end of the company, I think, and the Coldstreams. But something worse happened. " The explosion of the mine was the signal to the Germans, who were not a hundred yards off, to reach our trenches. They came across in hundreds, and stopped on the edge of the trench shooting down on it. What could 130 men do against this ? They did all they could, and not a man left the trench. Against these crushing odds the right flank fought wonderfully, and the men were real heroes. I am afraid at least 100 were killed. There are thirty-two with Sergeant Young here. The three officers, about whom there seems no doubt, will be a great loss, as they were all good 'uns. " The whole thing was over in a quarter of an hour. Looking to the left, where the trench bent round a bit, you could see Germans kneeling on the edges, and just above I could hear them talking. They kept back as long as there was any firing, and I managed to keep off nine shots with my revolver, and emptied the contents of a rifle I picked up. At last there were only three men left on my left, and one by one they were picked off. " I realized suddenly I was alone. I slipped down into the trenches and squeezed against a little alcove and waited, feeling in a nice funk. Two men jumped down and covered me with revolvers, and I said : ' Ich bin offizier.' They were both very decent, and I felt I should not be killed. They crossed to the German trench, and a shell burst over them one man gave me a frightful crack on the face. Otherwise they were all very decent." — Devon and Exeter Gazette. " Billy of Allington," V.C. The following breezy letter was written by one of our Devonian heroes to the Rector of Alwington, and published by him in the Hartland Deanery Magazine for September, 1915 : — " Sir, — I beg to be excused the liberty I am taking to write to you. My name is Wicketts, I am known to the troops as 44 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 ' Billy of Allington.' I was born in Rollestone Cottage, above Woodtown, and I have mother, father, and several sisters and brothers lying in your churchyard. I was a little pale faced boy of no importance to anyone, going daily to Alwington school, but to-day I am the proud possessor of a breast you don't always see. I joined the army first in 1890, and was soon sent to Egypt, and afterwards to India. I went through the Chitral Campaign ; also South Africa, where I was awarded three medals, six fighting bars (King's and Queen's), and the Distinguished Service Medal. When the War broke out I was living at Portsmouth with my wife and fi.ve children, but I at once responded to the call, although I was clear from the Army, and went out with General French, our grand Chief, where I have been through thick and thin up to August 7, when I was offered a few days' leave to come home, and on Wednesday, 18th, I am off again. I suppose you know 1 was offered the V.C, and later on the French Legion of Honour, in the early days of the war. I was one of the little band who was left behind to bring up the rear on August 24, 1914, of which half has never been told. Heroes to their last breath, we had to hold on against terrible odds until September 6, crossing the Seine. Never shall I forget Charleroi ! Now, Sir, are there any more young men about your parish who have not yet joined; if so, tell them to come along, we want them, there are none better able to crush the murderer of dear little children and women than the boys of Devon, who, if they only knew what I know, would soon be with us. We who are here are doing our best ; we shall fight to our last drop of blood, but we may not last it out, someone must fill the gap. I have a dear wife and five little children, but I am prepared to die any death rather than German hands should touch them. Tell the lads to hurry up, we will help them as far as our experience goes ; the boys of Devon are second to none, fine fighting lads, and I know the bells of your church will welcome them home again. We want to add more honours to those already won, and they can do it if they come and try now. Sir, I have, I believe, one married sister and one brother at Bideford ; it may interest them to know I am still alive and in the best of health and spirits, happy as a sandboy. — I am, Sir, yours very truly, W, WiCKETTS, V.C, Sergt. -Major." Another North Devon V.C. One of the youngest officers in the British Army to receive this distinction is Second-Lieutenant George Raymond Dallas Moor, of the 3rd Battalion, the Hampshire Regiment, aged 18. Notes and Gleanings 45 He is the second son of Mr. W. H. Moor, late Auditor-General of the Transvaal, and Mrs. Moor, of St. Berwyns, Braunton. The official announcement states that he was awarded the Victoria Cross " for most conspicuous bravery and resource on June 5, 19K5, during operations south of Krithia, Dardanelles. When a detachment of a battalion on his left, which had lost all its officers, was rapidly retiring before a heavy Turkish attack, Second-Lieut. Moor, immediately grasping the danger to the remainder of the line, dashed back some 200 yards, stemmed the retirement, led back the men, and recaptured the lost trench. This young officer, who only joined the Army in October, 1914, by his personal bravery and presence of mind saved a dangerous situation." During the action he was for eleven hours under continuous heavy fire in the trenches, and it was fourteen hours before he recovered from the state of collapse brought about as a result of his great efforts. He had previously greatly distinguished himself at the landing in Gallipoli. Bandsman Rendle, V.C. Yet another Devonian to receive the V.C. was Bandsman Thomas Edward Rendle, 1st Batt. Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, " for conspicuous bravery on November 20, 1914, near Wulverghem, when he attended to the wounded under very heavy shell and rifle fire, and rescued men from the trenches in which they had been buried by the blowing in of the parapets by the fire of the enemy's heavy howitzers." He was born in Exeter thirty years ago, but was brought up at Bristol, and the fact that he was attached to the D.C.L.L was " just a chance." His own impression of the events on November 20 were not at all clear. He said he was acting as stretcher-bearer, when Lieut. Colebrook was wounded. The German trenches were about 200 yards away, and our trenches were under a heavy fire i)i big guns, machine-guns, and rifles. Several sections of our trenches were blown in, and spaces, which were swept by the fire and without shelter, were left between the trenches which remained. " After Lieut. Colebrook was hit," he said, " Lieut. Wingate crawled over the gap to his assistance, and asked me to go with him. Together we bound up his wounds. An artery in his right thigh was severed and he was bleeding rather badly. The Germans were popping at us all the time. To get the wounded officer back I started to make a shallow burrow across the open space with my hands. Every time I threw up the dirt I had scraped loose I suppose my head bobbed up, and the Germans took pot shots at it. I have no recollection of how long I was exposed to the fire. I didn't take much notice of it 46 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 at the time ; one gets used to that sort of thing. I had to make several burrows in order to get cover of any kind. Fortunately, neither Mr. Colebrook nor I got hit on the way back. I had to crawl, of course, and carry him as best I could." This account may be supplemented by the following extract from a letter written by Lieut. Wingate to his mother at The Court, Cullompton : — " Two of the shells pitched into the trench only about 30 yards from me and blew ten men to pieces. They also blew down all the front part of our trench, and the earth filled up the dug- out part. This was very annoying, as it divided our trench into two parts, and made it impossible to get from one half to the other without running across this open piece of ground, about five or six yards. Of course, the Germans realized this, and put a machine-gun covering this space, so that anyone who crossed carried his hfe very much in his hands. A subaltern in my companj. (Colebrook) got shot that afternoon in that part of the trench without a communicating trench. He asked for me, so I went along to him ; this meant that I had to cross this gap, but luckily they failed to hit me. We decided it was quite impossible to move him until dark, as there was no way of getting him across the gap, so I sat down to chat with him, when suddenly the Germans started again with their shells. The first two went over the trench, but the next one pitched just short, and that buried me with mud. This, I thought, was a bit too much, so I said that Colebrook must be got away. Just then I got called away to the other end of the trench for a few- minutes. In the meantime, one of the stretcher-bearers (Rendle) lay on his stomach in the gap and under fire, and tried to clear the earth out of the original trench to get a safe path to get Colebrook past the gap. But another shell came and he decided to risk it. Rendle, the stretcher-bearer, took Colebrook on his back and wormed tiis way across the open gap on his stomach, thus getting him into the right half of the trench, where it was plain sailing." — Western Weekly News. A German Submarine Evaded. It fell to the lot of a Devonian, Captain William Henry Propert, of Dartmouth, master of the steamship Laertes, to give an example to the British mercantile marine of what might and should be done in case of attacks by an enemy's submarine. On February 10, 1915, his ship was attacked without warning by a German submarine off the coast of Holland, and, although the torpedo missed her by only a few yards and the ship Notes and Gleanings 47 was under fire for an hour, until her upper structure was riddled with shot, the captain succeeded in saving his vessel and crew from destruction. " For his gallant and spirited conduct in the command of his unarmed ship when exposed to attack by the gunfire and torpedo of a German submarine," so the official announcement runs. Captain Propert was granted a temporary commission as Lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve, and the King was pleased to award him the Distinguished Service Cross. The Admiralty conveyed to Captain Propert and the officers and men under his command an expression of high appreciation of their conduct, and bestowed upon each officer a gold watch ; a complimentary grant of £3 was also made to every member of the crew. This exceptional recognition was officially stated to be intended to mark the example set by this merchant vessel. Later in the year Lieut. Propert, R.N. R., was presented with an illuminated address by his fellow-towns- men of Dartmouth. Captain Chichester Foils the Germans. It seems appropriate at the present time to recall the fact that it was a North Devon man, Captain, afterwards Rear- Admiral, Sir Edward Chichester, Bart., who, in the Spanish- American war of 1898, prevented the German squadron from attacking the Americans. When, after destroying the Spanish squadron at Cavite, Commodore Dewey blockaded Manila, Chichester's ship, the Immortalite, and three other men-of-war were dispatched thither to protect English interests. Ships of other nations also assembled there, and amongst these the Germans, with such an assumption of menace, that Commodore Dewey fired a shot across the bows of the flagship of Admiral Dietrich, commanding the German squadron. But, before opening fire in return, the German admiral went to the Immor- talite in a boat to sound the disposition of the English commander. On meeting in the cabin, Dietrich inquired, " What attitude are you likely to take up in the event of the Americans bombard- ing Manila ? " " That," replied Chichester, " is a matter known only to Dewey and me." Dietrich, somewhat disconcerted, paused, and then asked, " Where, sir, do you intend the Enghsh squadron to be, should, unhappily, a conflict ensue between the American Navy and that of His Imperial Majesty P " ." Ask Dewey," was the only answer vouchsafed, and the German retired down the side of the vessel growling in his beard. Immediately significant orders were issued, and the four British men-of-war steamed across the line of the German 48 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 vessels, the Jmmortalite leading, and the others following in line, and when the senior vessel was about two ship-lengths off, the band of the Olympia played " God Save the Oueen," and the band of the Immortalite responded with " The Star-spangled Banner." It was but a common, every-day act of courtesy, but it was vastly appreciated by the Americans who witnessed it, and it was a significant hint of " Hands off " to the Germans, The significance of this dramatic action was that it convinced the world that England was on the side of the United States, and that, to use the old familiar phrase, " Blood is thicker than water." It was the first signal demonstration which the Americans received that the sympathies of their kith and kin were with them, and that the jealousy of no third-power Power would be allowed to interfere with the just retribution which they were about to exact from their enemy. Sir Edward made history that day. He wiped out the memories of Bunker Hill and New Orleans — so far as they were bitter memories. That his conduct was approved at home was shown by the Government conferring on him the C.M.G. Admiral Dewey showed his appreciation by buying a lion cub and calling it " Chichester," and the American authorities had the speech of Captain Chichester to the German admiral — " That is a matter known only to Dewey and me "—inscribed in the Naval School in Annapolis, U.S.A., where it embellishes one of the walls of the academy. And when Admiral Chichester came to die, some years later, a unique tribute of respect was paid to his memory in the United States ; for in every workshop, mill, forge, and mine, work was suspended from noon to five minutes past twelve on the day of his funeral, throughout the length and breadth of the Republic. " The Pasha of Larnaca." A Devonian of real mark, both as a scholar and an adminis- trator, has passed away during the year 1915, in the person of Mr. Claude Delaval Cobham, C.M.G. , late Commissioner of Larnaca, in Cyprus. He was the fourth son of the late Thomas Cobham, of Marley, near Exmouth, where he was born in 1842, and where he recently died. A Times correspondent gives the following interesting account of him, under the date, June 3, 1915 : " He was a man of many accomplishments, a scholar, and an antiquary, one who had seen the lands and knew the manners and minds and tongues of many peoples. From Rugby he went to University College, Oxford. When the English occupied Cyprus in 1878, he took ship for Larnaca and at once was appointed Assistant Commissioner, and in 1879 received Notes and Gleanings 49 the post of Commissioner of the District, which he held until 1 908. There he bought an old Venetian house, which he or his Iriends named the Villa Claudia. Almost every one who went to Cyprus on Government business, or as a visitor, landed at Larnaca and was hospitably entertained by Cobham, especially if he was ' a scholar and a gentleman ' ; and few could fail to lie charmed by him and to learn from him something worth knowing about the Mediterranean and the East. And if the visitor preferred to talk in Greek or Turkish, French or German, Italian or Persian, he found Cobham able to converse with him in any of those tongues. " The natives of his district reverenced him ; they called him the Pasha, not jestingly, but with all respect. He was an aristocrat, and loved to keep up the dignity of his Pashalik ; he was lame and found riding uncomfortable, and probably for that reason did not go about his district so much as he might have done ; and the routine of office work was not to his taste. But he was well suited for the special post which he so long filled. I believe that he never sought and would not have accepted any promotion out of his beloved island. " Cobham was a man of strong prejudices and likes and dislikes. He would not allow that he had ever read a line of Dickens, and he would not admit any work by that author into his hbrary ; he was, in the days when I knew him best, strongly pro-German as against French ; he professed, perhaps not always quite seriously, to love the Turk and to hate the Greek, and he carried this so far that he would not have a Greek servant in his house, and always kept a villain of a Turkish cook, who went far to ruin his master's digestion. He published several books, dealing chiefly with the history of Cyprus, including translations from dozens of authors, in many languages, from the 12th to the 19th century, and he was also one of the compilers and editors of several editions of the ' Handbook of Cyprus.' When he left Cyprus he gave his valuable library to the Colonial Institute." The Hermit of Bro.\dclyst. Remarkable evidence was given at an inquest at Broadclyst, E.xeter, on October 28, on David Mede Salter, retired clergyman, age 82, who was found dead at his residence, a bungalow which had been erected for him in the corner of a field some fourteen years ago. He was commonly known in the district as " The Old Hermit." The dead man never received friends. He was occasionally seen walking close to the bungalow, but rarely went out of sight of it. He had a daily paper sent by post, 4 50 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 and tradesmen had to leave their goods in a hut close by. He occasionally visited Exeter. At the inquest Dr. E. R. P. Lewis, Lancaster-gate, London, chaplain to the British Embassy at Lisbon, said that Mr. Salter was his uncle and a clerk in holy orders. He had been Fellow and Tutor of Jesus College, Cambridge, of which he was M.A. He gave up his living forty years ago, and was quite a recluse, although visited by friends from time to time. He wrote to the witness on March 8, saying : " I am still without any failure in body or mind." His family had tried to get him to have a house-keeper, but he refused any interference on the part of relatives or friends. Sidney Robert Withers, in whose field Mr. Salter had his bungalow, said he had not seen him for six months, although he lived a few yards away and delivered eggs and apples once a week. It was further stated that when the pohce entered the house they had to force three doors, the front, inside, and bedroom doors, before they could find him. He was lying on the floor dead, dressed in a shirt and cardigan jacket. Medical evidence showed death to be due to syncope, and a verdict in accordance was returned. — The Times. " The E.keter Prophetess." On Dec. 27, 1814, died that remarkable woman, Joanna Southcott, in the sixty-fifth year of her age, after being dis- appointed in her expectation of becoming the " mother of Shiloh." During her life her " prophecies " were published in sixty-five pamphlets, one for each year of her life, and it is said that she had 100,000 followers, more than John Wesley ever had during his lifetime. In addition to the published works, there are still in existence a large number of her manuscripts which have neither been published nor copied. These are called the " sealed writings," and were placed in the hands of William Sharp, the engraver, in 1803, for safe custody. At Joanna's death they appear to have been in the care of Miss Townley, and in 1825 they were sent to the Rev. T. P. Foley, who left them in the care of his son, the Rev. Richard Foley. It is said that some of them have not been read even by believers, but are kept in a large wooden box, which is nailed up and bound with cords. This box is in safe custody, and, according to her followers, may only be opened " when it is sent for by the twenty-four bishops suddenly and unaware in a time of national danger." It was expected by many believers that this would have have happened on the 12th of January, 1915, that being supposed to be the last day of 1914 (old style) and presumably the centenary of Joanna's death ; but the time is not yet ripe — the bishops remain silent, and the box still reposes in its secret hiding-place. Drake's Drum 51 Drake's Drum. Drake he's in his hammock an' a thousand mile away, (Capten, art tha sleepin' there below ?), Slung atween the round shot in Nombre Dios Bay, An' dreamin' all the time o' Plymouth Hoe. Yarnder lumes the Island, yarnder lie the ships, Wi' sailor lads a dancin' heel-an'-toe, An' the shore-Hghts flashin', an' the night-tide dashin'. He sees et all so plainly as he saw et long ago, Drake he was a Devon man, an' ruled the Devon seas, (Capten, art tha sleepin' there below ?), Rovin' tho' his death fell, he went wi' heart at ease, An' dreamin' all the time o' Plymouth Hoe. " Take my drum to England, hang et by the shore, Strike et when your powder's runnin' low ; If the Dons sight Devon, I'll quit the port o' Heaven, An' drum them up the Channel as we drummed them long ago," Drake he's in his hammock till the great Armadas come, (Capten, art tha sleepin' there below ?), Slung atween the round shot, Hstenin' for the drum. An' dreamin' all the time o' Plymouth Hoe, Call him on the deep sea, call him up the Sound, Call him when ye sail to meet the foe ; Where the old trade's plyin' an' the old flag flyin', They shall find him ware an' wakin', as they found him long ago ! Henry Newholt. The words of this poem are given by kind permission of Mr. Newbolt. There are two excellent musical settings, one by Sir. C. V. Stanford, in his " Songs of the Sea," and the other by Mr. W. H. Hedgcock. The poem is, also, most effective as a recitation. — [Editor ] 52 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 New Light on Drake. By Sir CLEMENTS R. MARKHAM, K.C.B., F.R.S.. &c. (Reprinted by permission from The English Race.) Sir Francis Drake, the first English circumnavigator, is acknowledged to have been a great seaman, yet there has always been an undercurrent of detraction. It is more than hinted, even in these days, that Drake was a rough sailor without polish, that he was cruel, that he was a pirate, that he robbed prisoners of their private property, that his famous voyage was merely undertaken for plunder, and that he had no commission em- powering him to inflict the punishment of death on the mutineer Doughty. It was Drake's misfortune that his own journal was lost, and that the only two accounts of his voyage were written by spiteful enemies, the chaplain Fletcher and a man named Cooke. All this misrepresentation has been finally disposed of by Mrs. Zelia Nuttall in her very important work recently pub- lished by the Hakluyt Society, entitled New Light on Drake. This accomplished lady, in the course of researches on another subject, has discovered a great number of documents relating to Drake's voyage, among the archives at Mexico, Seville, Simancas, and other places. Most of these documents are depositions before the Inquisition by prisoners Drake had landed, and others. One is the journal of a Portuguese pilot who was taken prisoner off the Cape Verd Islands, and landed on the coast of Mexico. The evidence of those perfectly impartial — if anything hostile — witnesses now comes to light, to clear the character of a great English seaman, after a silence of more than three centuries. First as to the object of the voyage. The name of John Oxenham is well known to the readers of Mr. Kingsley's West- ivard Ho ! In his deposition made in the Inquisition at Lima, John Oxenham declared that the main object of Drake's voyage was discovery in the interests of his country. He believed that a strait existed to the north of the American Continents, similar to the one discovered by Magellan to the south, and that its discovery would be most advantageous to England. In fact, he made a gallant attempt to find it, going far north along the coast of New Albion. It is true that he also New Light on Drake 53 intended to recover from Spanish ships the amount that was robbed from his relative, Sir John Hawkins, at San Juan de Ulua. All the depositions bear witness to Drake's ability and knowledge as a navigator. With regard to his power of life and death conferred by the Queen's commission, it is alleged that he had none. But the Portuguese pilot bears witness that Drake placed the document he afterward read before Doughty's execution on his head, which was only done, in those days, in the case of missives from the Sovereign. Moreover, Drake's distinguished prisoner, Don Francisco de Zarate, was actually shown the Queen's commis- sion. One of the charges against Drake, in biographies that have been written, is that he robbed Zarate's private property as well as seized his ship. This calumny is refuted by Zarate himself in his letter to the Viceroy of Mexico. All that happened was that they exchanged presents, and the Spaniard thought that he got the best of the bargain. All the vSpaniards who made depositions testify to Drake's good treatment of them while on board ship. He spoke Spanish well, his manners were courtly, his hospitality thoughtful and genuine. They witnessed his performance of divine service, and the ceremony observed at his table. The gentlemen volun- teers, including some of the best names in Devonshire, dined with him, and a band played during the meal. Not a single Spaniard met his death owing to Drake's voyage, which was undertaken for discovery and made legitimate by the Queen's commission. One ver.y interesting piece of evidence is that the great seaman was keeping a most careful journal. We are told that he spent much time in a cabin with his young kinsman John Drake, drawing capes and headlands, and new birds and fishes for his journal. The loss of this journal has been most injurious to the fair fame of the illustrious circum- navigator. Now detraction will be finally silenced by the evidence, not of his own countrymen, but by that of the Spaniards themselves, his fair-minded enemies. Enghshmen ought to be grateful to Mrs. Zelia Nuttall for the care and abihty v\nth which she has conducted her most interesting researches, which have resulted in such a complete vindication of one of England's greatest seamen. She has, indeed, thrown a " new light on Drake." 54 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Called Up. (Reprinted from The Times by permission of the Author.) Come, tumble up, Lord Nelson, the British Fleet's a-looming ! Come, show a leg. Lord Nelson, the guns they are a-booming ! 'Tis a longish line of battle,- — such as we did never see ; An' 'tis not the same old round-shot as was fired by you an' me What see' si thou, Sir Francis ? — Strange things I see appearing What hearest thou, Sir Francis P — Strange sounds I do be hearing They are fighting in the heav^ens ; they're at war beneath the sea Ay, their ways are mighty different from the ways o' you an' me See'st thou nought else. Sir Francis ? — I see great lights a-seeking ! Hearest thou nought else, Sir Francis ? — I hear thin wires a-speak- ing! Three leagues that shot hath carried ! — God, that such could ever be ! There's no mortal doubt, Lord Nelson — they ha' done wi' you an' me ! Look thou again, Sir Francis ! — I see the flags a-flapping ! Hearken once more, Sir Francis ! — I hear the sticks a-tapping ! 'Tis a sight that calls me thither! — 'Tis a sound that bids me " Come ! " 'Tis the old Trajalgar signal! — 'Tis the beating of my drum! A rt thou ready, good Sir Francis ? See, they wait upon the quay ! Praise be to God, Lord Nelson, they ha' thought of you an' me / Dudley Clark. 6'V > < ui z. X u a: D uj Z < -I H < Farthest from Railways : An Unknown Corner of Devon 55 Farthest from Railways : An Unknown Corner of Devon. By R. PEARSE CHOPE. B.A. {Author of " The Story of Hariland," " The Dialed of Harlland," etc.) A Lecture delivered to the London Devonian Association, January 11, 1915.* If you will take any general railway map of England, such as " Bradshaw " or the " A B C," and try with a compass to draw the largest circle without crossing a railway line, you will, after many trials, fix its centre at Hartland Point, North Devon, for When you have sought all England round. Farthest from railways this will be found. Leaving the small detached light railway from Bideford to Westward Ho out of consideration, it will be seen that the nearest station " as the crow flies," or by aeroplane, is Bude, and its distance about fourteen miles, but the nearest by road, which is still the usual medium of communication, is Bideford. about sixteen miles, Bude being three or four miles farther and much more difficult of access. The tourist, therefore, generally adventures by road from Bideford to Hartland, and, as an enthusiastic guide-book author writes, " even in Devonshire it would be difficult to discover a more delightful route. Throughout the whole six- teen miles, the tourist's eyes will be charmed with a succession of beautiful pictures, and if he be an artist, or a lover of art, he will be reminded at one point of Turner's ethereal conceptions ; at another, of the force and depth of Creswick ; here, of the poetical power of Gainsborough ; there, of the rude fidelity of Morland. Nature in all her ruggedness ; nature subdued by art ; wild bosky glens, haunted by mysterious shadows ; rich woodland vales murmurous with falling waters ; bleak, bare cliffs, where the sea-bird builds her nest ; the rippling stream, the broad and billowy ocean ; the yellow cornfield and the blossomy garden ; these succeed one another like the rapid and surprising changes of a fairy panorama." * The lecture was illustrated by nearly one hundred lantern slides, specially prepared, but, as these cannot be here reproduced, the following report of the lecture has been slightly modified. 56 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 It seems strange that such a large tract of land should remain so long untraversed by a railway, but there are at last signs of a change. Two different railway schemes have been brought forward, and only last summer (1914) an excellent motor bus service was started. Indeed, this proved to be too good, for the buses attracted the attention of the Government agent, who at once commandeered them for the war.* Whether the advent of railways, or even of motor buses, would be altogether advan- tageous to such a place as Hartland, is a matter of opinion, for, in the words of an American poet, — " The railway ruined it, the natives say, That passed unwisely fifteen miles away. And made a drain to which, with steady ooze, Filtered away law, stage-coach, trade, and news. The railway saved it : so at least think those Who love old ways, old houses, old repose." At any rate, the result of this neglect by the railway companies is that, except to a few adventurous spirits — mainly from across the Atlantic, Hartland is still an unknown country, although its scenery is more beautiful, and its history more interesting, than those of any other place in North Devon. History perhaps appeals only to a few, but with regard to the scenery many will be inclined to say : " Clovelly we know, Lynmouth we know, and Ilfracombe — surely Hartland in all its glory is not arrayed like one of these ? " No, not like one of them, but hke them all and superior to any, for the chief feature of the Hartland scenery is its wonderful variety — soft wooded cliffs on the north, wild rugged rocks on the west, wind-swept moorland heights, and calm secluded vales. " Wild, glorious, and unknown," says one observant tourist ; "by far the most striking part of the North of Devon," says another ; " the wildest and grandest cliffs in the whole of Devon," says a third ; and many others are equally enthusiastic. Hartland is a large parish — the largest in Devonshire with the sole exception of the Dartmoor parish of Lydford. Its area is over 17,000 acres, and its shape is roughly a rectangle, six miles from north to south by four and a half from east to west. It is bounded on the west by the Atlantic, * Since the lecture was delivered, the following motor services have been started : (i) A mail car, from Bideford to Hartland and back daily, carrying passengers and doing extra turns on Tuesdays and Saturdays ; (2) Another car, running from Hartland to Bideford and back on Tuesdays, Thursdays, and Saturdays, and doing extra turns when required ; (3) A char-a-banc, running during the summer months three days weekly, from Bude to Hartland Quay on the way to Clovelly, and back to Bude direct. Farthest from Railways : An Unknown Corner of Devon 57 " Where on Hartland's tempest-furrowed shore Breaks the long swell from farthest Labrador." No land intervenes between it and America, for, contrary to the general opinion, Cape Clear is much farther north, and we have the advantage over Parliament that Ireland does not block the way. On the north the parish forms the western extremity both of Bideford Bay and Severn Sea, generally but erroneously called Bristol Channel, and there is no land between it and Carmarthen Bay in Wales, about fifty miles off. On a clear day the high lands of Gower and Pembroke are plainly visible. To the north-east spreads out before us the charming panorama of Bideford Bay, terminating in Morte Point, near Ilfracombe, about seventeen miles away, and having Exmoor in the back- ground. To the south-west is a still more extensive, and almost equally charming, panorama, reaching to Trevose Head, beyond Padstow, nearly forty miles away, and including a view of " grim Dundagel, thron'd along the sea." About ten miles away in a north-westerly direction is the picturesque isle of Lundy, which is always a prominent feature in the landscape and represents the island of our dreams. Facetious persons allude to it as " the Kingdom of Heaven," Heaven being the name of the proprietor. Kingsley avers in " Westward Ho ! " that, for its sins, Lundy is included in the huge parish of Hartland ; but this statement is incorrect — it has always been a separate parish, though, before the present church was built, on at least one occasion a couple came across to Hartland to be married. The island varies so much in appearance according to the state of the atmosphere, that it is a favourite source of weather forecasts : — " Lundy high, sign of dry ; Lundy plain, sign of rain ; Lundy low, sign of snow." On the land side Hartland is separated from the neighbour- ing parishes of Clovelly and Welcombe by deep valleys, and at the back is a ridge, rising to about 750 feet, which forms the watershed of the river Torridge. On this ridge, just beyond the boundary of Hartland parish, is the source of the Torridge and the Tamar, which rise, so it is said, on opposite sides of the same " rex-bush " (clump of rushes), though one flows by a circuitous route to Bideford and Severn Sea, while the other follows a comparatively straight course to -Plymouth and the Enghsh Channel. From the watershed can be seen on one hand the peaked tors of Dartmoor and Cornwall, and on the other the rounded hills of Exmoor and North Devon. 58 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Hartland is thus " on the road to nowhere," and can only be reached by surmounting this ridge at the back, which in itself is sufficiently forbidding to many people, not because of its height, but because it is "a rolling range of dreary moors, unbroken by tor or tree," though this was the scene selected by Turner for one of his most beautiful landscapes. The coaches from Clovelly to Bude pass along this ridge, but they give their passengers only a glimpse of the paradise beyond. Like the priest and the Levite of the parable, they pass by on the other side. Perhaps in due course the good Samaritan will come along, and not only leave his two pence with the host, but will also persuade others to do the same. Hartland has indeed fallen among thieves, who have robbed it of its reputation, for the railway companies do not even recognize its existence, and on all sides tourists are told that there is nothing to be seen there. However, west of the watershed the scene changes. The comparatively flat table-land gets broken up into a series of small ridges and valleys, which make the land so hilly that it is said to be impossible to get sufficient flat ground for a cricket field in the whole parish. As John Bright wrote of Lynmouth : — " They who come here in hope to shun The turmoil and the strife, Will find how hard it is to flee The ups and downs of life." The high ground at the back is the source of a number of small streams which run to the coast, both north and west, and form those " delightful glens " so eloquently described by Kingsley : ' Each is like the other and each is hke no other EngUsh scenery. Each has its upright walls, inland of rich oak-wood, nearer the sea of dark green furze, then of smooth turf, then of weird black cliffs which range out right and left far into the deep sea, in castles, spires, and wings of jagged ironstone. Each has its narrow strip of fertile meadow, its crystal trout stream winding across and across from one hill-foot to another ; its grey stone mill, with the water sparkling and humming round the dripping wheel ; its dark rock pools above the tide mark, where the salmon-trout gather in from their Atlantic wanderings, after each autumn flood ; its ridge of blown sand, bright with golden trefoil and crimson lady's fingers ; its grey bank of polished pebbles, down which the stream rattles toward the sea below. Each has its black field of jagged shark's-tooth rock which paves the cove from side to side, streaked with here and there a pink line of shell sand, and laced with white foam from the eternal surge, stretching in parallel lines out to the westward, in strata set upright on edge, or tilted towards each other at strange fi 1.— ROCKS AT BLEGBERRY. 2.— A WRECK AT BLEGBERRY. Farthest from Railways: An Unknown Corner of Devon 59 angles by primeval earthquakes ; such is the ' Mouth ' — as those coves are called ; and such the jaw of teeth which they display, one rasp of which would grind abroad the timbers of the stoutest ship. To landward, all richness, softness, and peace ; to seaward, a waste and howling wilderness of rock and roller, barren to the fisherman, and hopeless to the shipwrecked mariner." Once, and once only, has a ship been got off that has ever struck those terrible rocks. Although the number of wrecks has been greatly reduced since the lighthouse was built at Hartland Point, the local proverb still remains true : — " From Padstow Port to Lundy Light Is a watery grave by day or night. About ten years ago I compiled a list of thirty-five wrecks that had occurred off the coast of Hartland from 1862 to 1904, and the number has since been considerably increased.* In all about forty lives were lost. The last and largest of the series was an ItaUan steamship, the Rosalia, of nearly 2000 tons (3000 gross), carrying a crew of twenty-five, which was totally wrecked in a very thick fog at Hartland Quay on May 27, 1904 ; but the only one at which it has been my fortune to be present was the Hoche, a French steamship of nearly 900 tons, carrying a crew of twenty-three, which was wrecked in similar circumstances at Blegberry on July 1, 1882. In this case a small party of young men were spending the evening at the farm-house, when they were startkd by the arrival of a sailor announcing the wreck and asking to be directed to the nearest telegraph office. Learning that he was at Hartland, he said he had been wrecked there before, and, if we could only direct him to Stoke, he would be able to find his way to the town. Our party hurried to the top of the cliff, but not a trace of the wreck could we see for a considerable time, until one of us at length espied the top of a mast looming through the fog. Down we went one after the other, over the almost perpendicular face of the cliff — here about 250 feet high, and, strange to say, we all got safely to the bottom, though how we managed it has been a puzzle to me ever since. When we arrived there, we found that our efforts were all in vain, for the captain would not allow us on board and refused all our offers of assistance. He, no doubt, remembered the terrible tales he had heard about the * Since the lecture was delivered, a Dutch steamship, the Flora, of Amsterdam, of 900 tons, with a crew of 19, was wrecked on April 3rd, 1915, at Longpeak, below Speke's Mill. 6o The Devonian Year Book, 1916 wreckers on our coast, and I am bound to admit that we have a sinister reputation in this respect. " Save a stranger from the sea, And he'll become your enemy," is a well-known proverb, but the tales told by the Rev. R. S. Hawker, of Morwenstow, about " Cruel Coppinger," who was really wrecked at Hartland, are either fictitious or grossly exaggerated. Excellent as Kingsley's description is of our combes, it strangely omits the most characteristic feature of all — the coastal waterfall. Of these we have seven in various stages of evolution, forming such a grand and varied series as is not to be found elsewhere in Great Britain. The most striking is certainly the compound fall at Speke's Mill, of which Mr. Newell Arber says : " It is by far the grandest and most imposing waterfall, or, rather, series of falls, on the whole coast ; and it is of such special interest to the geologist, and such a wonderful sight for the wayfarer, that it would be well if it were acquired for the nation." A detailed description of it, illustrated by diagrams and numerous photographic views, is given in Mr. Arber's book, " The Coast Scenery of North Devon." The first fall, nearly 54 feet in height, from about 160 feet above sea-level, is over one limb of a V-shaped fold in the rocks. The water then runs along the bottom of the trough almost horizon- tally for 132 feet, when it again turns at right-angles and cuts its way seaward through the ridge-shaped fold beyond, descend- ing by three smaller falls. These form part of the floor of an immature canyon or gorge cut in the cliffs by the stream. The first marks the point to which the waterfall has retreated from its original position above what is now a pool on the beach. It has not, however, persisted as a sheer fall, but has worn its channel back unevenly, with the result that there are now three separate falls. The top of the first of these is at least 100 feet above sea-level, but the sheer fall was once very much higher, probably 200 feet. In the future, provided the sea does not get in and destroy the canyon, the stream will cut down the remaining 100 feet, and the floor of the canyon will then be at sea-level. With regard to the big upper fall, this has been formed, strange as it may seem, by the trough or gutter at its base ; this trough or gutter is really older than the fall, and, as the stream has cut down along the strike, so the length of the first or dip fall has increased. An example of an almost sheer fall, slightly modified owing to the fact that the stream is flowing in the direction of the io SPEKES MILL WATERFALL. Farthest from Railways : An Unknown Corner of Devon 6i strike, occurs at Blegberry ; here the stream falls over a cliff about 25 feet high, down one Umb of V-shaped fold which is being rapidly denuded by the sea. An attempt was made to divert this fall, to enable a donkey path to be made up the face of the rock, but the stream proved too powerful for the punv efforts of man, and washed away the masonry dam that he had erected to turn it into a new channel. In the valleys on each side are examples of the mature canyon stage in the evolution of a waterfall, that at Blackpool Mill being one of the best to be found on these coasts. But it is not only the waterfalls that excite our admiration along these cliffs ; the marvellous foldings and contortions of the rocks are even more wonderful and awe-inspiring. " There must have been strange work here," says Kingsley, " when all these strata were being pressed and squeezed together like a ream of wet paper between the rival granite pincers of Dartmoor and Lundy." The effects, too, of marine erosion on such rocks are very remarkable. The wave action of the sea, aided by the grinding action of the pebbles on the beach, wears away the softer strata, leaving the harder in place, and ultimately Jforms either a deep cave, as at Moll Davy's House, Speke's Mill, or a complete tunnel, as at Smoothland, Blegberry. Sometimes large holes are made in the hard strata which the sea has failed to wear away and which run out from the cliff as buttresses ; a good example of this may be seen at Speke's Mill. As Mr. Arber says : "No words can convey the wildness and grandeur of these cliffs, as seen from the shore — the scenes baffle descrip- tion completely." Another peculiar feature of the Hartland chff scenery is the sea-dissected valley. This is a very rare phenomenon, though there are two excellent examples at Hartland, one between St. Catherine's Tor and Hartland Quay, and the other at Bleg- berry. In the majority of cases rivers and streams enter the sea at right angles to the coast-hne, but it sometimes happens that they make a bend and run parallel to it before thev actually enter the sea. In such cases the sea will, as a rule, cut through the cliff at the bend and dissect the lower portion of the valley, so that the waters will jbe captured by the sea at some distance from the original mouth and will then enter the sea at right angles to the coast. In the first example, the stream now discharges at the north side of St. Catherine's Tor, which is part of the remains of the seaward wall of its valley, but it formerly ran along parallel with the coast and discharged at Hartland Quay. The force of the sea may be gauged from the fact that in 1878 the pier at Hartland Quay was complete, 62 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 forming an apparently snug little harbour, but since that date the whole has been swept away by the waves and now not one stone remains upon another. In the example at Blegberry, the stream now discharges at Sandpath, but it formerly ran along the valley between Blegberry and Smoothland and dis- charged at the side of Dame Hole. A short distance to the north of Blegberry is Hartland Point. The lighthouse, which was erected in 1874 on a rock beyond the Point itself, is a remarkable piece of engineering, for the surveyor was unable to get anywhere near the site, and was obliged to make his plans from observations and measurements taken from a ship at sea. A road to it was first cut along the cliff on the north side. The Point is 350 feet high, and was formerly a picturesque object, but its natural beauty has been largely spoilt by the erection on the high ground behind it of a naval signalling station and a wireless telegraph installation. The approach to it is rather difficult, along a narrow ridge where a slip would be fatal, but the ascent is worth the risk, for on the top there is not only a lovely view on all sides, but there is also a complete calm, and the climate is so mild that primroses have been picked there at Christmas. Indeed, in all sheltered positions at Hartland flowers and shrubs grow in the utmost profusion^ — myrtles, fuchsias, escallonias, and even geraniums become trees reaching as high as the walls of the houses, and the whole district is a veritable " fern paradise." A few months ago I was shown a copy of The Hartland News from a very modern and up-to-date Hartland, situated in Waukesha County, Wisconsin, U.S.A. The chief feature was a leading article on our own local paper. The Hartlatid Chronicle, which has attained world-wide celebrity as the " one-man news- paper," and has published correspondence and articles in Italian, Danish, Welsh, Irish, Marathi, and Taal (Cape Dutch), to say nothing of Esperanto and Simplified Spelling ; according to this American paper ours is the oldest Hartland in the world, and was in existence as far back as the reign of Elizabeth. What would the editor have said if she — for the editor is a lady — had known that our history really goes back to the beginning of the Christian era ? About 1800 years ago the famous geographer, Ptolemy of Alexandria, gave the name Hercules Promontory to a cape which has been universally identified with our Hartland Point, or, as sailors prefer to call it, Harty Point. This one stubborn fact has furnished food for the speculation of many antiquaries. One suggests that, after slaying Albion, Neptune's son, in Gaul, Hercules may have crossed over into Britain in his golden bowl ; cz' I — HARTLAND POINT FROM THE SEA. 2.— HARTLAND QUAY IN 1878. Op/>ositt p. bi Farthest from Railways: An Unknown Comer of Devon 63 another thinks that, as Ptolemy got his information from Phoenician sailors, the name Hercules refers to the Tyrian god Melkarth, the Baal of the Bible, and that a temple may have been erected to this god at Hartland Point ; while a third, misled by a forgery, gravely asserts that two pillars were actually erected there in honour of Hercules, and that the Phoenicians undoubtedly carried on a trade of some importance with the natives. The greatest living authority on Celtic Britain has suggested that Hercules may in this case be identified with one of the heroes of the Arthurian legend. It is probable that in Ptolemy's time the people at Hartland belonged to a tribe or clan of the British or Celtic kingdom of Dumnonia, which extended over the present counties of Devon and Cornwall, and, if Germany wins the present war, is destined to become the future Kingdom of England. Although the Romans nominally occupied the country, there is no definite evidence that they ever reached this corner of Devon. Kingsley, indeed, speaks of Clovelly Dykes as a Roman camp, and refers in vivid language to a Roman villa on the top of St. Catherine's Tor, " now tumbling into the sea, tesselated pavements, baths, and all ; " but this building, as the name of the hill implies, is more likely to have been a chapel dedicated to that saint, and the Dykes are considered by modem antiquaries to have been the fortified town of some British king. Indeed, it seems to be quite a fair conjecture that these wonderful earthworks, enclosing an area of twenty acres and having five rings of defence, may have been raised by the renowned Arthur himself, for Hartland is almost at the centre of Arthur's land, which extended along the coast from Tintagel to the River Parret. The parish has remains of " cliff castles " at Windbury Head on the north, and Embury Beacon on the west, and it is reputed to have had one also on Hartland Point itself. Just beyond the boundary is the large grave-mound called Woolley Barrows, and about a score of smaller grave-mounds are marked on the Ordnance Map within the parish, most of them on or about Bursdon Moor, the probable scene of many a conflict between the Dumnonian or Cornish Britons and the all-conquering Saxons. It has been pointed out that " where tradition says that King Arthur was strong, there recorded history would have it King Alfred was undoubted master," and we know that " Heorting- tunc " (Harton — in Domesday Book " Hertitone ") was one of the possessions which Alfred left in his will to his elder son Edward, and which, extending from Stratton to Cheddar, " seem to follow roughly the shadowy outlines of the great Arthurian kingdom." It is generally assumed that it was not 64 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 until about 750 that the Saxons gained possession of the whole of Devon, but, as Arthur is represented as fighting against them at Badon Hill, near Bath, in 520, and the evidence of place-names and dialect shows that the northern part of Cornwall is more closely alHed to North Devon than to the rest of Cornwall, it is at least possible that the Arthurian Kingdom was conquered some time before the rest of the Dumnonian peninsula. The thorough- ness of the conquest is shown by the fact that most of our place-names and nearly all our dialect words are pure Saxon. The names Hartland and Harton are more likely to have been derived from a Saxon settlement of Heortings, or men of the clan of Heort or Heard, as the earliest form " Heortingtune " indicates, than to have any connection with Hercules, or to have been derived from the number of harts found in the place, as suggested by Leland, the antiquary. In King Arthur's time there arrived at Hartland a Christian missionary, called Nectan or Knighton,* to whom the present church is dedicated. He appears to have been one of a large body of Irish-Welsh people, who were driven out of Wales and settled in Cornwall and Devon. He is represented in legend as the eldest and most distinguished member of the large family of Brychan, a Welsh kinglet, after whom Brecknockshire is named. He probably landed at Padstow, and worked his way along the coast, setthng first at St. Nectan's Kieve, Tintagel. Leaving here, he continued to move northwards to Hartland, accompanied possibly by his sister Morwenna as far as Morwen- stow, to which parish she has given her name. Of his life at Hartland we know nothing, but we are told that one 17th of June he was pursued through the woods by a band of ruffians, and was finally caught and beheaded at the place now called Newton, where a church was erected in his honour. Taking his head in his hands, in the manner of these old-world saints, he walked as far as St. Nectan's Well at Stoke, and there, after placing the head upon a certain stone, he died. As a proof of the miracle, the chronicler tells us that the marks of blood remained 'bn the stone to his day. The legend was probably invented to account for the transference of the church from Newton to Stoke, and there are good reasons for supposing that there was a still earlier church on the opposite hill, at Cheristow, i.e. Church-stow, the place of the church, where there was afterwards a chapel dedicated to St. Wenn, another sister of St. Nectan. At any rate, the saint's relics were carefully preserved at Stoke Church, * For a full account of St. Nectan, see the Rev. J. F. Chanter's article on " The Saints of Devon," in the Devonian Year Book, 1915. Farthest Jroni Railways : An Unknown Corner of Devon 65 probably beneath the high ahar, until they were scattered to the winds at the Reformation. His statue in a canopied niche in the eastern face of the church tower represents him as a bishop, and there are very crude representations of his head on the two old Abbey seals. Another holy well is St. Clare's at Philham, which has a mutilated image of a female saint inside it. Mr. Chanter considers that the original of this saint was St. Cleder, a brother or nephew of St. Nectan, and that the name, being shortened into Cleer, was taken in later times to be a woman's name. Tradition says that the first church at Stoke was built about 1060 by Gytha, wife of the great Earl Godwin and mother of King Harold, and that she dedicated it to St. Nectan because she believed the prayers of that saint had saved her husband from shipwreck, presumably off our wreck-strewn coast. It is striking to find that at Harold's great foundation, Waltham Abbey, a bone of St. Nectan was one of its most treasured relics. It is probable that at the same time Gytha founded the college of twelve canons or priests, which certainly existed at Stoke before the Norman Conquest, and that she endowed it with lands which were taken from her great manor of Harton and subsequentl}- formed the manor of Stoke St. Nectan — ^Nistenestoc in Domesday Book. After the Conquest the manor of Harton, which had probably been a royal manor from the time of King Alfred until it was granted to Gytha, was seized with the rest of the lands of Gytha and her family, by William himself, and again became royal property ; while the manor of Stoke was granted to " Girold the chaplain," probably ithe King's own chaplain. The other manors in the parish — Milford, South Hole, and Meddon — were small and insignificant. The im- portance of Harton, which included, and still includes, a con- siderable part of the present parish of Woolfardisworthy, may be estimated from the fact that it was assessed at nine hides, the hide being the unit of assessment, while the whole Hundred of Hartland, including the parishes of Hartland, Clovelly, Woolfardisworthy, and the detached parish of Yarnscombe, was only assessed at twenty hides. Clovelly and Bideford were assessed at three hides each, and Stoke at two hides. This relative importance of Hartland was maintained until the seventeenth century, for the parish registers prove that until 1620 Hartland had a larger population than Bideford, and in Elizabeth's reign it actually had twice the number registered at Bideford and more than half the number at Barnstaple. At the beginning of last century, when the first census was taken, the population of Hartland was still more than one- 66 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 half that of Bideford, and more than two-fifths that of Barnstaple. Soon after Domesday Book was compiled, the manor of Harton was granted to a member of the noble family of Dynham, from Dinan in Brittany, and about 1170 Geoffrey son of OUver Dynham, founded the Abbey in place of the college of priests at Stoke. The manor remained in the family until the death, in 1502, of John, Lord Dynham, Lord High Treasurer of England, when it passed to the representatives of his four sisters. Tradition says that the Dynhams had their castle at the place now known as Castle, near Blegberry, where the remains of the large fish-pond may still be seen, but, although this was one of the three sections of the demesne or home farm of the manor in 1301, there is no record of any castle building there at that date. The mansion or dwelling-house was then in the middle section of the demesne, within the South Deer Park, near Hartland Town. However, the tradition of a castle at Blegberry seems to be kept up by means of a fortified farm-house, sur- rounded by a strong wall having an observation platform and loop-holes for guarding the approach and entrance door. The date of the house itself, as given on some ornamental plaster- work in the entrance hall, is 1627. The foundation of the abbey — the only one in North Devon — was due to the influence of Richard of Ilchester, archdeacon of Poitiers, and afterwards Bishop of Winchester. It was of the order of Austin Canons, as modified by the rule of the brethren of St. Nicholas of Arroasia, according to which they had to abstain from flesh altogether, to wear no shirts, but to lie at night in woollen tunics, and to keep strict silence. It is doubtful whether this modified form of the Augustinian rule was ever strictly followed, and by the middle of the fourteenth century we find that even the simpler form had been sadly relaxed. The canons then had private huts where they held feasts and drinking-bouts with each other, and even with the lay brethren ; and they were enjoined by the bishop to frequent only the one known as the Prior's Cot (Prioriscawet), and not the one of which Richard de Chudbrook, one of the canons, kept the key. They were apparently in the habit of taking part in hunting and fowling, and of keeping horses and dogs. The head of the convent was, of course, the abbot ; and a very important man he was. His will was law, subject only to the rules of the order and the control of the bishop. He had a town house in High Street, Exeter, and in the abbey itself he lived in his own lodgings, apart from the others. The number of canons was originally only twelve, but this was afterwards increased to 6^ •» -I, ^r ^^^^ 9K ^HjM^^ >- I^^B BHk Farthest from Railways : An Unknown Corner of Devon 67 fourteen. Their dress consisted of a long black cassock and a white rochet or surplice, over which was worn a black cloak with a hood. They differed from monks in allowing their beards to grow, and in wearing caps. We have no means of picturing to ourselves what the old monastic buildings were like, for no illustration of them is known to exist, and, with the exception of one or two granite doorways and the like in the basement, no remains are now to be found in their original position. When the present abbey was built, about 1780, the old belfry tower still stood at the north-east corner, and was so strongly built that it had to be undermined and buried whole in a trench dug for the purpose. The north wing of the buildings at that time, the dining hall (72 feet long), and the cloisters also formed part of the monastery, but all were pulled down. The arches of the cloisters, which were trefoliated examples of the Decorated style of architecture, are said to have been built into the basement, but it is doubtful whether many of the original arches remain. A Latin inscription, which is still to be seen, informs us that the cloisters were built of coloured marble at the beginning of the fourteenth century. The present building was originally designed in a monastic style, and had a cross on the top, but it has since been considerably modified. At the dissolution of the abbey, with the other greater monasteries, in 1539, its total income was £306 3s. 2\d. and a pair of gloves. The abbot was granted the large pension of £60, but the prior only received £6 13s. Ad. The latter remained at Hartland, and for some years served as mass-priest in ''St. Mary's Guild," the north chancel aisle of the parish church, at the sole charge of Hugh Prust, of Thorry, whose initials still appear on some of the bench ends in the opposite chancel aisle, though visitors are often told that these letters stand for '■ Hartland Parish." The bulk of the abbey property in the parish was granted to WiUiam Abbott, the king's butler. The church is splendidly situated on the hill overlooking the abbey valley, and, on account of its size and the beauty of several of its features, it is frequently alluded to as '' The Cathedral of North Devon." It has been thus described in immortal verse by the poet-parson of Morwenstow : — " How wildly sweet by Hartland Tower, The thrilling voice of prayer : A seraph, from his cloudy bower. Might lean to listen there. For time, and place, and storied days, To that great fane has given Hues that might win an angel's gaze, 'Mid scenery of heaven. y 6S The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Above, the ocean breezes sweep, With footsteps firm and free : Around, the mountains guard the deep, Beneath, the wide, wide sea. Enter ! the arching roofs expand. Like vessels on the shore : Inverted, when the fisher-band Might tread their planks no more. But reared on high in that stern form. Lest faithless hearts forget The men that braved the ancient storm, And hauled the early* net. The tracery of a quaint old time Still weaves the chancel screen : And tombs, with many a broken rhyme, Suit well this simple scene. A Norman font, with baptism bright, The womb of mystic birth ; An altar, where in angels' sight, Their Lord descends to earth. Here glides the spirit of the psalm. Here breathes the soul of prayer : The awful church — so hushed — so calm — Ah ! surely God is there." The approach to the church is by a short avenue of scarred hme trees leading to a lych gate, which is flanked by a very broad and massive granite stile. Just outside is the old church- house, now converted into cottages, and there are also other quaint cottages in the village. The church is cruciform in shape, consisting of nave and chancel, with north and south aisles to each ; north and south transepts and porches ; and a western tower. In the absence of records, its age can only be determined by the style of archi- tecture. All, except the tower, is of the Decorated period (about 1350), while the tower is early Perpendicular (about 1420). Unfortunately, when the church was restored, in 1848, new windows of the Perpendicular style were inserted, representing a later period than the body of the church. The Norman font is, of course, of much earUer date (probably about 1180), and the screen and altar tomb are somewhat later (about 1450). A striking feature of the nave is the large span of its arches. It is said that the piers incline outwards, which, together with the " wagon " roof, increases the resemblance to an inverted ship, as indicated in Hawker's poem. This peculiarity is not uncommon, especially in churches near the sea, and was intended to symbolize that the Church was the Ark of God. 6i g a: H Z I U D I U Q z < H < X Farthest from Railways: An Unknown Corner of Devon 69 The great west tower, though plain, is a very noble structure, and is grandly placed, forming a conspicuous object for many miles both by land and by sea. It is 144 feet in height, and is said to be the highest tower of any ancient parish church in Devon, and, with one exception, in England. The pinnacles are crocketed, and terminate in crosses instead of the more usual finials. In addition to the statue of St. Nectan on the eastern face, there are grotesque animal gargoyles at each corner, below the parapet, which carry off the roof water. The lofty arch, 28 feet high, opening into the church, is " unequalled in the county for the bold style of the mouldings and capitals," but it was at one time blocked up by a music gallery, where the " musickers " played their fiddles, clarinets, and " bass viols," and, although it was carefully scraped at the restoration in 1848, it has since been again coated with whitewash. The tower contains six bells, all having been cast in 1826 and one recast in 1886. At the former date, the famous bell- founders, W. & J. Taylor, undertook to cast six bells from the metal of the five old ones, and to pay themselves with the surplus metal, which was estimated to weigh 20 cwt., and to be worth ;^5 the cwt. The new bells were to weigh 50 cwt. and to be half a tone sharper, and the founders guaranteed that they should be heard farther than the old ones, and that their tone should be loud, sweet, and pleasing. This curious arrangement is indicated by the quaint inscription on one of them : — " The names of Dennis, Heard, Chope, and Rowe With us can never die : They saved our hves ; not only so. But bade us multiply." Another bell has the curious inscription : — " We are a beacon to your God ; Attend our call and 'scape his rod." The roofs throughout the church are of the " wagon " type, those of the chancel and the new portion of the north aisle being open-timbered, and the remainder pannelled, in some cases with plain boarding, in others plastered and whitewashed. A large portion of the nave roof is vividly decorated with painted stars, the colours being red stars on a buff background, and yellow on blue, in alternate panels. But the most beautiful of all is the roof of " St. Mary's Guild," considered by experts to be the finest piece of roofing of its kind in the county. It is apparently of fourteenth century work, and is probably contemporary with the church itself. It is elaborately carved and richly gilded and coloured. The pattern in each panel is different from all 70 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 the others, and the bosses are particularly beautiful in design. The roof was in a very dilapidated condition, but it has been splendidly restored under the careful supervision of Mr. Herbert Read, as a memorial to Thomas Chope, of Farford, and his wife ElizalDeth Abbott. The font is one of the most beautiful examples known of the late Norman period. The upper part, which is ornamented with intersecting arcade work, is square — an unusual feature in most districts ; and it is supported by a cylindrical stem upon a square base. The stem has cable mouldings, separated by zigzag channelhng, which, according to the Rev. R. S. Hawker, re- presents " the ripple on the lake of Gennesareth, the Spirit breath- ing upon the waters of baptism." According to the same authority, the carved heads at the corners of the upper part and the base represent respectively the baptized, or saved, look- ing down upon the unbaptized, or damned, from whom they are divided by the waters of baptism. The statement sometimes made, that Hartland Church still has its stone altar standing in its original place, is quite incorrect. The present altar is certainly of stone, but it is really not an altar at all, but a tomb, and was brought from the Abbey at the time of the church restoration, when it was known as " the abbot's tomb." The original stone altar slab, or perhaps two of them (for there were several altars in the church), may, how- ever, still be seen in the churchyard, just inside the lych-gate. There are, at any rate, two slabs, and the five incised crosses, always found on pre-Reformation altars, can easily be traced on one of them. Until recently they were placed beneath a hollowed block which apparently formed the base or sub-base of the churchyard cross. This, in an inverted position, in which it resembles a font, has now been placed inside the church. A new cross was erected on the site in 1897. A side altar with canopy, of early Flemish work, has recently been placed in " St. Mary's Guild," in memory of Sir Lewis Stucley, Bart., and altar rails and a litany stool respectively in the chancel and nave, both in memory of the late vicar, the Rev. T. H. Chope. The glory of the church is the magnificent rood screen, extend- ing across its entire width. It is 45 ft. 6 in. long, 12 ft. 6 in. high, and 5 ft. 10 in. across the top. It is certainly the largest screen in the county, and, in the opinion of many, the most beautiful. " It is noblj'' proportioned, and nothing could exceed the briUiance of its marvellous workmanship." The cornices in particular are sumptuous, having a triple series of vine-leaf enrichments, divided by twisted hollow beads, which enhance the richness, and having dehcate crestings above and below. -70 i.— THE CHURCH SCREEN.— DETAILS OF CARVING. 2.— THE ALTAR. < Farthest from Railways : An Unknown Corner of Devon 71 The whole screen was probably richly painted and gilded when it was first erected, but the colours were then applied with thin spirit, instead of, as now, with oil. The work is purely English, and its excellence may be judged from the fact that, although one of the earliest of the famous Devonshire screens, it has never been " restored," but still remains in an almost perfect state of preservation, the crestings and missing bosses having recently been made good by Mr. Herbert Read. It is interesting to note that this was not the first screen in the church, for the notches in the pillars, and the blocked-up doonvay in the wall above, show that there was an earlier screen extending between the pillars, and thus situated to the east of the present screen. In fact, this could not have been placed in proper position in the old church on account of its size, so the arches were raised in order to accommodate it, and are thus lop-sided. The staircase in the south wall for access to the rood-loft is still in existence, and in it is a sort of chimney or flue, which was probably surmounted by a bell turret and formed the passage for the rope of the sanctus bell. In 1637 the famous organ-builder, John Loosemoore, who designed the case of the organ in Exeter Cathedral, was paid £4 " for setting of ye Organs upon ye roudeloft," and John Gibbins was employed to " erect and new build upon the roodloffe on both sides of the Organs there so many seates as the same will conveniently containe." In 1650 the organ was taken down again, and additional seats were erected in its place. Another organ was placed on the screen in 1846, but was soon afterwards removed to the chamber over the vestry, which is now walled off, and later it was again transferred to the floor of the north chancel aisle. It is now in the Chapel of Ease, in Hartland Town, and a larger organ, obtained second-hand from Ventnor, has been placed in the north transept. There is another feature of the church which is deserving of mention, and that is the parvise or room over the north porch, generally known as " Pope's chamber," which was occupied in pre-Reformation times by the sacristan or sexton, who lived there and took charge of the church and its treasures. Accord- ing to tradition, this, and not the tower, was the scene of the legend told in Hawker's poem, " The Cell by the Sea," which narrates — " How once the monk, with name unknown. Prepared that silent cell. He came with griefs that shunned the light, With vows long breathed in vain : Those arches heard, at dead of night, The lash, the shriek, the pain 72 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 The prayer that rose and fell in tears. The sob, the bursting sigh : Till woke, with agony of years. The exceeding bitter cry. This lasted long — as life will wear, E'en though in anguish nurs'd — Few know what human hearts can bear Before their sinews burst. Think not that deserts soothe despair. Or shame in cells is screen 'd; For Thought, the demon, will be there. And Memory, the fiend." In this chamber are preserved the panels of an old Jacobean pulpit, the parish stocks, and the barrel mechanism of the former organ. The pulpit is interesting, and of unusual design. It was bought in 1609 for £\ 13s. Ad., but the curious inscription " GOD . SAVE . KINGE . JAMES . FINES " was not added until 1625, the year of James's death, and it is thought that the last word refers to this event. In addition to the carved panels, the pulpit had also the carved figure of a tusked goat, but both this and the word " fines " remain a puzzle to the antiquary. The church plate is of special interest on account of the history of the chalice and its cover, the only original pre-restoration plate in the Hartland Deanery. The cover had been missing from time immemorial, but has recently been found in a cart- rut about a mile away from the church. Although the design is Elizabethan, the church accounts show that the chalice was made at Exeter in 1634, and the cover bears this date, together with the name " Hartland " and the treasurer's initials. In 1647 the parish clerk, Charles Deyman, was paid 13s. Ad. for preserving this chalice from the troopers, and the cover may have been lost at that time. The chalice seems to be very large, but the amount of wine bought and consumed was prodigious ; in one year, 20 gallons were bought " against Easter," 9| quarts for Whitsunday, the same quantity for All Saints, and lOi quarts for Christmas. The church registers are noteworthy from the fact that they are absolutely complete from their commencement in 1558 to the present time. This is probably due to the facts that no change was made in the incumbency during the stormy period of the Commonwealth, and that the parish clerk was appointed registrar. The church accounts, too, starting in 1597, are full of interesting matter, and refer to many old-world customs, now 72. y Ij < X u UJ X H H Z o UJ X H Farthest from Railways : An Unknown Corner of Devon 73 obsolete, such as providing armour for the parish pikemen and musketeers ; chained books in the church ; a dog-whipper ; payments for the destruction of foxes and other vermin ; briefs or Hcenses under the Great Seal to beg for various objects (such as the Great Fire of London) ; bell-ringing on occasions of pubhc rejoicing (such as " the victory in Flanders," i.e., the taking of Namur, in 1695) ; redeeming captives in Turkey, seamen, soldiers, Irish men, and travellers ; and burying persons in the church itself. This last seems to us a very repulsive custom, but people apparently attributed special virtue to it, for one of the epitaphs says : — " Tho I ly here in confusing mould, I shall rise up like shining gold." The mural monuments are not of much interest, and some are supremely ugly, one of the worst being a massive block of white marble to the memory of Paul Orchard. The earliest is to Anne Abbott, who died in 1610, but the most interesting is to John A'elly, who faithfully served that glorious prince, Charles the Martyr, and his son, during the civil wars as a " Captain Lewetenant " to Sir Robert Cary, and died in 1694. In the floor of the chancel is the table or top of what was once an altar tomb, which stood in the churchyard, just outside the chancel door, and is said to have borne the following inscription in brass letters around the rim : — " Here I lie by the chancel door Here I lie because I'm poor ; The farther in, the more they pay. But here lie I as warm as they." It still bears a small brass to the memory of Thomas Docton, who died in 1618. The legend runs that he quarrelled with his only son, and accidentally killed him through striking him in the temple with the buckle of his sword belt ; hence the inscrip- tions : " God gives and God takes away ; " " Rejoice not against me, O mine enemy ; " " Who art thou that judgest another man's servant ? " The stained glass windows, too, are meagre, poor, and unin- teresting. Two of them, viz., a small v/indow in the chancel, with a figure of St. Nectan, and the tower window, are stated to be the gift of George Stucley and Lady Elizabeth Buck, in 1848 ; emd an elaborate window in the south chancel aisle, the gift of Lewis William and Ann Buck — Sir George Stucley's father and mother — in 1850. Another windo»\-, of fairly good colour but conventional design, has recently been placed in the nave to the memory of Sir Lewis Stucley, who died in 1911. 74 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 The church, strange to say, is nearly two miles away from the town of Hartland, or Harton. This was formerly a borough, with portreeve and burgesses, and held a weekly market and two annual fairs, dating from about 1280. The last town-hall, which was built about 1612, occupied the site of the present ugly chapel-of-ease, which was erected from the old materials in 1839, through the efforts of the minister, the Rev. William Chanter, who also occupied the position of portreeve at the time. The hall is said to have been a picturesque building, being partially supported on pillars, and it was approached by covered steps from the square. In it was transacted all the business of the borough and of the clerk of the market, and here the Justices held their sessions. The old town clock still remains in position, and is interesting as being probably one of the oldest pendulum clocks in existence. It is of extremely rude construction, and was originally made by John Morcombe, of Barnstaple, in 1622-3, for 33s., and was " new made " (i.e., converted into a pendulum clock) by the same clockmaker in 1657-8 for £\. The space beneath the hall was used as the market-house, and contained shambles for the butchers, and standings for hatters, tawers, glovers, and others, for Hartland then carried on a number of manufactures, the most important of which was weaving, which provided work for two tucking-mills or fulling-mills. The tanning business has only been given up within the memory of persons still alive ; and malting, cheese-making, brewing, and cider-making were carried on at several farms until quite recent times. The town had its stocks, as well as the parish, and these also are still preserved. It had also a cucking-stool for women, con- sisting of a chair balanced at the end of a long beam like a see- saw, and mounted on wheels or runners ; the machine was wheeled to the edge of a pit or stream of water, and the offender was simply dipped as often and as long as necessary. For amusement, the authorities provided a bull-baiting once or twice annually, and they also encouraged cock-fighting and maypole games. The old bowling-green at the west end of the town has given place to houses built on the site. Towards the end of the eighteenth century, Hartland took a prominent part in the Volunteer movement. Paul Orchard, the squire at the Abbey, was Lieutenant-Colonel Commandant of the North Devon Volunteers, and afterwards Colonel of the North Devon Regiment of Militia. The volunteers used to assemble on the Abbey lawn every Sunday morning for drill, after which they marched to church. It was fully expected that the French would land at Blackpool Mill, and, so great was Farthest from Railways : An Unknown Corner of Devon 75 the hatred of Napoleon, the people chained his effigy to one of the devil, and set them up on Hartland Point. On the very day that Napoleon escaped from Elba, a great storm arose, and swept his effigy into the sea, but the companion figure was left behind, and was then removed to the church, where it remained for many years in " Pope's Chamber." It is worthy of note that the Rev. William Chanter, who died in 1859, had been minister since 1797, and had acted as curate ten years before. His successor, the Rev. Thomas How Chope, died in 1906, so that between them they served the church over a period of nearly 120 years — surely a unique record. In conclusion, it might be pointed out that it is impossible within the limits of a lecture to do more than indicate some of the chief features of interest, but it is hoped that at least enough has been said to prove the falsity of the statement that " there is nothing to be seen at Hartland." It cannot be expected that I have succeeded in instilling into you my own enthusiasm for the place, for it is to me " the fine land, the west land, the land where I belong," and, as Rudyard Kipling says : — God gave all men all earth to love, But since our hearts are small, Ordained for each one spot should prove Beloved over all." Hartland Church : An Appeal. This beautiful church is in urgent rtced of repair. The roof has been patched again and again, and is now never watertight and needs a thorough overhauling ; it may be necessary to re-roof the nave and aisles. The floor of the nave is below the level of the churchyard on the south side, and there is no system of drainage to carry away rain-water from the roof. No system of heating has ever been installed The church stands near the cliffs in a most exposed position. The parish is very large, but the population is very scanty — less than one to every ten acres — and almost entirely agricultural. The Vicar and Churchwardens intend shortly to have a detailed report of necessary repairs drawn up by a competent architect, but in the mean- time they are anxious to start a fund for defraying the cost of such repairs, for which at least ;^50o will be needed. Donations will be thankfully received by them, and the proceeds of the sale of reprints of the above lecture, kindly presented by the author, will be devoted to the same fund. Copies of the booklet (15. each, by post 15. 2d.) may be obtained from the Vicar, Hartland, North Devon, Mr. W. J. Christmas, Post Office, Hartland, or Mr. J. C. Burrow, Chronicle Office, Hartland. Edgar A. Luff, Vicar. Francis J. Wilton )^.,^^^,„,^,^„^ Henry Haynes \ Churchwardens. 76 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 The Visitors' Book : Hartland Quay. What, Echo, shall I find at Hartland Quay, Save walls abandoned long ago, and sea ? Go, and see. Nay, but describe it, Echo, for thy sighs My roving accents quaintly parodize. Paradise. How shall I reach (for wind and wave are fickle) Those fields untouched by harrow or by sickle ? Bicycle. What of the beds ? What portion waits the roamer. Lulled by the murmur of the Atlantic comber ? Coma. What of the food ? What influence supreme. If baby seems in pain, will hush a scream ? Luscious cream. What exploits, then, shall occupy my time, Wearied with wandering in many a clime ? Many a climb. Were it not best to lie on couch of clover ? Great is the peril, lest I should fall over. Faugh ! loafer. If, yet untired, I'd cool the heated limb. Can any panacea heal this whim ? A healthy swim. What then my week's expenditure, and how Reckoned the cost ? my mind enhghten now. Light enoiv. What of mine host ? for, if the host be "rude, The fare, whate'er it be, is none so good. None 's so good. Come, Echo, thou has visited this spot ? I have conjectured shrewdly, have I not ? Have I not ! R . A. Knox, Juxta Salices. The Saints of Devon yy The Saints of Devon. By REV. J. F. CHANTER. M.A.. F.S.A. II.— THE LESSER DEVON SAINTS. In this division I would include all the Devon saints unnoticed in Part I. I have styled them the lesser saints, not because they were less distinguished, for some were far greater men and women than those included in Part I, but their shrines were not in Devon, or their connection with our county was less intimate. Several of these have been already mentioned because of their association with those whom I have called our greater saints, and of such it will not be necessary to give further particulars. Of some of these lesser saints, their chief connection with Devon is that during their sojourn in it they founded Churches, and we must remember that among the early Keltic Christians it was the custom to name their churches after their living founders and not in memory of departed saints ; so when we find a church with a dedication to a Keltic saint, the presump- tion is that it was founded by the person whose name it bears. Another class are those who were natives of Devon though little of their lives were spent iiv it ; a third, those saints who worked or spent part of their lives in our county. To include all who would come under the last two heads would make our list a very long one, for the Keltic saints were great travellers, and a very large number of them appear to have been in Damnonia at some time or another. So to keep it within bounds I shall only notice very few of these classes. Finally, as to the order in which the names appear : the Keltic saints, owing to the impossibility of fixing exact dates for them, are given alphabetically ; the rest are in chronological order ; and I have added a revised Kalendar of the Devonshire Saints. ST. BEDWINI. The all too scanty references we have to St. Bedwini are of extreme interest because of the gleam of light they throw on the darkest page of the History of Devon, and because he is the earHest saint who is described. as Bishop of Damnonia ; nay more, he is styled Archbishop of our county, the only instance of such a title in connection with it, though the use of the 78 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 expression stamps the Welsh Triad in which it occurs as a late one, for Archbishops were certainly quite unknown to the early Keltic Church. Skene, in his four ancient books of Wales, quotes a triad of King Arthur and his men which says : " There were three throne tribes of Britain, one was at Celliwig, which had Arthur as supreme King, Bedwini as chief bishop, and Caradoc Freichfas as chief elder." Another triad makes Celliwig one of the three Archbishoprics of Britain, over which Bedwini presided as Archbishop. On the face there is nothing in these triads to connect St. Bedwini with Devon, but from various Welsh records we learn that CeUiwig was in Damnonia; the lolo MSS., for instance, tell us Celliwig was the Royal residence of Damnonia, though later it was removed to Caervyndawg. We have also in various lives of Keltic saints frequent references to Celliwig as the residence of Damnonian kings, and in one of them, the Life of St. Kebi, we get its exact situation given as being in what we call now the district of the Three Towns— Plymouth, Stone- house, and Devonport. So St. Bedwini was an early Bishop of Damnonia ; in the Mabinogion he is mentioned as the one who blessed Arthur's meat and drink, and in the Sayings of the Wise we have the triplet — " Hast thou heard the saying of Bedwini, Who was a bishop good and grave : Consider thy word before uttering it." These are unfortunately all the particulars we have of this almost unknown saint ; no dedication to him or day set apart to him are known of or ever mentioned. Caradoc Freichfas, who is associated with St. Bedwini, is a very famous personage in the Arthurian romances, where he is the hero of various adventures, with his wife Tegau Eurfron, celebrated for her beauty and chastity. They had four children, all of whom were numbered among the saints : Sts. Cadfarch, Cawdraf, Tangwn, and Maethlu, probably all natives of Damnonia, though there is nothing in their lives that has any connection with our county. ST. BEUNO. On the north-west of Exmoor, where it dips into the Severn Sea, there lies a hollow, difficult of access from any point, so secluded that without a guide a stranger scarce can find it, so deep that for months the sun never shines upon it. Around the sheer hillside rises more than thirteen hundred feet from The Saints of Devon 79 the sea, and is covered with stunted tree and coppice, through which httle tracks run aimlessly in all directions, leading one nowhere. Here, on a few yards of level, lies the Cell of St. Beuno, Cylbeuno or Culbone, as it is called nowadays. For centuries it has served as the only place of worship for a parish of fifteen hundred acres, with some twenty to thirty inhabitants. The people have forgotten the very name of their parish, which is Kitnor, but call it after the name of their Church — Culbone, and have had an imaginary patron saint, St. Culbone, invented for them, who has been a puzzle to the writers of local guide- books. St. Beuno is best known as the uncle and teacher of St. Winefrid, the obscure Welsh maiden who has had so many of the fabulous miracles beloved of mediaeval hagiographers thrust upon her, that it has led many to question her very existence. But whatever may be the case with St. Winefrid, St. Beuno is a well-authenticated saint of the late Keltic period, who died about A.D. 645. Originally settled on the banks of the Severn, he left it on hearing the voice of an EngHshman inciting his hounds. " My sons," he said, " let us leave this place, for the nation of the man with a strange language will invade it, and it will be theirs." And so, leaving his abode, he wandered from place to place, and during this period he crossed the Severn Sea to Damnonia and founded the cell that still bears his name. Ulti- mately he settled at Clynnog, where he died, where was his shrine, and where his holy well may still be seen. St. Beuno is the special patron saint of farmers. John Anstis, Garter King of Arms, gives a most interesting account of how, as late as a.d. 1589, bullocks were offered at his shrine, and to this day St. Beuno's hck is the name given by the small Welsh farmers to the mark seen on the backs of cattle that are in good condition. Calves born with a slit in the ear are looked on as particularly belonging to this saint ; it was formerly the custom to sell them and place the proceeds in St. Beuno's chest, an old church coffer scooped out of a trunk of solid oak, which is still to be seen in Clynnog church, with its three locks and small slit through which the coins were dropped. St. Beuno's day is April 21. ST. BRENDAN. Among the many voyages of St. Brendan, or Brandon as he was often called, was one to Britain ; after saihng the western seas, he returned to Ireland, and by the advice of St. Itha sailed again with a large company of disciples for Britain. Along the southern coast of the Severn Sea his name still 8o The Devonian Year Book, 1916 remains in several places : we have Brandon's path from Countisbury Cove towards St. Brendan's Church at Brendon, the Brendon hills, and Brendon's cell on the height that looks down on what is now the port of Bristol. Again, down in South Devon, at Hallsands, in the parish of Stokenham, there was a chapel of St. Brendon, so we may claim a connection with this most storied of saints, the Keltic Sindbad the Sailor. To attempt to give any account of the life and voyages of this famous saint would be quite beyond our scope, as it would fill a volume in itself, but there is one story, though not connected with his voyages, that may be given. Seven years before his death a harper came to his monastery and, entering the refec- tory, played oh ! so sweetly ; noticing that Brendan was not with the monks, he asked if he might not play also to the Abbot. He was answered that St. Brendan was in his cell, but would not be able to hear him, as he always kept his ears stopped up with wax. The harper, however, succeeded in inducing the saint to listen to his music for a few minutes, and then immedi- ately the saint blocked up his ears again. The harper begged St. Brendan to listen a little longer, " No," said the saint, " for seven years ago I was in church, and there came on me an ineffable longing to be with my Lord, and, as I was in this ecstasy, lo ! a pretty bird flew in through the window and alighted on the altar and there sang, and his song was as the music of heaven ; since then I have never cared to hear the strains of earth." St. Brendan, or Brandon, as he is oftenest called, is said to have been born in Ireland circ. a.d. 482, and died May 16, A.D. 577. ST. BRIDGET There is no female saint of the Keltic race that can compare in fame and popularity with St. Bridget ; her churches are numberless. In Devon we have the parishes of Bridestow, Bridgerule, Brushford — originally Bridesford, and Virginstow, all taking their names from her ; also we had St. Bridget's Chapels at Swymbridge and Wembworthy. But was our Devon St. Bridget the same person as the famous Abbess of Kildare ? for, if so, the Keltic practice of naming a church after none but its real founder is abrogated, for St. Bridget, Abbess of Kildare, certainly never crossed the Irish Sea. There were, however, several other saints named Bridget ; one was a Welsh saint, to whom there are several dedications, and of whom we possess a legendary life written in the 12th The Saints of Devon 8i century by a Welsh bard. Another and less known St. Bridget lived and died on an islet called Bridesey, near Glastonbury, and her shrine in Glastonbury Abbey was an object of great devotion ; and from the intimate connection between Glaston- bury and early Devon Christianity, the last is far the most likely to have been our St. Bridget. But there is yet another reason for the great cult of this saint ; Bridget is a diminutive of Brig. And Brig or Bridget was one of the old Keltic goddesses in heathen times — the patroness of iron weapons ; one of the principal tribes in Britain, the Brig- antes, cadled themselves after her — altars with inscriptions to her still exist, and the Christian saint stepped into her place in the affections of many of the Keltic people. With so much uncertainty as to the identity of our Devon Bridget, it would be unwise to attempt any further particulars. St. Bridget's day is February 1. ST. BUDOC. St. Budoc is best known nowadays as giving his name to two west-country parishes — St. Budeaux, close to Plymouth, and St. Budock, near Falmouth ; but his name may yet be the origin of other place-names, such as Bideford, Bude, and Bude- haven, and he must have been well known in our county, as he is one of the few Keltic saints who found a place in Grandisson's Kalendar, where his festival is December 8. There is a wonderful legend of his birth in the breviary of Dol, which is so quaint that it is worth giving. His mother, Azenor, was the daughter of a King of Brest, and had married the Count of Goelo ; she had, like most of our Devon female saints, a wicked stepmother, who accused her of infidehty. Azenor was condemned on the false testimony of the stepmother, and sentenced to be put into a cider cask and thrown into the sea ; and, as she floated over the waves, her child, Budoc, was born in the barrel. The cask was at last cast up by the sea in Ireland, according to the present story, though more probably on the shore of Damnonia, where it was found by a wrecker, who thought he would tap the cask and taste the liquor, but as he was driving in his gimlet, a voice came from inside the cask crying, " Don't hurt us ! Don't hurt us ! " " And who may you be ? " said the man. " A babe desiring baptism," answered St. Budoc. The man in a fright ran off to the nearest priest to tell him the story of his wonderful find. ," Surely you are deceiving me," said the priest on hearing the tale. " Do you think I should have told you if there had been anything better than a babe in the barrel ? " rephed the man. 6 82 'ihe Devonian Year Book, 1916 On this the priest hurried to the shore, and, releasing the mother and child from the cask, baptized the babe. St. Budoc, the tale goes on, was brought up at a neighbouring monastery, Azenor living just outside and supporting herself by taking in washing. On the death of the Abbot, Budoc was elected as his successor, and became so famous all the country round that the people wanted him to be their king ; this was too much for the saint's modesty, so he embarked in a stone coffin and sailed back to Brittany, where the rest of his life was spent. Quaint though the story is, one is somewhat surprised to find it forming part of a Latin hymn and used in Church in the 19th century. From his west-country dedications, however, there seems no doubt that this saint spent some part of his life in Damnonia ; his name is found in the extreme east of the county, at Ottery, as well as in the west — one quarter of the town being called Budoc's Ottery. ST. CEWYDD. St. Cewydd is the Keltic St. Swithun, or rain saint ; we find attached to him the same bit of folklore that centuries after was applied to St. Swithun, viz., that if it rains on his feast, it will rain for forty days. He is said to have been son of Caw, and so grandson of Geraint, King of Damnonia. His principal dedications now are found in Radnorshire, but there are traces of him also on both sides of the Severn Sea ; there was a parish, near Bridgend, called Llangewydd, but a Sir Richard Grenville coming back from the crusades brought with him a Saracen convert to Christianity, called Lales ; this man pulled down Llangewydd church and moved it down to his new village, called Laleston. On this side of the Severn Sea, Kewstoke" takes its name from him, and the discovery last year of an inscribed stone between Parracombe and Lynton, bearing Cewydd's name in its Latin form, Cavudus, has been taken as pointing to a Cewydd settlement in North Devon. Cowick, near Exeter, also probably takes its name from him. His day is July 15. STS. CONOGLAS AND COVENTINUS. I have bracketed these two saints, because of both all we know is that they were bishops of Damnonia, and both were commemorated as such at Glastonbury, and no legend or life of either exists. We find the name Coneglasse, in Gildas, as that of a king, where he speaks of him as " Thou tawny butcher, as in the The Saints of Devon 83 Latin tongue thy name signifies." This is a good example of Gildas' exaggeration ; Conoglas means fair lord — glas being a pale colour, blue or gray, not tawny. St. Coventinus may possibly be the same person as St. Corentin, well known in Cornwall. ST. CONSTANTINE. St. Constantine is the founder of the Parish Church of Milton Abbot, and also had a chapel at Dunsford dedicated to him. As there are no less than six Constantines, or Cystennins as the name is written in Welsh, there has been some doubt as to the identity of our saint. He is by far the most likely to be the Constantine who was King of Damnonia in the 6th century, and who was mercilessly attacked by Gildas. He speaks of him as " the tyrannical whelp of the unclean lioness of Damnonia, who, disguising himself as an Abbot, did with sword and javeUn wound and tear two royal youths who had taken refuge in sanctuary." But Gildas' indignation seems to be levelled at the violation of sanctuary and not at the kiUing of the princes, who were a couple of young ruffians who richly deserved their fate, and perhaps Gildas' estimation of Constantine, Vortiper, and Maelgwyn is by no means a true one ; in all other records they appear as leaders of patriotic movements and nursing fathers of the Church. The only life of our saint now existing is found so far afield as the Aberdeen Breviary, but there are also mentions of him in the fives of St. Petrock, St. David, and Irish martyrologies, which supply further details. The story told in the Aberdeen Breviary is as follows : — Constantine, son of Paternus, King of Cornubia, married the Queen of Lesser Britain. On her death he forsook his kingdom, crossed into Ireland, and entered a monastery, where he served for seven years grinding corn in a mill. Thence he was taken, when it was discovered who he was, and was ordained priest. He then went to St. Columba, at Hy, and after that he was directed by St. Kentigern to preach to the pagans in Goldevia, where he was elected Abbot. He fell a victim to the heathen, who cut off his arm, and he bled to death in 596. The fife of St. Petrock tells us that Constantine was out hunt- ing and pursued a stag, which St. Petrock protected from the hounds. Constantine in a rage struck at St. Petrock with his sword, but his arm became rigid till restored by St. Petrock, on which the King and twenty of his soldiers received the faith of Christ. From Irish sources we learn that Constantine's rank vas discovered by his being overheard saying to himself ont 84 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 day when at his work at the mill : " Am I King Constantine, whose head has worn so many helmets ? Yes, it is the same., and yet not the same." In the Aberdeen Breviary his day is March 11, the Bodmin Kalendar gives March 9, Roscarrock gives March .8, 9, and 13. ST CURIG. St. Curig, or Cirig, or Cyres, as he is called in Devon, is a saint who has had very hard treatment served out to him, as every- where he has had to give place to St. Cyriacus, the Eastern child martyr, and even the lives of St. Curig have been so interlarded with incidents belonging to the child and his mother Julitta, that neither head nor tail can be made of it. For instance, his wife is said to have been named Juliot, but whether this is the Cornish St. Juliot, or a reference to St. Julitta, it is impos- sible to say ; also in the Welsh Hymn of St. Curig he is in one verse spoken of as a man of perfect wisdom and a teacher of heavenly things, and in another as an infant. According to Giraldus Cambrensis, he was a native of Dam- nonia, and had equal relations to Wales and Damnonia. This will account for no pedigree of him appearing in any of the Welsh saintly genealogies, though he was a very famous man in Wales and the inspirer of many of the songs of the Welsh Bards, who call him Curig the Blessed, and occasionally Curig the Knight. A fifteenth century bard refers to the brave Knight Curig's coat of mail, and swears by Curig's hand. Ulti- mately he became a Bishop ; his crosier was preserved up to the time of the Reformation in St. Germain's Church in Radnor- shire, and was thought to possess miraculous powers. Giraldus tells us the staff was particularly efficacious in cases of glandular and strumous swellings, and that a penny was paid as a fee for the application of it to the part affected ; it continued in great repute till it was committed to the flames and destroyed in Henry VHI's reign. Dedications to St. Curig or St. Cyriacus and his mother are found in Wales, Devon, and Cornwall, and also in the partly Keltic counties of Somerset and Gloucester, but in no other parts of England ; so probably all belonged originally to tlie Keltic St. Curig, and from the number of them he must have been a very prominent person. In Cornwall we have Eglos- kerry, Calstock, Veep, and Luxulyan ; in Devon, South Pool, Newton St. Cyres, and chapels at Crwyws Morchard, and St. Cyres Hill, Honiton ; in Wales eight or nine ; one in Somerset — Tickenham ; and two in Gloucestershire. His day is February 17. One parish in Devon still bears his name — Coryton, which in Leofric's Missal appears as Curig-town. The Saints of Devon 85 ST. DAVID. Among the hundreds of Keltic saints who roamed far and wide in our Island, one name stands out pre-eminently, familiar alike to Goidel and Brython, Saxon and Norman, viz., St. David, the acknowledged Patron saint of Wales, as St. Patrick is of Ire- land and St. George of England. And yet, according to WiUiam of Worcester, we may claim him as a native of Damnonia, and there is no impossibihty in this, as his mother, St. Non, spent mu:h of her life near her sister, St. Owen or Wenn, whose home was in the district that we Devon folk call the Three Towns. But whether born in Devon or not, he certainly had a Devon- shire connection, and this accounts for there being no less than six foundations of St. David in Devon, viz., the parish churches of Ashprington, Culm Davy, Exeter, and Thelbridge ; and chapels at Ashprington and Awlescombe. His mother, St. Non. has a foundation at Bradstone, on the banks of the Tamar, and just across the river we find Pendewi, or St. David's hill. Almost the whole of his life, however, was passed at a place that has ever since been strikingly identified with his life and memory — Hen Meneu, which means the old bush. This was Latinized into Menevia, the name it still bears, though more commonly called St. David's. Here, too, he died on March 1, about the end of the sixth century, at a great age ; his bio- grapher says 147 years, which is of course absurd, but in the desire to connect him with other saints his period has been stretched out at both ends. Even during St. David's life his monastery was looked on as a sort of Mecca to which the Keltic saints from all parts came on pilgrimage, and after his death his shrine was a great place of resort for pilgrims of all sorts and conditions, in spite of the difficulties of access ; to go there twice was of old reckoned the equal of a journey to the tombs of the Apostles, and till the days of motor cars it was almost the most inaccessible spot in our islands. We can still see his influence in the nomenclature of Wales, the endless Davids, Davys, Davises, Davidsons, and Dewey's that meet us every- where, in the long hst of parishes beginning with Llandewi, and in the very name of " Taffy " still bestowed upon the typical Welshman. His hfe is given in so many books that it is quite unnecessary to enter into its details, but there is one curious bit of folklore connected with him that I have come across in North Devon, probably brought across the Severn Sea by the mutual intercourse between North Devon and South Wales, which has been for many years, and still is, a large feature in the lives of the North Devon coast peasantry. The story is that before a man is going to die St. David sends him a lighted candle 86 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 which will travel by itself from his chamber to the spot where he will be buried ; it is called the corpse candle, and it is meant to warn him to prepare himself for his last journey. ST. DISEN. The parish church of Bradninch, once a famous borough and head of the great barony of Braneis, but now little more than a village, is dedicated to St. Disen. Many of our local topo- graphers have given it as St. Denis or Dionysius, through ignorance of such a person as St. Disen or Disibod. He is one of the group of Keltic missionary saints, such as St. Gall, St. Frigidian, St. Columbanus, and others, who have been quite forgotten in their native land, and are now only remember in the spots which were the scenes of their missionary labours. St. Disen was an Irishman by birth, and is said to have been a bishop there about a.d. 620, and that on account of the decay of faith he left his own land — he appears to have sojourned in Damnonia for a period on his way to the Continent, where the scene of his later labours was near Maintz, and on a hillside overlooking a tributary of the Rhine he founded a monastery known as Mons Disibodi, where he died on the 8th of July, at the age of 81 ; the place is now called Disenburg. The earliest life of him we possess was written by an abbess, named Hildegard, about 1160, and naturally is almost entirely useless for any particulars of his life before reaching the Continent. ST. DOCWIN. St. Docwin is a saint whose name appears in so many forms that it is almost impossible to recognize them as referring to the same individual. Rees, in his Welsh Saints, calls him Cyngar, Cunger, or Conger ; Capgrave's Nova Legenda says he is called Cungar among the English, Docwin (as if Doctor) among the British ; Nicholas Roscarrock gives his name as St. Dawe, and adds the Welsh call him Dochotwyr, or Dogotwy ; and in Welsh records he appears as Dochau. Sir John Rhys, however, in his Celtic Folklore gives us a clue as to how all these variations arose ; he says, " There is a Latinized form of the original Goidelic name of the saint, Cuno-caros, from this was formed To-chun or Do-chun, and eventually Doguin and Docwin." But whatever was the correct form of the name, St. Docwin was a Damnonian by birth, being a son of Geraint, Prince of The Saints of Devon 87 Devon. There is a life of him in the Nova Legenda Anglice, but it is utterly worthless ; it describes him as a son of the Emperor Constantine, and then gives long accounts of his deaUngs with King Ine ; as one of these was nearly 200 years before our saint and the other nearly 200 years after, the utter uselessness of his life will be apparent to all, St. Docwin,or Cunger, appears to have been settled in Eastern Damnonia, and to have founded churches at Badgeworth and Congresbury, but the gathering strength of the Saxons after the battle of Deorham caused him to leave the district ; he appears to have gone first to South Wales, where he founded the monastery called after his name ; afterwards he went to the west country, where he spent much of his life with his nephew St. Kebi. Nicholas Roscarrock gives us some of the West-country traditions of this part of his life ; he says, St. Dawe spent much of his time in a hermitage in the parish of St. Kewe, where Roscarrock could remember a chapel standing that bore St. Dawe's name, and that his sister St. Kewe lived close by. One day St. Kewe came to visit her brother, but he refused to let her enter his dweUing till he saw a wild boar miraculously obey her, after which he received her, and she proved of such virtue and holiness, that after her death she was reputed a saint, and the parish church was dedicated to her. In a window of the church there is still a black beast supposed to represent the boar ; in reality it is the arms of a local family. Roscarrock also tells us that St. Dawe's feast day was kept in Cornwall on February 15, but the Welsh Kalendars give November 7. In the Welsh triads we have the saying — " Hast thou heard the saying of St. Cyngar To those who derided him : Anger lasts longer than Sorrow." ST. ELEN. St. Elen is the founder of the Church of Abbotsham ; in the Tavistock Kalendar she is described, under Aug. 25, as Sancta Elena regina. She is probably the British princess known in Welsh traditions as Elen of the Hosts, wife of Maxim Wledig, a King of Britain who aspired to be also Emperor of Rome ; he defeated Gratian, and was for a short time Emperor of the West, but was himself defeated by Theodosius and killed in A.D. 388. In later times St. Elen was so often confounded with St. Helena, mother of the Emperor Constantine, that it is often difficult to decide which is alluded to. 88 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 ST. GERAINT. f Geraint, or Gerontius, as it is sometimes written, is a name we frequently meet with in the early history of England, and there were at least three of this name connected with Devon, all of whom also have borne the title of saint, and so it will be necessary to consider them separately. St. Geraint (1), son of Erbin, who is best known in history as King or Prince of Devon, and is the Geraint of Tennyson's Idyl, " Geraint and Enid." Of his life little is known, except that he was a famous warrior and was killed in a battle at Longoborth, which was either Langport or near Lyme Regis, circ. a.d. 480 ; there is a Welsh poem describing this combat, which ends — " In Longoborth Geraint was slain — A brave man from the region of Devon And ere o'erthrown he committed slaughter." Among the sayings of the wise we have also — " Hast thou heard the saying of Geraint, Son of Erben, the just and experienced : Short lived is the hatred of the saints." These two couplets give practically all that is known of him save the romance in the Mabinogion, and furnish no reasons for calling him a saint, but that title was given him for two causes : (i) As falling in battle against the heathen ; (ii) As father of a saintly family, for of his sons five, viz., Constantine, Selyf, Jestin, Cyngar, and Caw, have all been numbered with the saints, and in addition Caw has been styled the father of one of the three great saintly families of Britain. St. Geraint (2), a king of part of Damnonia, who is mentioned in the life of St. Teilo as residing at a place called Dingerrin about A.D. 556 ; he was probably a grandson of Geraint (1), and founder of the Church of St. Gerrans, which is called after him ; he is said to have been buried in a barrow in the parish at Cam Point, and tradition said that he lay in a golden boat with silver oars. The barrow was opened in 1858, when a kistvaen with human remains was found, but nothing else. St. Geraint (3), the King of Damnonia to whom St. Aldhelm wrote a letter in a.d. 705, in which he addresses him as " The most glorious Lord wielding the sceptre of the western kingdom, whom I, as the discerner of hearts is my witness, embrace in fraternal charity." This St. Geraint holds a very important position in the history of Christianity in Devon, for not only was he a great benefactor of churches in Damnonia, but he also byjthe adoption of the catholic cycle for Easter brought Devon Christianity into Hne with the English Church, and so made The Sainis of Devon 89 friendly relations possible between them, and paved the way for the union of the Keltic and Saxon Churches. For over twenty years before this he seems to have been on friendly terms with the Kingdom of Wessex, as we find St. Aldhelm paying a visit to Devon and a Saxon noble marrying a British princess and settling in Devon. If further particulars of this third Geraint's reign could be obtained, they would solve many of the problems of Devon history during an important period. The days of all these Geraints are uncertain, but, as the feast day of the parish of St. Gerrans is August 10, I have adopted it to mark all of them, though it can only refer to St. Geraint (2). ST. GERMAN. Devon has one foundation by St. German in the parish of Germansweek, which takes its name from him, though Garmans Down, in North Devon, may mark a forgotten chapel founded by him on his way to Wales, where he has many foundations. Although the monks of St. Germans in the middle ages con- founded their saint, who was called the lamp and pillar of Cornwall, with the famous St. German of Auxerre, who came to Britain to confute the Pelagian heresy — it is quite certain that he is not the same, as St. German of Auxerre was never in Devon or Cornwall. Our St. German lived over a hundred years after his more famous namesake, and is probably identical with the St. German who was Bishop of Man and who is commemorated there on July 3. He appears to have been the son of a man named Restitutus, and his mother was a sister of St. Patrick ; there is also another Germanus, also called Germoc or Germocus, mentioned in the legend of St. Breaca, a Cornish saint, whom William of Worcester says was commemorated in Cornwall on July 24, and he calls him a bishop ; there is a church called after him in Cornwall, Germoe, but with so much uncertainty I shall not attempt to give further particulars, ST. GWEN. One of the commonest and most popular female names among the Keltic nations was Gwen, which means white, fair, or pale coloured ; after the Saxon conquest of Devon it still held its ground, and appears as Wenn, Wenne, and Wenna ; in some of the lives of saints written in Latin as St. Candida, and some- times in plain homely English as St. White ; so it is not surpris- ing to find many Keltic saints with this name, several of whom were connected with Devon ; among them are : — St. Gwen (1), sister of St. Nectan ; she appears as Wenna in both William of Worcester's and Leland's list, and is without 90 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 doubt the foundress of the chapel called St. Wenne's at Cheri- stow, in Hartland parish. According to the lolo MSS. she also founded a church at Talgarth, Breconshire, and was martyred by the Pagan Saxons. St. Gwen (2), daughter of Cynyr, and sister of St. Non ; she married Selyf, King of Damnonia, and became the mother of St. Kebi ; she resided mainly in the district of the Three Towns, and was foundress of the parish churches of St. Wenn and Morval in Cornwall, and also of a chapel in the parish of St. Kewe ; in our Bishop's registers she is called St. Wenna ; no other particulars of her are known ; she was essentially a West- country saint, and received no cult in Wales ; her festival is October 18. St. Gwen (3), now known as St. Candida or St. White, whose shrine is at Whitchurch Canonicorum, formerly rn the Kingdom of Damnonia, but now just over the border in the county of Dorset. WilHam of Worcester has a brief notice of this saint : he says she lay at Whyte Church " per milaria de Cherde et dedicata die Pentecosten." This shrine is particularly interest- ing as being the only one in the West country that remains intact and unpillaged. Nearly thirty-five years ago I made my first pilgrimage to it and sought to gather some of the local traditions connected with it. The shrine was in the north transept, a building of the early thirteenth century, and the workmanship of the tomb was mainly of the same period ; in the lower part were three circular openings, through which it was the custom to put handkerchiefs which were afterwards taken out and, if laid on any one afflicted with the King's evil, it was considered they would cure the complaint better than the seventh son of a seventh man, who, as all West-country folk know, is a born physician. I was told that the tomb itself had been opened by Sir William Palmer, the then non-resident rector, and that in it the relics of the saint herself had been found in a leaden casket, quite intact and with an inscription stating that " There rested the relics of St. White." White- church is a name found in many counties ; there is one near Tavistock, now dedicated to St. Andrew ; this may have been formerly dedicated to St. Gwen, as St. Andrew is a dedication frequently superimposed on former Keltic ones ; but more probably the name is taken from the custom of whitewashing stone-built churches. ST. ITHA. St. Itha shares with St. Bridget the honour of being the chief foundress of religious communities for women in the Keltic churches, and she must have had several under her rule in The Saints of Devon 91 Damnonia, as her cult is very widespread. The name Itha in Latin became Ida, and in English became corrupted into Ithey and Issey ; the parish in Cornwall now known as St. Issey appears in Grandisson's and Bronescombe's Registers as St. Ida or St. Ide ; Teth or Teath is also another corruption of the name. St. Itha was a daughter of an Irish royal house, and at her baptism received the name of Dairdre, which was Latinized into Dorothy. Itha, which means thirst, was a nickname given her on account of her " thirst" for the living waters of Christian truth. From an early age she made up her mind to embrace the monastic life, and, though it was against her father's purpose, she carried out her desire and became ultimately Abbess of Killeedy. There does not appear to be any evidence that she was ever in Damnonia, though William of Worcester says she was a martyr and reposed at St. Issey ; he must have seen some real or bogus relics of her, for she lived and died in Ireland. Her name must have been brought into Devon by the nuns of St. Itha who founded communities and churches. At Ide, Ideford, and perhaps Iddesleigh, her name still remains, though Ide is the only church that still retains the dedication to St. Itha. The day of her death was January 15, circ. a.d. 570, but Nicholas Roscarrock gives May 1 ; in several English calendars she appears as St. Dorothy or Sith on January 15. Borlasein his Age of the Saints, and Miss Arnold-Foster following him, however, consider that Ide, Ideford, and Iddesleigh all take their name from quite another saint — St. Teilo, also called Elidius and Lide, but their arguments are more ingenious than convincing. ST. JOHANNES. This saint has been already mentioned as one of the brothers of St. Nectan and the possible founder of the Church of Instow or Johnstow, North Devon. Instow is now said to be dedicated to St. John the Baptist, but the suffi.x stow in Devonshire always marks a very early church dedication, and John Baptist is almost certainly a superimposed name. Leland in his Collec- tanea also tells us that a St. Johannes was martyred on the banks of the river Torridge, and suggests that Hatherleigh Church, also now dedicated to St. John Baptist, was called after him ; be this as it may, Instow as the only Johnstow in Devon, and standing as it does on the banks of the mouth of the Torridge, marks almost certainly the burial place of this saint. ST. KEA. There is scarcely any saint of whom it is more difficult to give any account than St. Kea, who has left two dedications to Q2 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 himself, one in Devon and one in Cornwall, both anciently called Landege or Llanege, which is an abbreviation of Llan-ty- Kea. The Devonshire parish which is called in Bishop Briwere's charter of 1225 Landege, and in 1285 had become Landekeye, is now Landkey, though we North Devon folk still pronounce it Lan-key, but the Cornish parish has become St. Kea. Who was St. Kea ? John Norden, who wrote in 1585, says St. Kea is the same as St. Kebi ; but Albert le Grand gives the life of a Breton Saint, St. Kc or St. Kenan, who seems identical with our St. Kea. According to this legend, St. Kea was a bishop who was told by an angel to get a bell and then start on his travels, and whenever he came to a place that God wanted him to stop at, the bell would start ringing of itself. St. Kea applied to St. Gildas, who gave him a bell, and then he set out ; he crossed the Severn Sea and came to Llanege, and there the bell began to ring, so the saint settled down and built him a church. One day a stag which the king was hunting took refuge there ; the saint protected it, and the king in a rage carried off the four oxen the saint had been ploughing with, but next morning four stags came to take their place. This, it will be noted, is very similar to the North Devon legend of St. Brannock. The saint, however, was so angry that he took up his bell and went off on his travels again, and came at last to Brittany, where he founded many churches, and has to this day a great reputation for curing disorders of children. St. Kea's day is October 3. -ST. KEBI. Whether St. Kebi was the founder of Landkey or not, at any rate he is a famous Devon Saint, and one of the few who have given inspiration to modern writers, for the story of the daily meeting of Kebi the Dark and Seiriol the Fair forms the basis of Matthew Arnold's sonnet -'East and West," in which he gives the old legend a new and mystic meaning. Quiller Couch, in his Holy Wells of Cornwall, has also something to say of him. St. Kebi was born in the district of the Three Towns, being the son of St. Selyf, Prince or King of Damnonia, and his wife St. Gwen, sister of St. Non, and so first cousin to St. David. There are lives of him in all the old Enghsh Martyrologies, and in them we are told that he remained in the region between Tamar and Limar till twenty-seven years of age, when he went on a pilgrimage to Jerusalem ; after which he returned to Dam- nonia, where he founded various Churches, among them those at Tregony and Duloe, which still bear his name. The people were very discontented with their King, probably his brother Constantine, and wished to elevate St. Kebi to the throne, and The Saints oj Devon 93 to avoid this the saint, with four companions, set out for South Wales. If St. Kebi is the founder of Landkey, it would probably be during this journey that he founded the church there. He arrived at last at Cardiff, near which he founded another church — Llangibby ; from thence he went to visit his cousin St. David, and then crossed over to Ireland and reached the Isle of Arran. Here he had a lot of disputes with Fintan, the priest of the place, and according to the customs of the times the two fasted against each other and cursed one another pretty roundly, so at last St. Kebi had to return to Wales, as he dared not go to Damnonia, and settled finally near Anglesea, While living there he used to go every day to meet St. Seiriol, and as St. Kebi journeyed eastward in the morning and back westward in the evening, he always had the sun in his face, and so became tanned and burnt : while St. Seiriol, journeying west- wards in the morning and back eastwards in the evenings, always had the sun at his back, and so kept his fairness, and they were known as Kebi the Dark and Seiriol the Fair. Matthew Arnold's rendering of the story is — " Two saints met often where those waters flow, One came from Penmon westward, and a glow Whitened his face from the sun's fronting ray ; Eastward the other, from the dying day. And he with unsunn'd face did always go ; Seiriol the Bright, Kybi the Dark ! men said. The seer from the east was then in light. The seer from the west was then in shade. Ah, now 'tis changed. In conquering sunshine bright The man of the bold West now comes array 'd ; He of the mystic East is touched with night." St. Kebi died on November 8, about a.d. 55C, but Nicholas Roscarrock gives his day as August 13 ; this may be some translation of his reUcs. Outside Holyhead Church may still be seen the inscription ' Sancti Kebie ora pro nobis," and the print of his foot was believed to be visible in the rock at the east end of the Church. Widworthy Church and Cowick are also foundations of his in Devon. ST. KERRIAN. St. Kerrian is best known to Devonshire men as the patron saint of one of the old churches of Exeter which has lately been pulled down. Kerrian is another form of Piran, and so is doubtless identical with St. Piran, the patron saint of the tinners, and well known in Cornwall as the founder of Perranza- buloe and other churches. All the Hves of this saint are only English versions of the life of St. Ciaran of Saighcr, a well-known 94 Ihe Devonian Year Book, 1916 Irish saint, of which Plummer says : " This Ufe takes the saint from Ireland to Cornwall and buries him at Perranzabuloe ; of this there is not the slightest trace in Irish sources, which do not record even a temporary sojourn in Cornwall ; on the contrary, Ciaran lived, died, and was buried in Ireland." It is evident then that our St. Kerrian was a saint of whom next to nothing was known, and to supply particulars for a life the mediaeval hagiographers took the life of a saint with a similar-sounding name, and used its details for the life of our St. Piran or Kerrian. There is, however, another Piran mentioned in history, who may well be our St. Piran, and that is a British bishop who in the year a.d. 552 fled before the invading Saxon to the west ; his date is the period during which we know Christianity was establishing itself in Devon and Cornwall, and he may well have been the founder of the church at Exeter, and afterwards of the various Piran foundations in Cornwall ; the chief of these was Lanpiran, which we know was a collegiate church before the date of the Domesday survey. In mediaeval times relics of our saint were highly reverenced : St. Piran's head, which was preserved in a shrine, is mentioned in the will of Sir John Arundell in a.d. 1433 ; the relics of the saint are also mentioned in various visitations of the Bishops of Exeter. Had they been the reUcs of the famous St. Ciaran of Saighir, one of the greatest of the Irish saints, we should most certainly have some confirmation of it from Irish records, whereas what notices we have of St. Piran apart from his life, instead of in any way connecting him with St. Ciaran, speak of him as a Bishop of Cornwall ; the Launceston Kalendar enters him as " St. Pyranus Episcopus de Cornubia " ; according to WilUam of Worcester, the Bodmin Antiphoner calls him '• St. Piranus Episcopus " ; Grandisson's Sanctorale calls him a bishop and confessor whose life shone with virtues and miracles. So, apart from his day, March 5, being the same, and the similarity of the lives, all evidences point to our St. Kerrian or Piran being a distinct person from the Irish saint. ST. MELOR. In Bishop Grandisson's Legendarium, now in the Exeter Chapter Library, there is, under October 1, a full account of the life of St. Melor, in which it is stated that he was the son of Melianus, King of Cornwall, and that his mother was a Devon- shire woman, named Haurilla, of the lineage of Count Rivold, who had formerly come from across the sea, and that his father MeUanus died when the child was seven years of age. The legend goes on to relate how Rivold, his uncle, seized the child The Saints of Devon 95 and cut off his right hand and left foot, and how a silver hand and a brass foot were substituted for the lost members, and the Divine power was manifested, in that the child was able to employ these metal substitutes as though they were flesh and bone. The legend then goes on that St. Melor was brought up in the cell of St. Coventinus, and his fame became so great that his uncle Rivold, not content with the mutilation which would for ever prevent the child occupying the throne, determined to have him murdered. This story of St. Melor forms the fourth, fifth, and sixth lessons for the feasts of the Translation of Sts. Remigius and Vedast, and Sts. Bavon and Melor, which has nine lessons in Grandisson's Legendarium, and as it is one of the very few local saints' days for which we have the lessons in that most disappointing volume, I should have given them in full, only it happens that St. Melor is not really a west-country saint ; the Devon and Cornwall mentioned in the legend should be properly Domnonie and Cornouaille in Brittany — Grandis- son's Legendarium confounds the two similar names. There is, however, a slight connection between Devon and St. Melor, as it was a Devonshire woman, Elfrida, daughter of Earl Ordgar and widow of King Edgar, who founded the church of Ames- bury, where St. Melor's relics, after they had been brought to England for safety during the ravages of the Northmen, found a home. St. Melor is still the patron saint of Amesbury, and had also a chapel at Thorncombe in Devon dedicated to him. ST. NON. St. Non is the foundress of one Devon church, Bradstone, on the banks of the Tamar. She is best known, however through the life of her famous son, St. David ; though the legend of her life is said to have existed for many years in one of the service books at Altamon, Cornwall. Very little is really known of her ; she appears to have lived a great deal of her life in Damnonia, near her sister Gwen, wife of Selyf, King of Damnonia, and it is probably her presence there which accounts for the St. David foundations we find in Devon, as he is said to have often visited his mother, and St. Non, according to WiUiam of Worcester, copying from the Kalendarof St. Michael's Mount, was buried in her Church at Altamon. Her name, Non, was taken by mediaeval writers as equivalent to nun, and so it is assumed that she was actually a nun ; but Non was a name borne by many women, notably the mother of St. Gregory Nazianzen. And among the Goidels Nonnitus was a common man's name ; its genitive, Nonnita, appears on an inscribed stone at Tregony. y 96 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 The Welsh poets speak of St. Non's wondrous beauty and miracles, and among the sayings of the wise we have the triad — " Hast thou heard the saying uttered by Non, The mother of Dewi Sant was she; There is no madness Hke contention." Her day is March 3. ST. PADERN. St, Padern is the founder of a small group of churches in that part of Devon that crosses the Tamar and runs like a narrow tongue into Cornwall,^ — Werrington, North and South Petherwyn. He is best known as Bishop of Llanbadarn Fawr, in Wales ; an Armorican by birth, he was brought by his father Pedrwn to Wales as a small child, and they settled near Aberyst- with. Padern studied under St. Illtyd at Llantwit, and after- wards established a monastery and bishopric at Llanbadarn Fawr. He is styled in the Welsh Triads one of the three Blessed Visitors of Britain ; the other two were St. David and St.Teilo, and they were so called because they went as guests to the houses of the gentle and simple, native and stranger, without accepting fee or reward, victuals or drink, to teach the faith of Christ without pay or thanks, besides which they gave the poor and needy gifts of gold, silver, raiment, and provisions. On the invitation of Caradoc Freichfas, he visited Devon and received from him the district of Petherwyn, where he founded three churches. There are lives of this saint in most of the Enghsh Martyrologies ; as the one given by Whytford is short, I give it in full: "April 15. The Feast of St. Paterne, that with St. David went unto Jerusalem, where he received suddenly the grace of tongues to speak in every language, and was there made bishop by the hands of the patriarch, and after came into England, where he had revelations of angels, and raised two persons to hfe, with many other great miracles." The book of Llandaff tells us that St. Padern was an excellent singer, and in recognition of his talents received when he was at Jerusalem a staff and a silk choral cope. One of the sayings of the wise is — " Hast thou heard the saying of Padern, The correct powerful preacher : What a man does God will judge." He has many churches in Wales dedicated to him ; his day is April 15. ST. PATRICK. The St. Patrick who visited Damnonia and was buried at Glastonbury, where his bones were among its most treasured The Saints of Devon 97 relics, was certainly not the famous St. Patrick, the Apostle of Ireland, but one of the five St. Patricks whose lives have all been so jumbled together that all attempts to settle what belongs to each is only to make confusion worse confounded ; but, which ever it was, there is one incident in the lives that shows the visit to Devonshire was no mere passing through, but a sojourn of several years. In the Vita Tertia in Joscelyn, and in 'the copy of the Tripartite Life used by Usher, it is said that St. Patrick spent some years in the " Insula Tamarensis " ; this can only mean the island now called Drake's or St. Nicholas, facing Plymouth Hoe. Owing to similarity in their names, there is frequently in our Devon records some confusion between St. Patrick and St. Petrock, and often St. Petrock's churches are described as dedicated to St. Patrick. I do not propose to attempt in any way to unravel the puzzle of the many St. Patricks, but will merely record a St. Patrick among our Devon Saints. ST. SELYF. St. Selyf, whose name is sometimes written Solomon, was a native of Devon, being son of Geraint, Prince of Devon, and after his father's death was a Devonshire Regulus, his residence being at Gelliwig. He married St, Gwen, aunt of St. David, and their son was the famous St. Kebi. We know scarcely anything of St. Selyf, except that he is said to have been killed in Brittany. There are possibly two dedications to this saint — Lansalos in Cornwall, called in Domesday Lansalpus, and in Grandisson's Register Lansalewys, and a chapel at Barnstaple within the Castle which appears as St. Salpin's, and St. Salphinus in Bishop Stafford's Register. If Landkey is St. Kebi's, as some authorities state, then we have father and son in two neighbouring parishes, which would suggest that St. Selyf ruled over part of North Devon at some period of his life, and that Barnstaple, or rather Roborough Camp on the hill above it, was one of his cities. ST. WENN. See ST. GWEN. ST. WINWALOE. The dedication of the Church of Portlemouth, South Devon, is a good example of how the names of the old Keltic saints liave got Latinized out of all recognition. In all the standard authorities it is given as St. Onolaus — a saint whom Miss Arnold- Foster, in her Church Dedications, describes as quite unknown. On turning to the Exeter Episcopal Registers, we find that in Brantyngham's the dedication appears as St. Wonewalaus — a transcriber by leaving out the w's got Onalaus. In an inquisition 98 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 in the same Register it appears as St.Wynwolay, and in both these extracts we have no difficulty in recognizing a well-known west-country saint, St. Winwaloe. Brooking-Rowe gives the dedication as St. Twinnel ; this is also another form of St. Winwaloe's name made familiar by an old folklore rhyme alluding to the first three days of March and the stormy weather that often accompanies them : — " First comes David, then comes Chad, Then comes Winnel roaring mad." While there are lives of this saint in the Nova Legenda AnglicB and other martyrologies, they are most unsatisfactory, as they only give accounts of events happening in Armorica, though, as Whittaker in his Cathedral of Cornwall points out, St. Winwaloe is a Damnonian Saint. He has besides Portle- mouth, still many dedications in Cornwall, viz., Landewednack, Towednack, Gunwalloe, parish churches, as well as various chapels. In Bede, as Whittaker points out, it is expressly stated that he was born in Cornwall on April 28. The life and legend of the saint appears to have been carried across to Armorica by Keltic emigrants, who named a town there Lande- vennec after their old home in Cornwall — just as later emigrants took Devon town names to America. The story of our Damno- nian Saint was forgotten in his old home, but preserved by the emigrants who associated their new home with him ; and his life, written long after, had naturally local colour and associated the saint only with the new home. So we get St. Winwaloe described as son of Fracan, a relative of a King of Cornwall, and his mother given as Gwen. In Fracan and Gwen we may recognize our old friend Brychan; so St. Winwaloe was probably one of the numerous children of Brychan who figure so largely in Wales and Damnonia ahke. As there are no details of his life that we can associate with our county, it will be unnecessary to tell it. The cult of this saint seems to have been brought across the channel again by the Breton companions of William the Conqueror, and so we find dedications to him in Norfolk, where the abbreviated form of the Saint's name, Winnol, originated. Bede gives probably the oldest form — Guingualoe. In Cornwall the Saint's day was April 28 ; in Brittany and Norfolk, March 3. ST. ALDHELM. St. Aldhelm is the greatest of the Saints of Wessex, and Devon may well be proud to claim an important share in the life and work of this remarkable man, who was one of the most striking characters of his age, alike a statesman, a scholar, a musician, a poet, and a saint. The Saints of Devon 99 His connection with Devonshire was fourfold, viz. — (i) He was the Apostle of the half-heathen Saxons in East Devon, and the first English Bishop to rule over any part of our county. (ii) He spent some time travelling through all parts of Devon and Cornwall to learn something of the religious life of its people. (iii) He was the author of the earliest authentic document relating to Devonshire ecclesiastical history. (iv) He was the man who made an agreement between the Keltic and Saxon Churches in Devonshire not only possible but also a reality, and so laid the foundations for the various races — Ivemian, Goidel, Brython, and Saxon, who inhabited our county, becoming one people, " The men of Devon." To us the matters in dispute, which were mainly the correct computation of the Easter cycle, and the fashion in which the clergy should have their hair cut, seem trivial and absurd ; but after all, great questions lay behind them, and in those days they were the points round which all their controversies centred, and to settle them there was no man so well fitted as St. Aldhelm, for though an Englishman by birth, his father being Centwine, a near kinsman of King Ine, his education was Keltic, having been trained for the first fifteen years of his life by Maelduib, a Goidehc hermit, and so must have been familiar with the views and ideals of the Keltic Church. Leaving Maelduib, he went to Adrian, an African scholar who had been brought to England by Archbishop Theodore, and under him studied Latin, Greek, and Hebrew. Aldhelm therefore could look on both the Keltic and English sides of the controversies, and combined in himself the austere discipline of the Keltic Church with the scholarship of the Latin. More than this, Aldhelm was a man of earnest piety ; he is the author of the often quoted saying concerning Bible reading and prayer : "In reading, God speaks to me ; in praying, I speak to God." Thus equipped, he returned to Malmesbury, of which he had become Abbot, and renewed his acquanitance with Damnonian Christianity, for some time between a.d. 675 and 700 he set out on a journey through Devon and Cornwall. Unfortunately we have no particulars of this visit beyond the description in one of the saint's poems, where he says — " Quando profectus fueram. Usque diram Domnoniam, Per carentem Cornubiam Florulentis cespitibus Et foecundis graminibus." loo The Devonian Year Book, 1916 These words at least show us that he went right across Devon and into Cornwall, though the description of our county as " Dire Damnonia that lacks the flower-spangled meadows and fruitful herbs," is not flattering, and read in conjunction with William of Malmesbury's account of the land round Exeter in the time of King Athelstan — " a barren and unfruitful soil that can scarcely produce indifferent oats, and frequently only the empty husk without the grain," shows us that the vast wood- lands which then covered so much of North Devon, of which we have still a reminder in parishes called Morchard and Nymet, coupled with so much unreclaimed soil, must have made the chmate far colder and damper than it is now. But to return to St. Aldhelm, his letter to Geraint and the Devon clergy shows us how intimate he became with all the details of life among the Devon folk of those days, and his interest in the Devon Church is shown by his persuading King Ine to restore the Damnonian shrine of Glastonbury — the Holy City of its rehgion. The growth of the Keltic element in the West Saxon kingdom, as it extended westward had, too, become a matter of serious importance, so when in a.d. 705 a synod was held to consider the question of the relationship of the Keltic and English Churches, it was obvious that St. Aldhelm was the man to act as the mouthpiece of the West Saxon clergy in urging the Kelts of the West to conform to Cathohc practices. Accordingly, Aldhelm wrote the letter addressed to " The most glorious Lord wielding the sceptre of the Western Kingdom, King Gerontius, and also to all the priests of God dwelHng throughout the Domnonian realm." The letter is so long that I will not quote it in full, but it is a remarkable one for the period ; it treats Devonshire priests and men as persons who are to be convinced by reason, and shows a strong desire for union with them. Shortly after this. King Ine divided his kingdom into two bishoprics, and St. Aldhelm was consecrated as bishop of all that part of it west of Selwood, and fixed his see at Sherborne, so his diocese comprehended part of East Devon. He ruled over it for less than five years, for while engaged on his diocesan work he fell sick at Doulting, and died there on May 25, a.d. 709. His remains were carried to his beloved Malmesbury, crosses being raised on the way at every station where the bearers rested for the night. The poems of St. Aldhelm and the ballads in his native tongue, which he sang to his own accompaniment, were remembered by the peasantry and sung by them for hundreds of years after his death, though, alas, none have come down to us. WiUiam The Saints of Devon lor of Malmesburj'' also tells us, on the authority of the lost manual of Alfred, how they were that king's solace in his troubles. Many miracles were said to have been wrought by him ; the most famous was, some 230 years after his death, at the great battle of Brunanburh. King Athelstan dropped his sword ; surrounded by the enemy, he called on God and St. Aldhelm, and the sword was miraculously restored to his hand. There are several lives of this great Saint, but the earliest, written by his contemporary, Bishop Egwene, is not now in existence. ST. ATHELSTAN. Among the Keltic Saints we always find included the names of all the Keltic rulers who were founders of churches or spreaders of the Christian faith ; and with this example before us, there is one famous king who, though never canonized by authority or popular acclaim, must surely be included in a Kalendar of Devon Saints, and that is King Athelstan. For throughout the county, north, south, east, and west, innumer- able churches and religious houses claim him as their founder, and at the mother church of Devon, Exeter Cathedral, the bidding prayer ran, " Ye shall pray for the soul of King Athel- stan, the first founder of this place," and it still possesses the catalogue of priceless relics he bestowed upon it. Keltic and English Churches alike were the objects of his munificence, and we are told of his passionate orisons and devout vows at the oratory of St. Burian, as, sword in hand, he threw himself on the stones before the altar, ere starting on one of his expeditions. In fact there is no other man who occupies such a large place in the rehgious history of Devon as Athelstan the King, founder and benefactor of churches. And the Kalendar of the English Church might well be enlarged by the inclusion of at least two early English kings who have yet no place in it — Athelstan and his grandfather. King Alfred. Indeed, on March 20, 1441, King Henry VI wrote to Pope Eugenius IV urging the canonization of King Alfred, and there seems but little doubt that had King Henry's reign been more tranquil success would have crowned his request ; be this as it may, in the earlier ages it was not the action of authorities but the opinions of local churches and the acclamation of the public that bestowed the title. In England it has been the custom from the very beginning to give the title to founders of churches, and even when the original builder of the church or rehgious house made choice of some honoured scriptural name, a later generation set it aside in honour of the founder's own ; thus Wimborne 102 TJie Devonian Year Book, 1916 Minster bears the name of St. Cuthberga, its foundress, sister of King Ina, though originally dedicated by St. Cuthberga herself to the blessed Virgin Mary. Following this example, there are many Devonshire Churches that might rightly and fittingly be named St. Athelstan's, in honour of the saintly King to whom the Church in Devon owes so much. As the story of Athelstan's life can be read in any history book, it will be unnecessary to give it here, but I would mention that the date of his death was October 27, a.d. 940, on which day his name should appear in a Devonshire Kalendar. He was buried at Malmesbury, in the Church of St. Aldhelm, for whom he had always a special reverence and whom he looked on as his Patron Saint. ST. LEOFRIC. St. Leofric is stated by Alford, in his Annates EcclesicB AnglicancB to have been reckoned among the saints, and in his Index of English Saints he asserts that his feast was kept on April 26 ; had we not this authority, we should not hesitate in reckoning him among the Saints of Devon. For not only was he the founder and first Bishop of the Cathedral of Exeter, but also, according to a MS. in the Bodleian, he was an assiduous preacher of God's Word, a trainer of his clergy in rehgious discipline, exemplary in his discharge of spiritual functions, and the erector of several churches in his diocese. And even beyond this, Prince claims him as a Devonshire man by birth and, better still, descended from the fine of Brutus, the legend- ary first monarch of Devon. Florence of Worcester, who was of the generation almost next to Leofric, calls him Leofricus Brytonicus, which certainly gives some support to Prince's claim to enroll him among the Worthies of Devon ; and though this claim has been disputed by some writers, I find that in the latest and best History of the English Church, it is stated that he was born in Cornwall. But if Leofric was by birth a West of England man, it was across the sea in Lorraine that he received his education, and it is to the circumstances of his foreign bringing up that he probably owed his introduction to Edward the Confessor, who made him his chaplain, and afterwards, on the death of Ljrving, Bishop of Crediton. Leofric, with his continental ideas, desired to have his see in a city and not in a small country town, and so determined to move it to Exeter, and sought the approval of King Edward, who not only gave his sanction, but with his own hand installed the first Bishop of Exeter. There is still extant a list of the gifts Leofric made to his new cathedral : crosses, chaUces, candlesticks, thuribles, reliquaries, The Saints oj Devon 103 vestments, hangings, bells, etc., all of which are enumerated in the catalogue. But above all, mention must be made of the books, for it is by them that Leofric's memory still lives, for, though most of the other treasures have vanished, yet in spite of the gross carelessness of the Exeter librarians — their custo- dians— a large number of the priceless volumes still survive, though scattered far and wide. Finally, Leofric at his death bequeathed his chapel, with himself and all that he had pertain- ing to the divine service, to the servants of God in the church of Exeter, on condition that they should in their prayers and mass singing ever be mindful of him with Christ, St. Peter, and all the saints to whom the minster was dedicated. He died Februar}'' 10, 1072, and was buried in the crypt of his cathedral. In an age when most of his order were politicians and self-seekers, he entirely abstained from such things, but found scope for his energy in watching over the flock committed to his care, and placing on a firm basis the church he had founded. ST. STEPHEN HARDING. There are few spots in our country that recall to us more the memory of the saints of old than the ruined Cistercian houses which lie mostly in secluded and lovely valleys far from the madding crowd and the vulgar haunts of men. And Devon men may feel proud to remember that the real founder of the Order which raised these wondrous piles was a Devon man. Born on the eastern edge of the county, not far from Axminster, Harding, as he wasnamed in baptism, received his education at the monastery of Sherborne, and from there set forth to see the world. Scotland, France, and Italy were all visited by him, and on his return he came to the monastery of Molesme, near Dijon, where he took the monastic vows. But he soon became disgusted with his brethren there, the mass of riches and weight of meat bore down the souls that struggled against them ; he struggled to make them follow the rules of St. Benedict more strictly ; they refused, saying they did not want to imitate Eastern hermits and the rules of St. Maur were quite good enough for them. In disgust, Harding, who had also taken the name of Stephen on entering the Order, led a secession consisting of Abbot Robert, Prior Alberic, and eighteen other monks, and established themselves at Citeaux, a barren marshy place that took its name from the stagnant pools that surrounded it. Here Harding, who was the leading spirit of the small community, introduced the strictest observation of the rules of St. Benedict, but the privations and austerities 104 ^^'^ Devonian Year Book, 1916 proved too much for Abbot Robert, who with several of the monks went back to Molesme r the eight remaining then chose Prior Alberic as abbot and Stephen Harding as prior, and on Alberic's death Harding was elected to succeed him, and the master spirit of the reform became its recognized head. The severity of the rule, and sickness, reduced their numbers still more, but in 1113 Bernard and 30 others joined the convent, and from this time forward the Order spread with unexampled rapidity. Harding founded thirteen daughter houses ; he lived to see his Order established in his native country, and having grown Wind and feeble he resigned his office, and, after choosing as his successor his favourite disciple, St. Bernard, died March 28, 1134. ST. WALTER. All we know of this"" saint is a statement by William of Worcester that he was a monk of the Order of Bekeherlewyn, in Normandy ; born at Norwich, and lived the life of a religious in the monastery of Cowick, near Exeter ; was canonized, and a legend of his life was written. This legend has long been lost, and so no day of his can be given. ST. CHRISTINA. The Church of Christow, or Christenstow, is said to be dedicated to St. Christina, whose shrine lay there, and from whom the parish takes its name. But who this saint could be has long been a puzzle, for obviously St. Christina, the Roman virgin 2— St. Berwyn 13 — Trans. St. Jutwara „ 7-St. Richard 15— St. Cewydd ,, 8— St. Selyf 24— St. Christina » 10— St. Leofric Aug. 2— St. Sidwell »> 15— St. Docwin 10— St. Geraint 17— St. Curig 25— St. Elen March i— St. David 27— St. Decuman .J 2— St. Non 28— St. Rumon 9> 5-St. Kerrian Sept. 5-St. Bedwini 9— St. Constantine 13— St. Dechan ,j 12— St. Paul of Leon 24— St. Winnebald jj 17— St. Patrick 28— St. Lioba ,, 28— St. Stephen Harding Oct. I— St. Melor April 15— St. Padern 3-St. Kea jj 21— St. Beuno 15— St. Medan jj 28— St. Winwaloe 17— St. Athelstan ,, 29— St. Endellion 18— St. Wenn May 16— St. Brendan Nov. 3-St. Clether jj 18— Trans. St. Nectan 8— St. Kebi ,, 25— St. Aldhelm 12— St. Wulvella ,j 28— St. German 18— St. Credan June 4— St. Petrock 23— St. Monynna »> 5-St. 17— St. Boniface Nectan Dec. 8— St. Budoc LIST OF DEVON SAINTS. St. Aldhelm St. Disin St. Monynna St. Athelstan St. Docwin St. Morwenna St. Bedwini St. Elen St. Nectan St. Berwyn St. Endellion St. Non St. Beuno St. Frederick St. Padem St. Boniface St. Geraint St. Patrick St. Brannock St. German St. Paulus St. Branwallader St. Gwen St. Petrock St. Brendan St. Gwenan St. Richard St. Bridget St. Gwenliw St. Rumon St. Budoc St. Helligan St. Selyf St. Cewydd St. Itha St. Sidwell St. Christina St. Johannes St. Stephen Harding St. Clether St. Jutwara St. Urith St. Conoglas St. Kea St. Walburga St. Constantine St. Kebi St. Walter St. Credan St. Kerrian St. Wenu St. Curig St. Leofric St. WiUibald St. Cymorth St. Lioba St. Winnibald St. David St. Medan St. Winwaloe St. Dechan St. Melor St. Wulvella Some Recent Devonshire Literature 107 Some Recent Devonshire Literature. Compiled by H. Tapley-Soper, City Librarian, Exeter. (This list aims at including all books by Devonians, by residents in Devon, and books about Devon. The compiler will be grateful if readers will inform him of any omissions, in order that they may be included in next year's list. Publishers are invited to send to the compiler copies of books for notice in future issues of the Year Book.) Ashford, Faith: " Child-man in Britain." (Harrap, 1/6 net.) 1913. Boggis, R. J. E. " History of the Parish and Church of St. Mary Magdalene, Barnstaple." (The Author, Barnstaple, 3/- net.) 1915. Bonham, A. E. " Practical Guide to the Inspection of Meat and Foods." (Pollard, Exeter, 5/- net.) 1915. " Chase, Beatrice." " Through a Dartmoor Window," (Long- mans, Green & Co., 4/6 net.) 1915. " Davy's Devon Herd Book," vol. 38 (Annual). (Mounter, Taunton, 3/6.) 1915. " Devonshire Parish Registers." Marriages, St. Andrew's, Plymouth, 1581—1654. Part L Vol. 2 of General Series. (Philhmore's Parish Registers, 10/6.) 1915. Drake, Maurice. " The Ocean Sleuth." (Methuen, 6/-.) 1915. " Episcopal Registers, Diocese of Exeter. Register of Edmund Lacy (A.D. 1420-1455), Part IL The Registrum Commune." Ed. by The Rev. Dr. Gordoh Browne and The Rev. O. J. Reichel, in continuation of the series issued by the late Prebendary Hingeston-Randolph. (Published by the Devon and Cornwall Record Society in conjunction with Messrs. Pollard, Exeter, 21/-. To Subscribers, 15/6.) 1915. " Falmouth Parish Register of Baptisms, Marriages, and Burials." Trs. and Ed. by Miss S. E. Gay and Mrs. Howard Fox. (Devon and Cornwall Record Society. Exeter, Pub- lished by subscription.) 1908-15. Herrick, Robert. Poems. Edited by F. W. Moorman. (Clarendon Press, 12/6.) 1915. Nourse, Stanhope. " In the Presence : being Aids to Private Devotion during the Christian Sacrifice." (Mowbray, 6d.) 1915. Parr, Olive Katherine. " Answered Prayers." (Washbourne, 3/6 net.) 1915. Parry, Hubert. " Notes on Old Teignmouth." (Printed for ^ the Author by W. J. Southwood & Co., Exeter.) 1914. io8 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Phillpotts, Eden. " Brunei's Tower," (Heinemann, 6/-.) 1915. Phillpotts, Eden. " Old Delabole." (Heinemann, 6/-.) 1915. Phillpotts, Eden. " My Shrubs." (Lane, 10/- net.) 1915. Phillpotts, Eden and Basil Macdonald Hastings. " The Angel in the House : a Comedy in Three Acts." (French, 1/- net.) 1915. Prideaux, Edith K. " Carvings of Musical Instruments in Exeter Cathedral." (Commin, Exeter, 3/6.) 1915. Robinson, W. Fothergill. " Twenty Poems." (Eland, Exeter, 4d.) 1915. Robinson, W. Fothergill. " The Wassail : A Poem." (Eland Exeter, 6d). 1915. Robinson, W. Fothergill. " Voluntary Aid in Devon." (Eland, Exeter, 1/-.) 1915. Satow, Sir Ernest. " The Silesian Loan and Frederick the Great." (Clarendon Press, 14/- net.) 1915. Sweet, W. H. " Exeter Sketches." (E. & K. Shapland, Exeter, 1/-.) 1915. Thornton, Rev. W. H. " Short Devonshire Stories." (Town- send, Exeter.) 1915. Trevena, John. " Moyle Church Town." (Mills & Boone, 6/-.) 1915. Tuker, M. A. R. " Ecce Mater." (Southern PubHshing Co., 3/6 net.) 1915. Weekes, Ethel Lega-. " Some Studies in the Topography of the Cathedral Close, Exeter." (Commin, Exeter, 7/6 net.) Willcocks, M. P. "Change." (Hutchinson, 6/-.) 1915. Wilhams, B. H. " Ancient West Country FamiUes and their Armorial Bearings." (Bridge, Penzance, 6/- net.) 1915. We are asked to state that a few copies of the pamphlet on the " Star- cross Club, 1772-1913," announced in our last issue as " Privately printed," are available and can be obtained from the Rev. The Hon. H. H. Courtenay, Powderham, by sending him is. to cover cost of printing and postage. Affiliated Societies 109 Affiliated Societies. BARUMITES II/ LONDON. Founded 1893. President : Hubert Bath, Esq. Hon. Secretary: F. Gabriel, Roborough, 17, Park Avenue South, Crouch End, N. Object : To promote social gatherings and good-fellowship. Subscription : is. per annum. Qualification : Connection with Barnstaple or its neighbourhood. Limited to men. Meetings : Annual dinner in London. LONDON BIDEFORDIAN SOCIETY. Founded 191 4. President : S. R. Chope, Esq., Mayor of Bideford. Vice-Presidents : The Right Hon. the Earl of Halsbury, P.C. ; C. S. Carnegie, Esq., J. P. ; W. T. Charlewood, Esq. ; R. Pearse^Chope, Esq., B.A. ; W. Crosbie Coles, Esq. ; T. Cutland, Esq. ; Charles Garvice, Esq., F.R.S.L. ; Dr. J. Heard ; Rev. T. Newton Leeke ; Capt. McNeill Martin ; W. F. Mountjoy, Esq. ; J. Omer, Esq. ; C. S. Parker, Esq. ; R. Puddicombe, Esq. ; H. N. G. Stucley, Esq., J.P., C.A. Treasurer : F. J. Sanguine. Hon. Secretary : Stanley J. Bowen, 22, St. Paul's Churchyard, E.G. Objects : To strengthen the bond of friendship and to keep in touch with those from " the Little White Town on the Hill." Qualification : Persons connected with Bideford and district by birth, marriage, descent, or former residence. Subscription : Gentlemen, 2s. 6d. per annum ; ladies, is. 6d. Meetings : Annual dinner in London and other social gatherings during the winter months. Owing to the War, the Committee felt bound to follow the example of the London Devonian Association and other societies, and to abandon all their ordinary social meetings for the session 1914-15. It was, how- ever, decided to hold a Patriotic Concert on Nov. 26th, when Mr. R. Pearse Chop>e presided over a most enthusiastic gathering. The large hall in Anderton's Hotel was crowded. Mr. Chope read a letter from the Mayor of Bideford, giving details of the excellent work they were doing at home. As a result of the concert we were enabled, after paying all expenses, to send to the Mayor the sum oi £1^ los. A second concert was held on April 15th, when Mr. Frank Heywood took the chair, but, owing to several unforeseen circumstances, this was not a financial success, although about 130 persons were present and an excellent programme had been arranged. At the annual meeting on Sept. 24, Mr. W. Crosbie Coles took the chair; the accounts showed a balance in hand of over /ii. \ \ no The Devonian Year Book, 1916 which was thought to be very satisfactory as the result of the first year's working. During the year Mr. Frank Hamlyn, an active member of the Committee, has passed away, and three of our members, viz., T. Ching, E. Fisk, and C. Bowden, have been killed in France. Several others have joined the Forces, and are still safe and sound. THE EXETER CLUB. (London and District Branch.) Founded 1880. President : J.J. Harris, Esq. Vice-President : H. M. Etherington, Esq. Hon. Secretary and Treasurer : Harold D. Powe, 7b, Peterborough Villas, Fulham, S.W. Assistant Hon. Secretary : H. P. Kelly. Press Correspondent : A. S. Adams. Objects : To promote friendly and social intercourse ; to maintain the status of the Exeter Training College for schoolmasters, and to give opportunities for inter-communication for mutual assistance. Qualification : Training at St. Luke's College, Exeter. Subscription : 2s. 6d. per annum. Meetings : Monthly, in addition to annual dinner and Bohemian concert. In connection with this Club are the old Exonians' Cricket Club, with the same Hon. Secretary, and the Exonian Lodge, No. 3415, the Secretary of which is F. J. Thomson, 31, Angell Road, Brixton, S.W. THE OLD EXONIAN CLUB. (London Section.) Founded 1904. President : Vice-President : J. H. Fisher, Esq., F.R.C.S. Hon. Secretary : Lieut. A. Goff, 2, Royal Exchange Avenue, E.C. Objects : To renew acquaintance between Old Exonians living in London, and to arrange dinners and other entertainments. Qualification : Education at the Exeter School. Subscription : 3s. 6d. per annum. Meetings : Annual dinner in London, and other gatherings from time to time. The School Magazine (free to members) is issued each terra. THE OLD OTTREGIANS' SOCIETY. (" Ottregians in London.") Founded 1898. President : The Right Hon. The Lord Coleridge. Vice-Presidents : The Right Hon. Sir John H. Kennaway, Bart., C.B. ; The Hon. Stephen Coleridge ; The Hon. Gilbert Coleridge ; The Hon. Geoffrey Duke Coleridge. Ghairman : Tom Clarke. Vice-Chairman : John Carnell. Assistant Secretary : J. R. Digby. Affiliated Societies iii Hon. Secretary and Treasurer : Sidney H. Godfrey, " Homeville," Merton Avenue, Chiswick, W. Objects : To renew old acquaintance ; to strengthen the bond of friend ship ; to give advice and cissistance to friendless Ottregians ; to discuss home topics, and to publish home news. Qualification : Natives of the postal district of Ottery St. Mary, and persons who have lived for any length of time in the town. Subscription : 2s. 6d. per annum ; ladies, is. 6d. Meetings : Once in eight weeks at the Ottregian Room, The Cabin, Strand, W.C., and once a year at Kew Gardens, an annual concert at the Cripplegate Institute Hall, and a special train on Whit-Mondays to Ottery St. Mary. A Benevolent Fund. A quarterly journal (free to members), containing news of Ottery St. Mary, and of Ottery people all over the world. THREE TOWNS ASSOCIATION (Plymouth, Stonehouse, and Devonport) in London. Founded 1897. President : W. H. Pawley, Esq. Vice-Presidents : Major Waldorf Astor, M.P. ; A. Shirley Benn, Esq., M.P. ; Sir Clement Kinloch-Cooke, M.P. ; Sir John Jackson, M.P. ; J. A. Hawke, Esq., K.C. (Recorder of Plymouth) ; The Right Hon. H. E. Duke, K.C, M.P., P.C. ; Dr. Blake Odgers, K.C. ; The Mayor of Plymouth ; Sir Charles Radford, J. P. ; G. H. Radford, Esq., M.P. ; H. H. Vivian, Esq., J. P. ; Captain A. E. Spender, J. P. ; P. H. Pridham Wippell, Esq., J. P. ; W. J. McCoRMACK, Esq., J. P. ; Rev. A. J. Waldron ; W. Fowell, Esq. ; Frank I. Lyons, Esq. ; W. T. Madge, Esq. Hon. Treasurer : W. M. Bircham. Hon. Recreation Secretary : F. C. Warren. Hon. General Secretary : F. C. Gurry, 93, Peterborough Rd, Fulham, S.W. Object : The promotion of social and intellectual intercourse among the members and associates. Qualification : Connection with the Three Towns by birth or residence. Subscription : Gentlemen 3s. 6d. per annum, ladies is. per annum. Meetings : Annual dinner, children's party, dances, smokers, whist drives, Bohemian concerts, summer outing. Headquarters : St. Bride Institute, Bride Lane, Ludgate Circus, E.C. The past season has been carried through under conditions unprecedented in the history of the Association, the annual dinner, the usual dances, and the summer outing having been omitted from our programme for the first time. A large majority of our members felt that the other functions, especially the children's party, should take place as usual. The good attendance on most of the occzisions quite justified the holding of the meetings, and, further, good collections were made at the various gatherings in aid of several war funds. The children's party, as usual, provided the happiest meeting of the season. Our membership has been largelj' affected by the War, many members, including several of the committee, being on active service. We hope to welcome them all back in safety at the end of the war, and trust that our next report will be made in happier circumstances. 112 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 THE TIVERTONIAN ASSOCIATION. Founded 1909. President : Vice-Presidents : Sir George Kekewich, K.C.B. ; Sir Robert Newman, Bart., D.L., J.P. ; Colonel E. T. Clifford, VD ; Sir Ian M. Heath- coat Amory, Bart., J.P. ; Rev. Martin Anstey, M.A., B.D, ; Rev. W. p. Besley, M.A. ; Rev. S. J. Childs-Clarke, M.A. ; G. E. Cockram, Esq. ; John Coles, Esq., J.P. ; J. A. Eccles, Esq. ; F. Chubb-Finch, Esq. ; Thos. H. Ford, Esq., J.P. ; The Mayor of Tiverton (A. T. Gregory, Esq.) ; E. V. Huxtable, Esq. ; The Mayor of Wrexham (S. G. Jarman, Esq.) ; Lewis Mackenzie, Esq. ; H. Mudford, Esq., J.P. ; G. H. Radford, Esq., M.P. ; E. J. Snell, Esq.; JohnThorne, Esq., J.P. ; W. Thorne, Esq. ; F. G. Wright, Esq, Chairman : F. Snell. Deputy -Chairman : F. A. Perry. Hon. Treasurer and Assistant Secretary : E. T. Clarke. Hon. Secretary : W. Passmore, ioi, Elspeth Rd., Clapham Common, S.W, Representative in Tiverton : H. Hippisley. Objects : To promote friendly intercourse amongst Tivertonians ; to assist those in need ; and to advise and influence young men starting on a commercial or professional career. Qualification : Persons connected with the Tiverton Parliamentary Division by birth, descent, marriage, or former residence. Subscription: Ordinary Members (Ladies or Gentlemen), 2s. per annum; Hon. Members — Gentlemen, los., Ladies, 5s. Meetings : Concerts, whist drives, dances, and annual dinner during the winter months. The Association has been affiliated to St. Bride Institute. Membership over 450. In consequence of the European War the programme arranged for the session 1914-15 was considerably modified. The annual dinner was abandoned, and two dances and a concert were cancelled. The annual Whitsuntide excursion to Tiverton had also to be foregone on account of the necessary railway facilities not being available. The Committee felt, however, that opportunities for reunion should be provided, and a series of whist drives was held, the proceeds being devoted to the Mayor of Tiverton's Patriotic Fund. A complimentary supper to the Tiverton men of the Devon National Reserves stationed at Han well was given by the Committee, several of whom are serving in the armed Forces of the country, at the Shakespeare Hotel, Victoria, S.W., on March 17. Mr. G. E. Cockram, a popular Vice-President of the Association, presided. By courtesy of the Officer Commanding, the Tiverton men were given leave in order that they might avail themselves of the Committee's invita- tion, and a very pleasant evening resulted. On August 12 Tiverton celebrated the tercentenary of the granting of its first municipal charter. The Association was officially represented in the procession from the Town Hall to St. Peter's Church, and at the .service, by Mr. W. Passmore (Hon. Sec.) and Mr. F. A. Perry (Deputy- Chairman). A most interesting and appropriate sermon was preached by the Rev. John Carpenter, M.A. (an old Tivertonian) . Several other members of the Association were also present, and were entertained to tea at the Town Hall by the Mayoress. The charters (one bearing the signature of Judge Jeffreys) and other historical documents were on view, and were a source of great interest. The Association has to mourn the loss of its President (Lieut, the Hon. Lionel Walrond, M.P.) who died in Scotland from the effects of a chill contracted whilst serving with the British Expeditionary Force in France. Affiliated Societies 113 WEST BUCKLAND SCHOOL OLD BOYS' ASSOCIATION. (London Branch.) Founded 1899. President : Alderman Thomas Parry, J. P. (late Chairman of the Mon- mouthshire County Council). Vice-Presidents : G. William Hill, Esq., M.D., 13.Sc. ; Prof. T. B. Abell, M.I.N.A. Chairman : Prof. T. A. Hearson, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.N.A., F.C.I. P.A. Hon. Secretary : F. H. Shelley, 15, Bishopsgate, E.C. Objects : To keep Old Boys in touch with the School and with each otlier ; to promote gatherings among Old Boys for pleasure and sport ; and to further the interests of the School generally. Qualification : Education at West Buckland School. Subscription : Life membership, half a guinea. Meetings : Annual dinner in London, and other social gatherings during the winter months. The School Magazine (2s. per annum) is issued each term, containing news of Old Boys all over the world. During the past year all the usual social gatherings have been abandoned, owing to the large percentage of members on active service. After the annual meeting, however, on November 18, 1914, Professor W. S. Abell, Chief Ship Surveyor at Lloyds, delighted the members present with an interesting lantern lecture on Naval Architecture, several of the slides being from actual photographs taken by Japanese officers during the Russo-Japanese War. The Hon. Secretary would be pleased to receive particulars of Old Boys serving in His Majesty's Forces. SOCIETY OF DEVONIANS IN BRISTOL. Founded 1891. President : W. Roberts, Esq. Vice-President : W. J. Southwood, Esq. Hon. Treasurer : A. Dodge. Hon. Secretary : H. Garland, 180, Redland Road, Bristol. Objects : To promote friendly intercourse amongst Devonians in Bristol by social gatherings, and to assist benevolent or charitable objects, with a special regard to those in which Devonians are interested. Qualification : Natives, and others connected with Devon. Subscription : 3s. per annum ; ladies, 2s. 6d. Meetings : Annual dinner, and concerts, etc., from time to time. The Society possesses a Presidental Badge, each Past- President con- tributing a link for a chain. The proceedings of the Society during the past ye»r have been of an interesting character The Annual Dinner was abandoned owing to the national emergency, but the Committee, with a view to promoting the spirit of fraternity among the members and to sustaining interest in the Society, organized two Social Gatherings, one of which was held in the early, and the other in the latter, part of the year. The attendance at each of these was highly satisfactory and the entertainments provided were much enjoyed. It was decided to give the proceeds, after deducting expenses, to one of the Patriotic Funds. Another large and representative gathering took place on the occasion of the presentation by the Society of a testimonial to the Rev. A. N. Blatchford, who has left Bristol to take up his residence in his native county. By the removal of this highly-esteemed Past- President, the Society, of which he was one of 8 114 ^^ Devonian Year Book, 1916 the founders, sustained a great loss, and the Committee have given expression to this feeUng in their minutes, and have added that they recognize with pleasure and pride the good and valuable work which he has done for the city of his adoption during a period of nearly half a century. They have also elected him to an honorary life membership. On the announcement being made that Dr. Barclay Baron, Past- President, had been selected for nomination to the dignified position of Lord Mayor of Bristol, the Committee offered their congratulations to him and conveyed the hope that he may have health and strength to perform the duties of the office with satisfaction to himself, credit to his native county, and advantage to the city of his adoption. In his reply the Lord Mayor Elect said that of all the congratulations he had received none had given him greater pleasure than that forwarded by the Committee, and he trusted that at the end of his year of office all his fellow-citizens from the dear old county would be able to say that he had kept the flag flying topmast high. It is gratifying to record that the number of applications for relief during the past year is the lowest since the formation of the Society, the Hon. Treasurer having had occasion to grant assistance in thirteen cases only. It is also satisfactory to report that the Society is in a sound financial condition, there being a substantial balance in hand. A donation of two guineas was made to the Devonshire Patriotic Fund, and another of five guineas to the Mayoress of Exeter's Fund for providing refresh- ments and comforts for troops passing through the city. In acknow- ledging the latter, the Mayoress described it as a welcome gift, and expressed her appreciation of the feeling which prompted it. The Committee greatly regret the loss by death of Mr. James Cann, late Chief Constable of the City of Bristol, and Mr. W. Pitchford, two Past-Presidents, who were held in great esteem and took a whole-hearted interest in the welfare of the Society. Another loss was occasioned by a fatal accident to Mr. J . Pitman, who was also one of the oldest members. There is a slight falling oft in the membership owing to removals, resignations, and the causes already mentioned, and it is earnestly hoped that members will co-operate with the Committee in inducing Devonians to join the Society, so that the objects with which it was formed may be more fully realized. CARDIFF DEVONSHIRE SOCIETY. Founded 1906. President : W. T. Svmonds, Esq., J. P. Vice-Presidents : Hon. Stephen Coleridge, Sir Harry T. Eve, Rt. Hon. George Lambert, M.I\, Sir Robert Newman, Bart.. Jas. Radlev, Esq. Chairman : Sir Wm. Crossman. Hon. Treasurer : A. Akenhead. Hon. Secretaries : E. W. Benjamin and John Evans, 99, St. Mary Street, Cardiff. Objects : To bring Devonians in Cardiff more closely together, to foster the traditions of the County, and to raise a fund to afford temporary relief to necessitous and deserving Devonians. Qualification : Birth or descent. Subscription : 5s. per annum. Meetings : Annual dinner. Affiliated Societies 115 THE ASSOCIATION OF WEST COUNTRYMEN IN FOLKESTONE. Founded 191 3. President : W. H. Routly, Esq. (Holsworthy). Vice-Presidents : T. Bound v, Esq. (Tiverton) ; D'Arcy Clayton Esq. (South Molton). Hon. Treasurer : H. Chapple (Chittlehampton). Hon. Secretary : W. E. Cross (Exeter), 91, Sandgate Road, Folkestone. Objects : Social intercourse, entertainments, drives and excursions, and assisting benevolent and charitable funds. Qualifications : Birth or descent : Devon, Cornwall, or Somersets Subscription : Gentlemen, 2s. 6d. ; Ladies, is. This Society has had a successful and interesting year in spite of the war conditions prevaiUng. On December 9 a concert was given at the Town Hall, with " Jan Stewer " as the leading attraction ; as a result of this concert oVer ;£io was handed over to the Mayor's war funds and Belgian relief fund. The annual meeting on February 3 was followed by a most enjoyable whist drive. On June 16 a country drive to Barham and Broom Park (the seat of Lord Kitchener) took place, followed by tea, and was a great success. Other motor excursions under the auspices of the Society have taken place during the summer, and the interest was well sustained. A silver cigarette case (suitably inscribed) was presented to the late Hon. Secretary (who has left the district) as a slight appreciation of his valuable services. XEICESTER AND SOUTH MIDLANDS DEVON AND CORNWALL ASSOCIATION. Founded 1900. President : E. G. Tardrew, Esq. Vice-Presidents : H. Burdett, Esq., C. J. Hopkins, Esq., F. C. Pulsford, Esq., J. TiTLEY, sen., Esq. Hon. Treasurer : W. A. Clarke. Joint Hon. Secretaries : F. W. Honey and J. Titley, jun., 26, Lower Hastings Street, Leicester. Objects : To promote social intercourse between Devonians and Cornish- men resident in the district, and the study and cultivation of the folklore of the two counties. Qualification : Birth, parentage, or residence for 20 years in Devon or Cornwall. Subscription : 2s. 6d. per annum. Meetings : Annual dinner. DEVONIANS IN LIVERPOOL AND DISTRICT. Founded 1895. President : Henry Smith, Esq. (Dartmouth). Vice-Presidents : Thomas Beer, Esq. (Exeter) ; John Jones, Esq. (Plymouth) ; E. F. Stanley, Esq. (Dartmouth) ; Capt. A. B. Toms (Plymouth) ; T. W. Warren, Esq. (Plymouth) ; John R. Watkins, Esq. (Plymouth). Hon. Treasurer : Joseph Furze (Tavistock). Hon. Secretary : G. A. Brooking (Brixham), 7 James Street, Liverpool. Object : Social intercourse. Qualification : Birth, parentage on either side, residence, or marriage. Subscription : 2S. 6d. per annum. Meetings : Annual dinner, social gatherings, whist drives, children's parties, etc. Ii6 ' The Devonian Year Book, 191 6 PORTSMOUTH DEVONIAN SOCIETY. President : Lieut. H. E. Lidiard, R.N.S.M. Vice-Presidents : J. Carpenter, Esq. ; W. Dart, Esq. ; J. W. Gieve. Esq. ; R. K. Niner, E.sq. ; P. G. D. Winter, Esq. Hon. Treasurer : E. G. Stephens. Entertainment Secretary : W. J. Davies. Hon. Secretary : W. G. Collins, 33, Lyndhurst Road, North End, Ports- mouth. Objects : To bring together Devonians residing in Portsmouth and district, to form a common county bond of friendship, and to assist as far as possible those in need. Qualifications : Birth, parentage, ten years' residence, or marriage. Meetings : Annual Dinner, whist drives, dances, concerts, outings, excur- sions, etc. The President's Chain of Ofifice, bearing the arms of Devon and Ports- mouth, the nucleus of which was the gift of J. Carpenter, Esq. (Tiverton), has a link added to it by the President of each year, bearing his name. The past year has been one in which the Society has been asked, more frequently than ever, to co-operate with the promoters of charities, and it has been able in a great measure to swell the funds of the local hospitals and various relief funds. Unfortunately, no summer or winter programme could be arranged, as, owing to the grave national crisis, many of our officers, committee, and members have been called to arms ; but it is lioped that, as soon as circumstances permit, a programme will be arranged. In this great naval and military centre it is obvious that Devonians connected with the services have gone to take their places in defence of their King and Country. We must wish for the time to come when success shall have crowned their efforts and they may be once again in our midst. The membership has been well maintained, and the financial position is sound. READING AND DISTRICT DEVON AND CORNISH ASSOCIATION. Founded 1895. President : Rev. G. F. Coleridge, R.D., M.A. Vice-Presidents : E. Bowden, Esq. ; J. Bucknell, Esq. ; H. Chown, Esq.; J. Ellis, Esq.; Rev. Canon W. W. Fowler, M.A., D.Sc. ; R. Hall, Esq.; J. Harris, Esq.; J. Morse, Esq.; G. E. B. Rogers. Esq. ; J. H. Rowe, Esq. ; H. O. Serpell, Esq. ; G. Shorland, Esq.; P. W. Teague, Esq. ; W. J. Toye, Esq., M.A. ; and Dr. J. Hopkins Walters. Chairman of Committee : Rev. Canon W. W. Fowler, M.A., D.Sc. Hon. Treasurer : Councillor A. I. Maker. Hon. Auditor : T. R. Kittow. Hon. Secretaries : Clement Tregav, 17, Donnington Road, Reading ; F. H. Yellen, 47, Market Place, Reading. Objects : To maintain the interest of members in the old Counties ; to foster the wholesome clannish characteristics of Devonians and Comishmen ; and to encourage friendly intercourse among members. Qualification : Birth or descent. Subscription : is. per annum (minimum). Meetings : Annual dinner, annual river trip, social gatherings, whist drives, dances, etc. Aviated Societies 117 SWANSEA DEVONIAN SOCIETY. Founded 1894. President : T. R. de Gay, Esq. Vice-Presidents : S. Daniel, Esq. ; J. Dyer, Esq. ; W. A. Ford, Esq. ; J. B. Gill, Esq.; T. W. Hews, Esq.; W. R. Jefford, Esq.; C. H. Newcombe, Esq. ; C. T. Passmore, Esq. ; H. Salter, Esq. Chairman : H. Salter, Esq. Hon. Secretaries : S. T. Drew and F. Lane. Objects : To promote fraternal feelings, social intercourse and entertain- ment ; to purchase books on the history of Devon, and to render assistance in case of need. Qualification : Birth or descent. Subscription : is. per annum. Meetings : Social gatherings at intervals, sunimer excursion in August, annual dinner in November. Our Roll of Honour contains the names of 120 members serving their King and Country, and the sum of £^ has been sent to the Mayoress of Plymouth towards Christmas gifts for the Devon Regiment. DEVONIAN SOCIETY IN CALCUTTA. - Founded igoi. President : J. Cottle, Esq. Vice-President : Dr. H. Pedler. Hon. Secretary and Treasurer : R. P. Adams, 3. Lee Road, Calcutta. Objects : To promote a common County bond of friendship, and to render aid to Devonians in India. Qualification : Birth or long residence. Subscription : Rs. 12 per annum. Meetings : Annual dinner and ball, generally in January. THE DEVONIAN SOCIETY OF RHODESIA. Patrons : Sir Lewis Michell, C.V.O. ; R. T. Coryndon, Esq., C.M.G. President : Dr. J. Dyke Acland. Vice-Presidents : E. Basch, Esq. ; W. Bridgman, Esq. ; J. VV. Mayne, Esq. ; V. A. New, Esq. Hon. Secretary and Treasurer : C. F. Osmoxd, P.O. Box 165, Bulawayo, Rhodesia. Objects : To encourage and promote social intercourse and good fellow- ship ; to advance the interests of Devonians in Rhodesia, and to co-operate with kindred societies ; and to help Devonians in distress. Qualification : Birth, parentage, or seven years' residence. Subscription : los. 6d. per annum, or 5 guineas for life membership. THE MONTREAL DEVONLA.N SOCIETY. Founded 19 14. President : Prof. Charles E. Moyse (Torquay), B.A., LL.D., Vice- Principal and Dean of the Faculty of Arts, McGill University. Vice-Presidents : \V. H. Blackaller, Esq. (Crediton) ; F. H. Devenish, Esq. (E.xeter) ; Lieut. -Col. L. Edye (Hatherleigh) ; W. Hubber, Esq. (Crediton) ; W. Livermore, Esq. (Woodbury) ; C. W. Parkin, Esq. (Barnstaple) ; E. W. T. Raddon, Esq. (Exmouth). Treasurer : Geo. Harrison (Torquay). Assistant Secretary : Greville C. Hems (Exeter). Auditors: R. Pickford (Plymouth); H. S. T. Piper (Plymouth). ii8 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Committee : J. J. Benning (Barnstaple) ; W. Lock (Woodbury) ; Jas. Mock (Ilfracombe) ; R. Pickford (Plymouth) ; Geo. Pillage (Torquay) ; H. C. Stuart (Devonport). Secretary : Geo. H. Warren (Torquay), 37a, Troy Avenue, Verdun, Montreal. Objects : To renew old acquaintances, to form new ones, and with those who hold a common interest and are bound by mutual ties ; to per- petuate the traditions, literature, folklore, etc., of Devon ; to foster the study of these locally ; and to promote the spirit of fraternity among our fellow-countrymen in Canada as it exists among them at home. Qualifications : Natives of Devon, their immediate descendants, or (subject to the approval of the Committee) former residents in Devon. Subscription : One dollar. Meetings : The First Wednesday in each month, at St. George's Hall, 5, Mansfield St. Our first year's efforts have been very satisfactory, and the Committee have every reason to congratulate themselves on the success attained. Eighty-five members, representative of the whole County, were on the books at the conclusion of the season. Fourteen have joined the various Canadian units for overseas service, and are now either in the firing line or in trainihg. One of our founders — H. E. Harris (Ilfracombe) — has been wounded. Notable events during the season were the socials held in January and April, the whist drive in March, the picnic to Otterburn Park on Dominion Day, and the social given in honour of the Devonians of H.M.S. Carnarvon in August. The first annual meeting took the form of a dinner on October 6, 1915, at the headquarters of the Society, when the President occupied the chair, and was supported by Messrs. W. H. Blackaller and E. W. T. Raddon. DEVONIAN SOCIETY OF OTTAWA. Founded 191 2. President : Lieut. -Col. S. M.wnard Rogers. Vice-Presidents : Commander P. C. W. Howe, R.N. ; Hon. W. H. Hoyle, M.P. ; Hon. F. D. Monk, M.P. ; Rev. G. P. Woollcombe. Chairman : W. E. Hooper, Esq. Hon. Secretary and Treasurer : A. J. Mudge, 505, Cooper St., Ottawa, Ont. Objects : To promote a spirit of fraternity amongst Devonians in Ottawa and district, by means of social intercourse ; to foster a continued love of the County ; and to advance and protect the interests of Devonians generally. Qualification : Birth, descent, marriage. Subscription : One dollar per annum. Meetings : The third Monday in each month at Moreland Hall, Corner Fourth Avenue and Bank Street. THE TORONTO DEVONIAN SOCIETY. Founded 1907. President : C. Lee Hutchings, Esq. Vice-President : J. H. Hayden, Esq. Hon. Treasurer : W. White. Assistant Secretary : F. M'Lean. Hon. Secretary : W. Skelton, ioi, Leslie Street, Toronto, E. Objects : To renew old acquaintances and to form new ones with those who hold a common interest ; to foster a knowledge of the traditions, literature, folklore, etc., of Devonshire ; and to promote the spirit of fraternity among Devonians in Canada. Affiliated Societies 119 Qualification : Birth or descent. Subscription : One dollar per annum. Meetings : The second and fourth Thursdays of each month, in the Sons of England Hall, Richmond Street East, the meetings to be alter- nately of a business and social character. DEVON, CORNWALL, AND SOMERSET SOCIETY OF MANITOBA. Founded 1907. Hon. President : J. Hooper, Esq. President : W. A. Dyer, Esq. President Ladies' Auxiliary : Mrs. Pile. Vice-Presidents : W. J. Vicary, Esq. (Devon) ; F. J. Buckingham, Esjj. (Cornwall) ; H. G. Palmer, Esq. (Somerset). Treasurer : A. H. Daw. Hon. Secretary : F. C. Stone, 386, Kennedy Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Objects : To renew old acquaintances, to form new ones with those who hold a common interest and are bound by mutual ties ; to perpetuate the traditions, literature, folklore, etc., of Devon ; to foster the study of these locally and of the County at large ; and to promote the spirit of fraternity amongst our fellow-countrymen abroad as it exists among them at home. Qualifications : Devonian men and women, and others connected with the County. Subscription : One dollar for men ; ladies exempt. Meetings : Monthly, time and place fixed by Committee. VICTORIA DEVONIANS, B.C. Founded 191 2. President : Hon Edgar Dewdney. Chairman : Henry Martyn, Esq. (Devonport). Vice-Chairmen : Alan Dumbleton, Esq. ; Joseph H. List, Esq. (Barn- staple). Recorder : H. Pike (Torquay). Hon. Auditor : W. Curtis Sampson (South Molton). Joint Hon. Secretaries and Treasurers : Fred. J. Henson (Tiverton), S. Henson (Tiverton), Box 1208, Victoria, B.C. Objects : (i) To promote friendly intercourse amongst Devonians residing in Victoria and district, by means of meetings and special re-unions, and by keeping in communication with Devonians at home and elsewhere. (2) To foster a knowledge of the history, folklore, litera- ture, music, arts and antiquities of the county of Devon. (3) To carry out from time to time approved schemes for the benefit of Devonians residing at home and in Victoria and district. Qualifications : Birth, descent, marriage, or residence of more than five years in Devon. NEW ZEALAND DEVONIAN SOCIETY. Founded 191 2. President : W. U. Timewell, Esq. Vice-Presidents : Miss Heath ; D. Teed, Esq. Chairman : B. Reeves, Esq. Committee : Mrs. Brendon, Mfts. Tozer, Messrs. Brendon, Cranch, W. W. Gliddon-Richardson, and Tozer. Hon. Treasurer : C. Newland. Hon. Secretary (pro temi) : Robt. Tozer, "Moirville," Wynyard Street. Auckland, N.Z. 120 The Devonian Year Book, 191& Devonian Societies not Affiliated. {With Names and Addresses of Secretaries.) (A) At Home. Bath and District Devonian Society. — A. T. Harris. Bexhill and District West-Country Association. — F. B. Temple, Bexhill. Birmingham and Midland Devonian Society. — T. W. Hussey, 21 First Avenue, Selly Park, Birmingham. Bournemouth and District West-Country Association. — E. S. Rosevear, 100, Alma Road, Bournemouth. West-Country Association, Eastbourne. — W. Percy Glanfiekl and E. Akery, Albemarle Hotel, Eastbourne. The Association of West-Countrymen in Hampshire. — F. A. Grant, 37, Padwell Road, The Avenue, Southampton. Hull Devonian Society. — F. C. Wood, Spring Bank, Hull. Devonian Society in Manchester and District. — J. A. Bustard, 4, Mauldeth Road, Withington, Manchester. Devon and Cornwall Society, Newport (Mon.) and District. — J. Cowling, 3, Annesley Road, Maindee, Newport (Mon.). Northamptonshire West-Country Association. — W. Chaffe, North- ampton. Reigate and Redhill and District Devon and Cornwall Associa- tion.— Henry Libby, " Cromer," Ringwood Avenue, Redhill. Rochester, Chatham, Gillingham, and District Devon and Corn- wall Association. — W. J. Manicom. Devon, Cornwall, and West-Country Association for the County OF Surrey. — W. J. Davis, Lulworth, Guildford. Society of West-Countrymen in West Kent (Tunbridge Wells, Tonbridge and District). — O. B. Geake, 48, Dudley Road, Tunbridge Wells. Devonians in Weston-super-Mare. — T. J. Kerslake, Alexandra Parade, Westcn-super-Mare. Weymouth and District Devonian Society. — Mr. Billingsly, Wey- mouth. Devonians in the Isle of Wight. — W. Ormsby Rymer, 33a, Holyrood Street, Newport, I.W. Devonians and Cornishmen in Worcestershire.— W. J. Pearce and C. D. Willis, Berrow's Worcester Journal Office, Worcester. (B) Abroad. West of England Association of Cape Town. — A. F. Steer, P.O. Box 1169, Cape Town. Cornwall and Devon Association of Durban and District. — W. H. Trevaskis, 263, Clark Road, Durban. West of England Association in Edmonton, Alberta. — E. G. Rendell, 236, Jasper Avenue, W., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Hong-Kong Devonian Society. — P. Jacks, Hong-Kong. Cornwall and Devon Association of New South Wales. — James Jenkin, St. Day, Wilberforce Avenue, Rose Bay, Sydney, N.S.W. Rules oj the London Devonian Association 121 Rules of the London Devonian Association. 1. Name. — The name of the Society shall be "The London Devonian Association." 2. Objects. — The objects of the Society shall be : — {a) To encourage the spirit of local patriotism — " that righteous and God-given feeling which is the root of all true patriotism, valour, civilization " — the spirit that animated the great Devonian heroes who defeated the Spanish Armada and laid the foundations of the British Empire. (b) To form a central organization in London to promote Devonian interests, and to keep Devonians throughout the world in communication with their fellows at home and abroad. (c) To promote friendly intercourse amongst De- vonians residing in London and district, by means of meetings and social re-unions. (d) To foster a knowledge of the History, Folklore, Literature, Music, Art, and Antiquities of the County. (e) To carry out from time to time approved schemes for the benefit of Devonians residing in London or elsewhere. 3. Constitution. — The Society shall consist of Life and Ordinary Members and Associates.* 4. Qualification. — Any person residing in London or district who is connected with the County of Devon by birth, descent, marriage, or former residence, shall be eligible for membership, but such person shall be nominated by a Member and the nomination submitted to the Committee, who shall at their first Meeting after receipt of the nomina- tion by the Hon. Secretary, decide by vote as to the accept- ance or otherwise of the nomination. 5. Subscription. — The annual subscription to the Society shall be 5/- for gentlemen, and 2/6 for ladies and those under 21 years of age. Members of other recognized Devonian * All Devonians (whether by birth, descent, marriage, or residence) not at present residing in London or district are eligible as Associates. Ihe subscription is 2 6 per annum, or two guineas for life, and each Associate receives a copy of the Year Book. 122 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Associations in London shall be admitted as Members on the nomination of their representatives on the Committee at an annual subscription of 2/6. The subscription for Life Membership shall be two guineas for gentlemen and one guinea for ladies. Subscriptions will be payable on election and each subsequent 30th September. The name of any Member whose subscription is in arrear for six months may be removed from the list of Members at the discretion of the Committee. 6. Ofllcers. — The Officers of the Society shall be a President, Chairman, Hon. Secretary, Hon. Subscription Secretary, and Hon. Treasurer, all of whom shall be elected at the Annual Meeting. 7. Management. — The management of the Society shall be vested in a Committee, consisting of the President, Chair- man, Hon. Secretary, Hon. Assistant Secretary, Hon. Treasurer, and fifteen other Members, and a representative elected by each of the other Devonian Associations in London, such representatives to be Members of the Society. 8. Meetings of Committee. — The Committee shall meet at least once a quarter. Seven to form a quorum. 9. Chairman of Committee. — The Committee at their first Meeting after the Annual Meeting shall elect a Chairman and a Deputy-Chairman from Members of the Association. 10. Power of Committee. — ^The Committee shall be empowered to decide all matters not dealt with in these rules, subject to an appeal to a General Meeting. 11. Auditors. — Two Members, who are not Members of the Committee, shall be elected at each Annual Meeting to audit the Accounts of the Society. 12. Annual General Meeting. — The Annual General Meeting shall be held in the month of October, when all Officers, five Members of the Committee, and Auditors shall retire, but be eligible for re-election. The business of the Annual General Meeting shall be the election of Officers, five Committee men, and two Auditors ; presentation of Annual Report and Balance Sheet for the year ending 30th September ; and any other business, due notice of which has been given to the Hon. Secretary, according to the Rules. Rules of the London Devonian Association 123 13. Special General Meeting. — A Special General Meeting shall be summoned by the Hon. Secretary within fourteen days by a resolution of the Committee, or within twenty- one days of the receipt of a requisition signed by 30 Mem- bers of the Society, such requisition to state definitely the business to be considered. 14. Notice of Meeting. — Seven days' notice shall be given of all General Meetings of the Society, the date of postmark to be taken as the date of circular. 15. Alteration of Rules. — No alteration or addition to these Rules shall be made except at the Annual Meeting (when due notice of such alteration or addition must have been sent to the Hon. Secretary on or before 23rd September) or at a Special General Meeting. A copy of the proposed alteration or addition shall be sent to Members with notice of Meeting. The Association is affiliated to the Conference of English County Societies in London, whose headquarters are at Cannon- Street Hotel, E.C. Oak shields, with the arms of the Association painted in proper colours, may be obtained from F. C. Southwood, 96, Regent Street, W. Price, with motto, 6s., without motto, 4s. 6d. Badges, with the arms in enamel and gilt, price 4s. 3d., or brooches, price 3s. 3d., may be obtained from W. J. Carroll, 33, Walbrook, E.C. Gold brooches, price 25s. A few copies of the Devonian Year Books for 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914. and 1915, remain in stock. Price 2s. 6d., by post 2s. 9d. Apphcation should be made to the Hon. Secre- tary, John W. Sh.awyer, 16, Regent Street, W. 124 ^''^^ Devonian Year Book, 1916 List of Members and Associates. An asterisk (*) indicates Life Member. A double dagger (J) indicates Associate. ♦Abell, Prof. T. B. (Exmouth). M.I.N. A., Ashleigh, Greenbank Drive, Liverpool. ♦Abell, Prof. Westcott Stile (Exmouth), M.I.N.A., 11, Wedderburn Road, Hampstead, N.W. Comwittee. Acland, Captain J. W. (Columb-John), 25, Colville Square, W. Acland, Theodore Dyke (Columb-John), M.D., 19, Bryanston Square, W. Vice-President. Adams, A. A. (Werrington) , C.A., Frankfield, Stanhope Road, Homsey Lane, N. J Adams, Maxwell (Wolborough), c /o Messrs. W. Brendon & Son, Ltd., Plymouth. tAdams, R. A. Chingswell Street, Bideford. JAdams, R. P. {Calcutta Soc). JAdams, — (Plymouth), 3, George Lane, Folkestone. {Folkestone Assoc.) JAmery, J. S. (Ashburton), " Druid," Ashburton, Devon. Andrews, Mrs. (Tiverton,) 855, Fulham Road, S.W. Andrews, Mrs. Lilian (Plymouth), 3, Old Cavendish Street, Cavendish Square, W. JAnning, W. (Starcross), J. P., Hatherleigh, Newport, Mon. lAshton, S. H. (Beaford), Blaney, King William's Town, South Africa. A.stor, Major Waldorf (Plymouth), M.P., Cliveden, Taplow. Vice- President. Bailey, E. E. (Lynton), 29, Elmfield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. Bailey, Mrs. (Lynton), 29, Elmfield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. Baily, J. (Teignmouth), 144, Harborough Road, Streatham, S.W. Baker, Richard (Filleigh), Coventry Restaurant, Rupert Street, W. Barker, Mrs. M. Walcot (Plymouth), 150, Murchison Road, Leyton, E. Barnes, R. Stewart (Yealmpton), 53, Moorgate Street, E.C. Hon. Assistant Secretary. Barnes, Mrs. (Brixham), 9, Russell Road, Crouch End. N. Bastin, T. W. (Paignton), Messrs. Bastin, Merrvfield, and Cracknell, Great Castle Street, W. JBates, J. H. {Calcutta Soc). Battishill, Miss Marion (Plymouth), 14, Holmewood Road, S. Norwood, S.E. *Beare, J. H. (Holbeton), 88, Sistova Road, Balham, S.W. Beare, Mrs. (Holbeton), 88, Sistova Road, Balham, S.W. JBeed, T. A. (Devonport), 16. Polwarth Gardens, Hyndland, Glasgow. Beer, Miss D. Vernon (Bideford), 67, Lanercost Rd., Tulse Hill, S.W. Bell, Miss Annie (Kingsbridge), 58, Humber Road, Blackheath, S.E. Bell, Morrison-. See Morrison-Bell. Belsey, Herbert H. (Barnstaple), 32, South Eaton Place, S.W. Benn, A. Shirley (Plymouth), M.P., 18, Bolton Gardens, S.W. Vice- President. Bennett, J. (Totnes), 5, Bruton Street, Bond Street, W. Bennett, Samuel (Devonport), 6, Hemington Avenue, Friern Bamet, N. List of Members and Associates 125 Besley, Canon W. P. (Barnstaple), M.A., 9, Amen Court, St. Paul's, E.C. Vice-President. Bickerton, E. H. (Stonehouse) 7, Bushey Hill Road, Camberwell, S.E. Bidgood, G. S. (Tiverton), 8, Homsey Lane Gardens, Highgate, N. Bidgood, Mrs., 8, Hornsey Lane Gardens, Highgate, N. Bidgood, R. (Tiverton), 20, Beaconsfield Road, New Soulhgate, N. Bird, Wm. (Shaldon). 170. Fordwych Rd., Cricklewood. N.W. Bishenden, Mrs. 1. M. (Newton Abbot), 105, New Oxford Street, W. Blackmore, W. (Uffculme), 50, Aston Road, Raynes Park, S.W. Bond, Mrs. Douglas (Tavistock), 22, Surrey Street, Victoria Embank- ment, W.C. :JBoundy, T. (Tiverton), 9-1 1, Sandgate Road. Folkestone. IFolkeslone Assoc.) *Boume, C. W. (Ilfracombe), 19, Fairlawn Road, Wimbledon, S.W. Bowden, A. T. (North Tawton), 76, Newgate Street, E.C. Bowen. Stanley J. (Bideford), 10, St. Paul's Avenue, Cricklewood, N.W. Comniillee. JBovce, Archdeacon (Tiverton), St. Paul's Rectory, Cleveland Street, 'Sydney, N.S.W. Bragg, S. (Exeter), 8, Atherstone Terrace, Gloucester Road, S.W. JBrendon, — (Broadwood), Brighton Road, Remuera, Auckland. {New Zealand Assoc). Bridgeman, G. E. (Ugborough), 8, Lavender Sweep, Clapham Common, S.W. Committee. Bridgeman, S. J. S. (Ugborough), 8, Lavender Sweep, Clapham Common, S.W. Brimicombe, M. H. (Totnes), 22, Norfolk Street, Dalston, N.E. Brodie, C. H. (Exeter), F.R.I.B.A., 77, Park Lane, Croydon. Bromfield, T. (Exeter Club), 31, Ashbumham Grove, Greenwich. Bromham, Addison J. (Barnstaple), Westward Ho, Wimbledon Common. •Brooks, C. (Plymouth), 2, The Grange, Maitland Park, N W. Brown, A. S. (Sidbury), 61, Hubert Grove, Landor Road, Stockvvell, S.E. Brown, Miss E. M. (descent), i, Loraine Place, Holloway Road, N. Brown, Mrs. A. S. (Sidbury), 61, Hubert Grove, Landor Road, Stockwell. S.E. JBrown, Henry T. S. (Plymouth), 17, Newton Street, Ottawa, Canada. (Ottawa Soc). JBrowning, Walter, Buyford, Morchard Bishop, North Devon. ♦Bryant, E. D. (descent), 8, Florence Street, Ottawa, Canada. {Ottawa Soc.) Bryant, Mrs. E. M. (Torquay), 31, Palace Road, Crouch End, N. Bryant, H. W. (Devonport), 31, Palace Road, Crouch End, N. Bryant, S. W. (Plymouth), 174, Grove Road, Claphani Park, S.W. JBuckingham, F. J., 709, EUice Avenue, Winnipeg. {Manitoba Soc.) ♦Burlace, J. B. (Brixham), F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., 38, Corfton Road, EaUng, W. Vice-President ; Committee. ♦Burn, Colonel C. R. (Torquay), M.P., A.D.C., 48, Cadogan Place, W. Burrows, B. (Honiton), 67, Peterborough Road, Fulham, S.W. Burton, E. Cave- (Exeter), 46, Kenilworth Road, Penge, S.E. JBurton, H. (Newton Abbot), 144, Oxford Road, Reading. {Reading Assoc). Buse, A. G. (Shebbear), 16, Stamford Street, S.E. JButland, W. (Dittisham), 101, Clive Road, Fratton, Portsmouth. {Ports- mouth Soc). Byrne, K. J. J. (Kingsteignton), " The Elms." Orange Hill, Edgwarc, Middlesex. 126 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Campbell, R. J. P. (Exeter), 15, St. Margaret's Road, Plumstead. Cann, C. E. (Barnstaple), Holt House, East End Road, Church End, Finchley, N. Cann, G. H. (Northam), 35, Grosvenor Avenue, East Sheen. — Cann, Mrs. F. H. (Northam), 35, Grosvenor Avenue, East Sheen. Cann, J. O. (Brixham), 184, Euston Road, N.W. Cann, Miss M. (Morchard Bishop), 54, Alconbury Road, Upper Clapton, N.E. Carnell, John (Ottery St. Mary), 83, Phillimore Mews, High Street, Kensington. Carroll, C. (Torquay), 48, Manor Road, Stoke Newington, N. ♦Carter, G. E. L. (Exmouth), B.A., I.C.S., Assistant Collector, Karachi, Sind, India. ^Carter, Miss Ellen G. (Hartland), Hartland, North Devon. Carter, Mrs. Lilian (Exeter), 86, St. James's Road, Barnsbury, N, Gaunter, L. G. (Exeter), Eversholt Lodge, New Bamet. JCawley, R. (Sidmouth), 17, Manor Road, Folkestone. Champion, Norman W. (Shaldon), 8, Holmewood Gardens, Brixton Hill, S.W. Committee. Champion, W. (Shaldon), 8, Holmewood Gardens, Brixton Hill, S.W. JChanter, Rev. J. F., M.A. (Barnstaple), The Rectory, Parracombe, North Devon. JChapman, J. (Plymouth). Trevear, Addington South, Liskeard, Cornwall. JChapple, W. E. Pitfield, The Shrubbery, Axminster, Devon. JChapple, H. (Chittlehampton), 90, Sandgate Road, Folkestone. [Folke- stone Assoc.) JCharlewood, W. T., Sprin3;field, Bideford. Chettleburgh, Maurice (Plympton), 38, Redcliffe Gardens. W. Chettleburgh, Mrs. (Plympton), 38, Redcliffe Gardens, W. JChope, H. F. (Hartland), 27, Carsick View Road, Sheffield. JChope, Mrs. M. H. (Hartland), 41, View Terrace, Aberdeen. *Chope, R. Pearse (Hartland), B.A., Patent Office, 25, Southampton Buildings, W.C. Deputy-Chairman. JChope, S. R., Beverley, Bideford. JChopCi Engineer-Captain W. D., R.N. (Hartland), 30, Blythwood Road, Crouch Hill, N. JChope, W. H., 13, High Street, Bideford. JChubb, R. W. {Calcutta Soc). Churchward, Miss Doris (Torquay), 409, Oxford Street, W. Churchward, Miss M. (Torquay), 409, Oxford Street, \V. Churston, Rt. Hon. Lord (Brixham), C.V.O., Lupton, Brixham. Vice- President. Clark, W. H. D. (Plymouth), Patent Office, 25, Southampton Buildings, W.C Clarke, E. (Exeter Club), 14, Claude Road, Upton Park, E. Clarke, H. L. (Torrington) , London & South- Western Bank, Wanstead, Essex. Clarke, John (Honiton), 45, Marloes Road, Kensington, W. Clarke, Miss E. E. (descent), 41, Church Road, Brixton, S.W. Clarke, T. (Ottery St. Mary), 41, Church Road, Brixton, S.W. JClayton, D'Arcy (Southmolton), 3, Beachborough Villas, Folkestone. {Folkestone Assoc.) Clifford, Colonel E. T. (Exeter), VD, 6, Cranley Gardens, S.W. Vice- President; Chairman of Association. *Chfford of Chudleigh, Rt. Hon. Lord (Ugbrooke), VD, A.D.C., Ugbrooke Park, Chudleigh. Vice-President. Goad, R. Lawson (Ilfracombe), 27 and '28, Old Jewry, E.G. List of Members and Associates 127 JCoates, Lieut. -Col. Herbert (West Town), VD, 7, St. Stephen's Avenue, Bristol. (Bristol Soc). Cole, N. (Salcombe), 45, Allerton Road, Lordship Park, Stoke Newing- ton. N. Cole, Mrs. N. (Salcombe), 45, Allerton Road, Lordship Park, Stoke Newington, N. Cole, S. J. (Hartland), M.R.C.S.. Hampden Residential Club, Phoenix Street, N.W. JColeridge, Rev. G. F. (Cadbury), M.A., R.D., The Vicarage, Crowthome, Berks. {Reading Assoc). *Coles, John (Tiverton), J. P., 4, Kensington Park Gardens, W. Vice-President. Coles, W. Crosbie (Bideford), 23, Esmond Gardens, Bedford Park, W. CoUings. J. A. (Plymouth). 273. Uxbridge Road, W. JCoUins. W. G. (Devonport), 82, London Avenue.North End. Portsmouth (Portsmouth Soc.) Colwill, C. (North Petherwin), Pentire, Coombe Road, Croydon. Commin, E. G. (Exeter), 94, Upper Tulse Hill, S.W. Commin, Mrs. E. G. (Exeter), 94, Upper Tulse Hill, S.W. Commin, F. J. (Exeter), 96, Upper Tulse Hill, S.W. Commin, Mrs. F. J. (Exeter), 9*^, Upper Tulse Hill, S.W. Commin, Miss A. L. (Exeter), 96, Upper Tulse Hill, S.W. Commin, Miss M. O. (Exeter), 96, Upper Tulse Hill, S.W. Commin, R. G. (Exeter), 96, Upper Tulse Hill, S.W. Congdon, A. R. (Hartland) 187a Brompton Road, S.W. Coombes, C. S. (Devonport), Patent Office, 25, Southampton Buildings, W.C. Copp, A. E. G. (Barnstaple), 21, Trinity Road, Wimbledon, S.W. Cork, F. (Appledore), 18, Wood Street, E.C. Cornish, J. F. (Tiverton), 42, Savmour Street, Euston, N.W\ Cornwall, Sir Edwin A. (Lapford), M.P., L.C.C., 3, Whitehall Court, S.W. Vice-President. •Cory, Sir Clifford J., Bart. (Bideford), M.P., 98, Mount Street, W. Vice-President. JCottle, J. (Calcutta Soc). JCouch, Mrs. A. W. (Brixham), 16, Palace Avenue, Paignton. JCouch, E. (Brixham), lO, Palace Avenue, Paignton. Couch, G. W. (Exeter), Vernon Lodge, Carshalton. Cox, F., 74, Lansdowne Road, Clapham Park, S.W. Cox, Miss Florence (Devonport), i, Loraine Place, HoUoway Road, N. Cox, Mrs. F., 74, Lansdowne Road, Clapham Pa^-k, S.W. Coysh, R. H. (Dartmouth), 17, Delalield Road, Old Charlton, S.E. Craigie, D. C, 38, W^ilton Place, S.W. JCranch, — (West Alvington), 2, Vincent Street, Auckland. (New Zealand Assoc). Cray, M. G. A. (Exeter Club), 6, St. John's Mansions, Clapton Square, N.E. JCrocker, H. M. (Calcutta Soc). JCrossman, H. M. (Bideford), 4, Donnington Road, Reading. (Reading Assoc). {Cruse, Miss B. A. (Torquay), 22, Woodville Road, Torquay. JCumming, Stephen A. (Torquay), "The Corbyn," Wheatridge Lane, Cockington, Torquay. ♦Cummings, V. J., c/o Devonian Society, Victoria, British Columbia. Cutcliffe, J. (Dawlish), National Provincial Bank, 15, Bishopsgate, E.C. 128 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Dart, J. A. (Ilfracombe), 19, Waldegrave Road, Hornsey, N. JDavey, F. E. R. (Exeter), 13, Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol. Davey, Franklin (Devonport), " Homestead," Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, S.W. Davey, G. W. (Sampford Spiney), 16, John Street. Bedford Row, W.C. Committee. JDavies, W. J. (Brixham), 16, Hercules Street, Mile End, Portsmouth. {Portsmouth Assoc). JDaw, A. H., 502, Victor Street, Winnipeg. [Manitoba Soc.) JDe la Bere, Rev. J. (Woolfardisworthy), Woolsery Rectory, Morchard Bishop, Devon. JDe la Bere, Rev. S. H. (Woolfardisworthy), Woolsery Rectory, Morchard Bishop, Devon. *Distin, Alban L. G. (Paignton), 11, Melrose Terrace, Shepherd's Hush Road, W. ♦Distin, Howard (Paignton), M.B., Holtwhite House, Enfield. J Dodge, Albert (Teignmouth), Elmgrove Road, Gotham, Bristol. (Bristol Soc). Dodridge, A. E. (Devonport), " Moulin," Cromwell Road, Beckenham. S.E. Dodridge, Mrs. (Devonport), " Moulin," Cromwell Road, Beckenham, S.E. J Doe, G. M. (Torrington), Enfield, Torrington, North Devon. tDoe, G. W. A. (Torrington), Enfield, Torrington, North Devon. :|.Dolton, J. A. {Calcutta Soc). Donald, J. (Devonport), " Westleigh," Whytecliffe Road, Purley. Surrey. J Drake, Major W. Hedley, Bryn Willow, Polsham Park, Paignton, Devon. Drake, J. (Yealmpton), Grange Works, Grange Road, Willesden Green, N.W. ^Drew, S. T. (Barnstaple), Public Library, Swansea. {Swansea Soc. ) Duke, H. E. (Plymouth), K.C., M.P., 1. Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C. Vice-President. Dunn, A. E. (Exeter), 70, Victoria Street, S.W. Vice-President. Dunn, F. W. (South Molton), 8, Westmount Road, Eltham, Kent. + Dunn, J. H. (Bideford), Crofts, Lea Park, Ilfracombe. JDyer, W. A., 200, Nassau Street, Winnipeg. (Manitoba Soc.) Earl, T. S. (Devonport), 30, Marlow Road, East Ham. Eastmond, J. E. Rawle (Tiverton), 44, Charing Cross, S.W. Easton, H. T. (Exeter), Union of London and Smiths Bank, Lombard Street, E.C. Vice-President. *Ebden, W. R. Hern, 43, Caledon Road, East Ham, E. JEdwards, L. (Calcutta Soc). JEdye, Lieut. -Colonel L. (Hatherleigh), Stanley Couit, Stanley Street, Montreal, Canada. Ellis, Miss G. M. (descent), i, Lena Gardens, West Kensington Park, W. JEllis, James (Bideford), 391, London Road, Reading. (Reading Assoc) J Ellis, Mrs. S. T. (Devonport), ir. Maiden Lane, Stamford, Lines. E'.ston, F. W. H. (Exmouth), 6, Cann Hall Road, Leytonstone, N.E. Elston, Miss M. (Plymouth), 6, Cann Hall Road, Leytonstone, N.E. Endicott, Miss Hetty (Axminster), 102, Winstanley Road, Clapham Com- mon, S.W. England, G. (Crediton), 18, Solon New Road, Clapham, S.W, Eustace, A. J., 26, Langdale Road, Thornton Heath. Eustace, Mrs. (Torquay), 26, Langdale Road, Thornton Heath. Evans, Mrs. (Plymouth), 41, Louisville Road, Balham, S.W. Evans, Miss (Ottery), 47, The Chase, Clapham Common, S.W. Lisi of Members and Associates 129 Evans, G. T. (Ottery), 47, The Chase, Clapham Common, S.VV, *Eveleigh, Miss Helen (Exeter), 4, Cadogan Gardens, S.W. Everett, W. J. (Plymouth), 28, Wray Crescent, Tollington Park, N. Everett, Mrs., 28, Wray Crescent, Tollington Park, N. Exeter, The Right Rev. the Lord Bishop of. The Palace, Exeter. Vice- President. Farrant, H. G. (Hemlock), J. P., 3, Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C. JFast, Mrs. (Plymouth), Manukan Rd., Epsom, Auckland. {New Zealand Assoc.) ♦Fenn, E. H. (Plymouth), Commercial Hotel, King William's Town, South Africa. Fitzgerald, Miss M. (Sidmouth), The Coffee Pot Cafe, 68, Basinghall Street, E. C. Foale, Miss A. G. (descent), 29, Aldridge Road Villas, Westbourne Park, W. Foale, P. (Blackawton) , 29, Aldridge Road Villas, Westbourne Park, W. Forbes, Mrs. J. (Torquay), i, Delafield Road, Old Charlton, S.E. Ford, Clift (Plymouth), 17, High Street, Willesden Junction, N.W. Ford, J. (Plymouth), 49, Nicol Road, Harlesden, N.W. Fortescue, Rt. Hon. Earl (Filleigh), K.C.B., A.D.C., Lord Lieutenant of Devon, Castle Hill, South Molton, N. Devon. First President. Foster, H. Blake (Exeter), 81, Manchuria Road, S.W. JFowler, Rev. Canon (Tavistock), M.A., D.Sc, The Vicarage, Earley, near Reading. {Reading Assoc.) J Fox, Bartholomew (Sidmouth), Carberry Tower, Musselburgh, N.B. Eraser, Ernest (Exeter), 32, Hatton Garden, E.C. J Friendship, J. (Torrington), 41, Logan Road, Bishopston, Bristol. (Bristol Sac.) IFulford, J. U., Southcott, Bideford. * Fulford, J. W. (Northam), 34, Strathearn Road, Wimbledon Park, S.W. Fulford, Mrs. (Northam), 34, Strathearn Road, Wimbledon Park, S.W. J Furze, Joseph (Tavistock), 3, York Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool. (Liverpool Soc.) •Galsworthy, John, Wingstone, Manaton, Devon. Vice-President. Gamble, Rev. H. R. (Barnstaple), M.A., Sloane Street, S.W. Vice- President. JGarland, H. (Barnstaple), 4, Redland Hill, Bristol. (Bristol Soc.) JGay, Thomas (Salcombe), 26, George Street, Swansea. (Swansea Soc.) Geen, H. (Okehampton), la. Middle Temple Lane, E.C. Committee. Geen, Mrs. H. (Okehampton), la. Middle Temple Lane, E.C. Gibson, Thos. (Appledore), 6, Moore Park Road, Fulham, S.W. Gill, Allen (Devonport), F.R.A.M., 5, Lincoln House, Dartmouth Park Hill, N.W. Vice-President. Gillham, H. (Burlescombe), 222, Central Market, E.C. Gillham, Mrs., 90, Blenheim Gardens, Cricklewood, N.W. Glanvill, H. Wreford- (Exeter), 35, Strawberry Hill Road, Twickenham. Glanville, J. Pascoe (Plymouth), 57, Heme Hill, S.E. Gloyne, Martin (Tavistock), i, St. Paul's Avenue, Cricklewood, N.W. Godfrey, Mrs. F. A. (descent), Homeville, Merton Avenue, Chiswick, W. Godfrey, S. H. (Ottery St. Mary), Homeville, Merton Avenue, Chiswick, W. Gooding, C. E. (Exmouth), 136, Hanover Road, Willesden, N.W. Goodman, W. H. (Devonport), 160, Ardgowan Road, Catford, S.E. JGovier, VV. T. (North Molton). 26, Canterbury Road. Southsea. (Ports- mouth Assoc.) JGoaman, W. T., Anchorage, Bideford. 130 The Devonian Year Book, 3916 Grainger, H. (Torquay), 266, Walworth Road, S.E. Grant, Miss B. M. (Torrington) , 5, Argyle Street, Oxford Street, W. Grant, Mrs. (Stoke Fleming), 2, St. Mary's Road, North Kensington, W. Greenhouse, Mrs. F. (descent), 9, Lynmouth Road, Stamford Hill, N. Grigg, R. (Exmouth), 113, Victoria Road, Old Charlton, S.E. Grills, W. E. (Holsworthy), 80. Wilton Road, Muswell Hill. N. Gulliford, W. (Exeter), 28, Danby Street, Peckham, S.E. JGurney, Rev. Walter B. (Bratton Clovelly), Poughill Rectory, Crediton. N. Devon. Hall, A. B. (Sidmouth), Red Roofs, Slades Hill, Enfield, N. Halsbury, Rt. Hon. the Earl of (Parkham), P.C., 4, Ennismore Gar- dens, W. President. Hambly, T. H. (Newton Abbot), 65, Napier Road, West Ham, E. Hambly, Mrs. M. E. (Newton Abbot), 65, Napier Road, West Ham, E. Hammick. Miss Daisy (Stoke Gabriel), Clifton House, Bridge Road, East Molesey. Hancock, Miss A. M. (Barnstaple), 78, Bishop's Road, Bayswater, W. Hancock, H. H. M. (Barnstaple), 56, Devereux Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. Committee. Hancock, Mrs. (Barnstaple), 56, Devereux Road, Wand.sworth Common, S.W. Handford, W. (Barnstaple), Barum, Ovalway, Gerrards Cross. J Harding, W. (Parracombe), Landore, Swansea. {Swansea Soc.) Harris, J. J. (Bideford), 144, Amesbury Avenue, Streatham Hill, S.W. J Harris, Miss Bertha A. (Parracombe), Bodley Cottage, Parracombe, R.S.O., N. Devon. Harris, Mrs. Blanche (Plymouth), 96, Croxted Road, West Dulwich, S.E. Harris, Frank (Exeter), L.C.C. School, Orange Street, Southwark, S.E. Harris, Gilbert, (Plymouth), 6, Kelmscott Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. Hon. Auditor. Harris, Mrs. Gilbert (Plymouth), 6, Kelmscott Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. Harvey, Miss B. (Tiverton), 855, Fulham Road, S.W. *Harvey, H. Fairfax-, Warden House, Rodwell, Weymouth. J Harvey, Mrs. H. Fairfax-, Warden House, Rodwell, Weynaouth. Hatch, J. C. (Stonehouse), 87, South Lambeth Road, S.W. J Hawkins, J. (Teignmouth), Summerhill Park, Bathurst, Cape Colony, S. Africa. Haycraft, H. C. (Totnes), Patent Office, 25, Southampton Buildings, W.C. *Hayman, E., " Glendaragh," 82, Doyle Gardens, Harlesden, N.W. Haynes, J. T. (Hartland), J.P., 22, Knollys Road, Streatham, S.W. Heard, Dr. J., 25, Woodwarde Road, Dulwich, S.E. JHeard, W. E. (Northam), J. P., Winchester House, Newport. Mon. Hearson, C. E. (Barnstaple), 5, Templar Street, Myatt's Park, S.E. Hearson, Miss Violet C. (Barnstaple), 5, Templar St., Myatt's Park, S.E. Hearson, Prof. T. A. (Barnstaple), M.Inst. C.E., 14-15, Southampton Buildings, W.C. Hearson, Mrs. (Horrabridge), 81, Ridgemount Gardens, Gower St., W.C. Hearson, W. E. (Barnstaple), " Kippington," Sevenoaks, Kent. JHeath, Miss (Plymouth), " Tregantle," Woodside Road, Mount Eden, Auckland. {New Zealand Assoc.) Heddon, W. F. (Topsham), 23, Coolhurst Road, Crouch End, N. Hellier, Miss F. (Ottery), Staffordshire House, Store Street, W.C. JHellings, R. Merlin (Tiverton), 3, Nugent Street, Auckland. {New Zealand Assoc.) List of Members and Associates 131 {Henning. Rev. J., CockinRton Vicarage, Torquay. *Henson. S , P.O. Hox 1248, Victoria, British Columhia.. {Victoria, B.C., Devonian Soc.) JHern, S. Glanwern, Christchurch, Newport, Mon. Hesse, Mrs. N. (Tiverton), 2, Satanita Road, Westcliff, Southend. JHews, T. G. (Tiverton), 8, Clarendon Road, Sketty, Swansea. {Swansea Soc.) Hey wood, F. M. (Bideford), 44, Rosenthal Road, Catford, S.E. Heywood, G. H. (Bideford), 336, HoUoway Road, N. Hey^vood, Mrs. Isabel (Bideford), 336, Holloway Road, N. Heywood, Percy (Bideford), 3, Brigstock Road, Thornton Heath. Hill, H. W. (Exeter), 14, Highlever Road, North Kensington, W. Hill, J. A. (Holcorabe Rogus), C.A., 19a, Coleman Street, E.C. Hon. Auditor. JHill, J. Ball- {Calcutta Soc.) JHine, H. C. (Exeter), 20, Kensington Road, North End, Portsmouth. {Portsmouth Soc.) Hobbs, Frank (MoUand), 119, Upper Richmond Road, Putney. Hockaday, F. (Dawlish), 82, Geraldine Road, Wandsworth, S.W. JHodder, P. C. (Aveton Gifford), 19, Chitty Road, East Southsea. {Ports- mouth Soc.) *Hodge, F. (Heavitree), The Homestead, Bishop's Avenue, East Finchley.N. Holloway. Miss W. A. (Plymouth), 8, Glebe Place, Chelsea. S.W. JHolman, J. Bertram (Bideford), 10, High Street, Tunbridge Wells. J Holmes, A. H. (Parracombe), Bodley Cottage, Parracombe, R.S.O., N. Devon. ♦Hooper, A. Shelton, J. P., Hong-Kong. {Hong-Kong Soc.) J Hooper, J., 195, Nassau Street, Winnipeg. {Manitoba Soc.) Hooper, Joseph (Bridestowe), 195, Widmore Road, Bromley, Kent. Hooper, Mrs. (Bridestowe). 195, Widmore Road, Bromley, Kent. Hooper. W. (Christow), 52, Northfield Avenue. Ealing, W. JHooper, W. E. (Devonport), 43, Strathcona Street, Ottawa, Canada. {Ottawa Soc.) ♦Hooppell, Rev. J. L. E, (Aveton Gifford), St. Peter's Vicarage, Hoxton Square, N. Hopkins, Mr., 61, Great Ormond Street, W.C. Hopkins, Mrs., 61, Great Ormond Street, W.C. J Hopper, A. E.. Queen Anne's Chambers, Barnstaple, Devon. JHore. W. J. B. (Dawlish), Hotel Continental, Gibraltar. Horton, A. J. (Morleigh), 35, Cranston Road, Forest Hill, S.E. Howie, Mrs. J. R. C. (Tiverton), 36, Pepys Road, Raynes Park, S.W. ♦Howland. Harman J. (Plymouth). 52. St. James's Square. Holland Park, W. *Hughes, T. Cann (Hittisleigh), M.A., F.S.A., 78, Church Street, Lancaster. Vice-President. •Hughes, Mrs. Cann (Winkleigh), 78, Church Street, Lancaster. Hunt, W. G. (Torquay), 14, Fairmount Road, Brixton Hill, S.W. Hunter, Mrs. J. Pomeroy, 5, Shaftesbury Villas, Kensington, W. Hurley, J. W. (Ottery St. Mary), 80, Eardley Road, Streatham, S.W. Hutchings, C. F". H. (Exeter), 10, Old Devonshire Road, Balham, S.W. Hutchings, Miss Louie (Torquay), 205, Shirland Road, W. JHuxham, W. H., Springfield Terrace, Bideford. Inman, Miss Melina (Stoke Gabriel), " Sherbourne," LonglevRd., Tooting, S.W. Inman, W. (Stoke Gabriel), " Sherbourne," Longley Road, Tooting, S.W. Committee. Inman, Mrs. W. (Stoke Gabriel)," Sherbourne," Longley Rd , Tooting, S.W. 132 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Jackson, Sir John (Plymouth), M.P., Pounds, near Plymouth. Vice- President. ♦James, Richard (Broadclyst), 17, Bread Street, E.C. *Jarvis, Mrs. (Devonport), Thorpe House, 4, Airedale Avenue, Chiswick, W, JJefferies, C. (Wellington, Som.), 32, Bouverie Square, Folkestone. {Folkestone Assoc.) JJeffery, Frank C. (Exeter), Rockdale, West Park Drive, Westcliff-on-Sea. JJeffery. Mrs. M. L., " Rockdale," West Park Drive, Westcliff-on-Sea. Johns, F. P. (Devonport), Patent Office, 25, Southampton Buildings, W.C. JJones, John (Plymouth), 301, Edge Lane, Liverpool. {Liverpool Soc.) Jones, Miss M. E., 51, Shawfield Street, Chelsea, S.W. Jordan, Miss M. U. (Exeter), 5, Kensington Gardens Square, Bayswater, W. ♦Josland, F. (Chawleigh), " Claremont," St. John's Road, Sidcup, Kent. JKekewich, Captain A. St. John Mackintosh (Exminster), Devonshire Regiment, Exeter. Kekewich, C. Granville (Exminster), 2, Suffolk Lane, E.C. Kekewich, Sir G. W. (Peamore), K.C.B., D.C.L., St. Albans, Feltham, Middlesex. Vice-President. Kelly, A. (Belstone), 66. Brayburne Avenue, Clapham, S.W Kelly, Mrs. E. (Northlew), 66, Brayburne Avenue, Clapham, S.W. Kent, Mrs. (Barnstaple), 16, Oxford Road, Chiswick, W. Kerswell, J. C. (Plymouth), 4, Uplands Terrace, Swansea. {Swansea Soc.) Kiell, J. (Barnstaple), 19, Stapleton Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. Kiell, Mrs. (Barnstaple), 19, Stapleton Road, Upper Tooting, S.W'. I King, C. W. (Newton Abbot), Abu Klea Avenue, Clapham, S.W. Kingcombe, H. F. (Yealmpton), 10, Cato Road, Clapham Road, S.W. fKingcome, C. {Calcutta Soc). Kingcome, Miss Ada (Plymouth), 12, Burwood Place, Norfolk Crescent, W. Kingcome, Miss Emily (Plvmouth), 12, Burwood Place, Norfolk Crescent, W. Kinsey, F. M. (West Buckland School), Florence Villa, 16, Harrow View, Wealdstone. JKnight, — (Wells, Som.), 9, Cheriton Place, Folkestone. {Folkestone Assoc.) JKnill, H. I. (Barnstaple), 32, Rhondda Street, Swansea. {Swansea Soc.) Laing, Mrs. H. B., 4, Heath Hurst Road, Hampstead, N.W. Lake, R. C. (Plymouth). Lambert, Right Hon. George (Spreyton), M.P., 34, Grosvenor Road, Westminster, S.W. Vice-President. JLancaster, W. J., J. P., " Santa Margherita," Torquay. Lane. John (West Putford), " Bodley Head," Vigo Street, W. Vice- President. Lang, H. W. (Stonehouse), 7, Bayer Street, Golden Lane, E.C. Lang, W. H. (Ottery St. Mary), 33, Hopedale Road, Charlton, S.E. Larkworthy, H. S. (Kinton), 171, Hartfield Road, Wimbledon. •Larkworthy, J. W. (Meeth), " Bucklands," Nether Street, North Finchley. ♦Larkworthy, Mrs. J. W., " Bucklands," Nether Street, North Finchley. Lascelles, W. H. (Exeter), 28, Barclay Road, Croydon. Lavers, W. (Yealmpton), 3, Paddenswick Road, Hammersmith, W. Lawday, Miss K. (Kingsnympton), 45, Cambridge Terrace, Hyde Park, W. Lawrence, R. L. (Cullompton), i & 2, Russia Row, Milk Street, E.C. Lawrence, R. Reginald (Cullompton), i & 2, Russia Row, E.C. JLaycock, C. H., Cross Street, Moretonhampstead, Devon. Leat, J. (Exeter), B.A., Stoke Road, Slough. List of Members and Associates 133 JLee, F. Abbotsville, Bideford. Lethbridge, C, 24, Great St. Helens, E.C. Lethbridge, Sir Koper, K.C.I.E., Kxbourne Manor, Exbourne R.S.O., North Devon. Vice-President. JLidiard. Lieut. H. E. (Stonehouse), R.N.S.M. 50. Campbell Road. Southsea. (Portsmouth Assoc.) Lock, W. G. (Instow), 5, Copthall Buildings, E.C. Lopes, Sir H. Y-B., Bart. (Maristow), Roborough, Devon. Vice-President. Lovell, H. F. (Chulmleigh), 49, Agamemnon Road, West Hampstead, N.W. Lovell, J. (Ottery St. Mary), 161, Eardley Road, Streatham, S.W. Loveridge, F. (descent), 8, Eastmean Road, Duhvich, S.E. Loveridge, Mrs. C. M. (Holsworthy), 8, Eastmean Road, Dulwich, S.E. Loveridge, G. A., 3, Alma Square, St. John's Wood, W. Loveridge, Miss M. R. (descent), 8, Eastmean Road, Dulwich, S.E. Lu.xton, J. (Coleridge), 184, Essex Road, N. •Lyons, Frank L (Stonehouse), 15, Old Cavendish Street, W. Maeers, W. H. (Sidmouth), 49, Lillieshall Road, Clapham, S.W. McCormack, W. J. (Plymouth), J.P., " Dunkeid," Slough, Bucks. Committee. ♦Maker. A. J. (Chillaton), " Chillaton," Tilehurst Rd.. Reading. (Reading Assoc.) Manning, H. R. (Brixton), 274, Portobello Road, W. Manning, Mrs. (Newton Abbot), 153, Keetons Road, Bermondsey, S.E. Manning, Miss R. (Holsworthy), 2, Langler Road, Willesden, N.W. Manning, Miss C. A. (Holsworthy), 2, Langler Road, Willesden, N.W. ♦Markham, Lady (Arhngton), 21, Eccleston-square, S.W. Vice-President. ♦Marzetti, Leslie, 120, Great Portland Street, W. Masters, Miss Jessie (Yealrapton), 25, Bruton Street, Mayfair. Matthews, H. B. (Devonport), 14, Chesham Street, Brighton. Maunder, W. H. (Staverton), 7, Somerfield Road, Finsbury Park, N. ♦Metherell, R. (Hartland), Elmscott, Winchmore Hill, N. Middleton, J. H., 10, Beverley Gardens, Barnes Common, S.W. Mildmay, F. B. (Flete), M.P.. Flete. Ivybridge, Devon. Vice-President. Mildren. A. V. (Beer), 2, Colwell Road, East Dulwich. S.E. JMilford, F. P. (Calcutta Soc.) Millar, Mrs. A. J. (Burrington), 5, Denbigh Road, Bayswater. W. Milton, J. (Ide, near Exeter). 72. Grove Park, Denmark Hill, S.E. Mogridge, C. (Ivybridge), i. Cannon Row, Westminster, S.W. Morey, Mrs. (Plymouth), 41, Louisville Road, Balham, S.W. •Morris, R. Burnet (South Molton), 24, Bramham Gardens, S.W. Morrison-Bell, Major A. Clive, M.P., Harpford House, Ottery St. Mary. Vice-President. Morrison-Bell, Captain E. F., M.P., Pitt House. Chudleigh. Vice- President. Moss, Miss E. M. (Plymouth), i, Adela Avenue, New Maiden, Surrey. Mount Edgcumbc, Rt. Hon. the Earl of, P.C, G.C.V.O., VD, Winter Villa, Stonehouse. Vice-President. •Moyse, Prof. C. E. (Torquay), LL.D., McGill University, Montreal, Canada. (Montreal Soc.) JMudge, Arthur J. (Plymouth), ^05, Cooper Street, Ottawa, Canada. (Ottawa Soc.) Mutten, A. W. (Devonport), Hillside, Mount Pleasant Lane, Upper Clapton, N.E. 134 ^^^ Devonian Year Book, 1916 Mutten, Mrs. A. W. (Devonport), Hillside, Mount Pleasant Lane, Upper Clapton, N.E. Mutten, C. (Devonport), Hillside, Mount Pleasant Lane, Upper Clapton, N.E. Mutten, Miss Emily (Devonport), Hillside, Mount Pleasant Lane, Upper Clapton, N.E. Mutten, Miss Ethel (Devonport), Hillside, Mount Pleasant Lane, Upper Clapton, N.E. Mutten, Fred (Devonport), Hillside, Mount Pleasant Lane, Upper Clapton, N.E. Mutten, Miss N. E. (Devonport), Hillside, Mount Pleasant Lane, Upper Clapton, N.E. Mutten, Miss Violet (Devonport), Hillside, Mount Pleasant Lane, Upper Clapton, N.E. Mutten, Miss W. A. (Devonport), Hillside, Mount Pleasant Lane, Upper Clapton, N.E. JNewcombe, C. H. K. (Braunton), 21, Mirador Crescent, Swansea. JNiner, R. K. (Torquay), 12, Palmerston Road, Southsea. {Portsmouth Soc.) Noakes, F. W. (Totnes), 48, Broadwater Road, Tottenham, N. Norrish, A. J. H. (Bidelord), Kisber, Queen's Avenue, Church End, Finchley, N. Northcote, J. C. (Torquay), Wilton Lodge, Kingston Hill, Surrey. JNorth Devon Athenaeum, Barnstaple. Oakley, R. O. (Beer), Patent Office, Southampton Buildings, W.C. Oakley, Mrs. F. E. (Ottery St. Mary), 54, Sydney Road, Hornsey, N. Offord, W. (Exeter), 72, Church Road, Willesden, N.W. JOliver, W. H. (Westleigh, Bideford), " Inglenook," Albert Road, Caver sham, near Reading. [Reading Assoc.) Olliff, Mrs. Amy (Bideford), 21, Chartfield Avenue, Putney Hill, S.W., Osborne, H. Camille (Coombe Park, Brendon), 4, Cambridge Gardens, Seven Kings, Essex. JOsmond, C. F., P.O. Box 165, Bulawayo, South Africa. jOwen, W. A. (Shaldon), King William's Town, South Africa. Owen, W. D. (Axmouth), The Poplars, Somerset Road, Brentford. JPallett, Alfred R. (Devonport), 627, McLaren Street, Ottawa, Canada. (Ottawa Soc.) JPalmer, F. W. Morton, M.A., M.D. (Teignmouth), 13, Orchard Gardens, Teignniouth. JPalmer, H. G. 727, Elgin Avenue, Winnipeg. (Manitoba Soc.) Parkyn, H. (Okehampton), 413, Oxford Street, W. Parr, G. H., 319, Trinity Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. Parr, Mrs., 319, Trinity Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. *Parr, R. J. (Torquay), 40, Leicester Square, W.C. Vice-President. *Parr, Mrs. (Torquay), 40, Leicester Square, W.C. Passmore, W. (Tiverton), loi, Elspeth Road, Clapham Common, S.W. Paterson, Miss Edith (Honiton), 16, Kingsgate Mansions, Red Lion Square, W.C. Paterson, Mrs. R. M. (descent), 50, Barrington Road, Brixton, S.W. Pawley, Mrs. (Plymouth), 98, Ramsden Road, Balham, S.W. Peace, J. W. Graham, 6r, Dynevor Road, High Street, Stoke Newing- ton, N. JPearce, J. Cyprian (Kingsbridge), " The Times of IMalaya," Ipok, Perak, Federated Malay States. JPedler, Mrs. Carter-, Reeve Castle, Bow, X. Devon. List of Members and Associates 135 JPedler, Dr. H. (Calcutta Soc). Peek, Sir Wilfrid, Bart., Rousdon, Devon. Vice-President. Peek, Rev. Richard (Drcwsteignton), M.A., St. Magnus the Martyr, Lower Thames Street, E.C. Vice-President. Peek, R. W. (Torquay), 7, Freshford Street, Earlsfield, S.W. Peerman, A. Purnell (Torquay), 38, Northwold Road, Clapton, N.E. JPengelley, J. E. (Exeter), The White House, Fakenham, Norfolk. •Pennell, Commander H. L. L. (Awliscombe), R.N., The Admiralty, S.W. Vice-President. Penny, A. J. (Ottery St. Mary), 118, Cromwell Road. Wimbledon. Perry, F. A. (Tiverton), 4, Kirchen Road, West Ealing, W. Committee. Peter, Charles (Bradninch), 31, Sydney Grove, Hendon, N.W. Philp, C. R. S. (Plymouth), the Livesey Library, Old Kent Road, S.E. Philp, Mrs. E. L. (Plymouth), 20, Crystal Palace Road, S.E. Philp, D. B. (Devonport), 44, Homefield Road, Chiswick, W. Phillpotts, Eden (Exeter), Eltham, Torquay. Vice-President. Pickard, H. (Beaford), The Laurels, Wallbutton Road, Brockley, S.E- Pike, G. G. (descent), 51, Carlton House, Lower Regent Street, S.W. Pike, Mrs., " Exonia," 37, Holmewood Gardens, Brixton Hill, S.W. Pike, W. A. (Exeter), 37, Holmewood Gardens, Brixton Hill, S.W. ♦Pilditch, PhiUp E. (Plymouth), J. P., L.C.C.. 2. Pall Mall East, S.W. Vice-President. JPile, Mrs., 285, Bannerman Avenue, Winnipeg. {Manitoba Soc.) Pillman, J. C. (Plymouth), J. P., The Cottage, Foots Cray, Kent. Vice- President. Pinkham, Alderman C. (Plympton), J. P., C.C, Linden Lodge, Winchester Avenue, Brondesburj'^, N.W. Vice-President; Chairman of Committee. Pinn, F. G. (Sidmouth), 7O4, Fulham Road, S.W. Pinn, Mrs. (Plympton St. Maurice), 764, Fulham Road, S.W. Pocock R. W. (descent), 51, Radnor Road. Harrow, W. JPollard', J. D. (Calcutta Soc.) Pope, W. S. (Sidmouth), 3, St. Ann's Villas, Holland Park, W. Popham, W. V. M. (West Buckland School), Blomlield House, 85, London Wall, E.C. JPorter, C. J. (Barnstaple), 54, Beresford Rd., Reading. (Reading Assoc.) Potbury, T. R. (Sidmouth), M.A., 53, Platts Lane, Hampstead, N.W. Powe, G. W. (Cadbury), 44, Creswick Road, Acton, W. Powe, H. D. (Plymouth), 7b, Peterborough Villas, Fulham, S.W. Pride, A. E. (Thorverton), Woodland, Horn Lane, Woodford Green. JPrior, A. (Calcutta Soc.) Pudifin, Miss K. (Plympton), 6, Cann Hall Road, Leytonstone, N.E. Pullman, James, 8, Eastern Road, Wood Green, N. Pyatt, Miss H. (Plymouth), West Lodge, 10, Park Hill, Clapham, S.W. ♦Quick, Francis, 78, Gillespie Road, Highbury, N. Quick, N. (Tavistock), 552, High Road, Tottenham, N. Radford, G. H. (Plymouth), M.P., Chiswick House, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey, Vice-President. ♦Radford, Mrs. (Lydford), Chiswick House, Ditton Hill, Surbiton. Randolph, Lieut. H. B. (Plymouth), '• Redlands," Farnborough Road, South Farnborough, Hants. JRansford, — (Clevedon, Som.), Westdene. JuUan Road, Folkestone. (Folkestone Assoc.) ♦Redwood, W. (Tiverton). 55, Arley Hill. Bristol. J Reed, C. (Bideford), Torridge, The Parade, Merthyr Tydvil. y 136 The Devonian Year Book. 1916 Reed, J. C. (Morchard Bishop), 81, Tavistock Crescent, Westbourne Park, W. Reed, Mrs. (Morchard Bishop), 81, Tavistock Crescent, Westbourne Park, W. J Reeve, B. (Stonehouse), Brighton Road, Reumera, Auckland. {New Zealand Assoc.) JRich, W. J. (Tywardreath), " St. Fillans," St. Peter's Hill, Caversham, Reading. {Reading Assoc.) Richards, J. (Lynton), 46, Ivanhoe Road, Camberwell, S.E. J Richardson, W. Gliddon-, Hobson Bay Road, Parnell, New Zealand. {New Zealand Assoc.) ^ Rider, T. (Plymouth), Sandhurst, Goldsmith Avenue, Southsea. {Ports- mouth Soc.) J Roberts, Rev. R. O. (Barnstaple), The Rectory, East Downe, Barnstaple. Rogers, Herbert (descent), Brondesbury House, 221, Willesden Lane N.W. *Rogers, W. H. (Bideford), J. P., Orleigh Court, Bideford, N. Devon. JRoutly, W. H. (Holsworthy), 2, Radnor Park Avenue, Folkestone. {Folkestone Assoc.) Rowe, W. (Plympton), Tithe Farm, South Harrow, Middlesex. Rule, J., 42, Russell Square, VV.C. Rule, Mrs. (Babbacombe), 42, Russell Square, W.C. Ryall, J. (Totnes), 94, Jerningham Road, New Cross, S.E. St. Cyres, Rt. Hon. Viscount (Pynes), 84, Eaton Square, S.W. Vice- President. Salter, Mrs. A. J. (Axminster), 62, West Smithfield, E.C. jSalter, Henry (Plymtree), 30, Villiers Street, Swansea {Swansea Soc.) Salter, W. (CuUonipton), 25, Crescent Grove, Clapham Common, S.W. *Sanders, C. Buckley (Exeter), Bearsden, Caterham, Surrey. Sanguine, A. H. (Bideford), 148, Fleet Road, Hampstead, N.W. Sanguine, F. J. (Bideford), 148, Fleet Road, Hampstead, N.W. iSaunders, H. {Calcutta Soc.) j Scott, T. C, Balfour, British Columbia. Searle, J. E., 28, Larkfield Road, Richmond, Surrey. ♦Seaton, Rt. Hon. Lord (Plympton), Beechwood, Plympton. Vice- President. Selley, H. R. (Topsham), 13, Wandle Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. Sellick, Miss B., 28. Hamilton Terrace, St. John's Wood, N.W. Serjeant, Owen Russell (North Petherwin), The Link House, Stanmore, Middlesex. Sharland, A. (Barnstaple), 25, Charleville Circus, West Hill, Sydenham, S.E. Sharland, A. W. (Exeter), " Edgecumbe," Ashburton Road. E. Croydon. Shaw, E. Harved, 22, St. Paul's Churchyard, E.C. Shawyer, J. W. (Filleigh), 5, Hemington Avenue, Friern Barnet, N. Hon. Secretary. Shawyer, Mrs. J. W., 5, Hemington Avenue, Friern Barnet, N. Sheer, J. (North Petherwin), 13, King's College Road, N.W. Shelley, F. H. (Swimbridge), 52, Solway Road, Wood Green, N. JShort, W. H. (Plymouth), 23, Denmark Road, Reading. {Reading Assoc.) Simmons, Sydney (Okehampton), J. P., " Okehampton," Torrington Park, Friern Barnet, N. Vice-President. JSimpson, F. C, " Maypool," Churston Ferrers, R.S.O., Devon. Simpson, Leslie (Stonehouse), Bank House, King St., Hammersmith, W. List of Members and Associates 137 JSkelton, W. (Plymouth), loi, Leslie Street, Toronto, Canada. {Toronto Soc) . JSkewes, J. C. (Bere Alston), Clare Street, Bristol. (Bristol Soc.) Skinner, G. E. (Parracombe), 56, Leyspring Road, Leytonstone. Skinner, S.M., Messrs, John Barker & Co., High Street, Kensington. Vice-President. Slade, H. J. (Torquay), 11, Maze Road, Kew, S.W. Small, A. (Barnstaple), 34, Goldsmith Road, Leyton. Smart, E. S. (Barnstaple). 16, Moor Lane, E.C. Smart, W. H. (Plymouth), 3, Trossachs Road, East Dulwich Grove, S.E. Committee. Smart, Mrs. W. H. (Plymouth), 3, Trossachs Road, East Dulwich Grove, S.E. JSmith, E. S. (Bideford), 32, Brisbane Road, Reading. (Reading Assoc.) iSmith, F. G. (Topsham), 6, Dovedale Road, Liverpool. (Liverpool Soc.) Smith, Granville (Dartmouth), Master of the Supreme Court, Royal Courts of Justice, W.C. JSmith, H. (Dartmouth), 20, Judge's Drive, Liverpool. (Liverpool Soc.) Smith, Miss M. (Colyton), Eagle Hotel, Farringdon Street, E.C. Smithers, A. E. (Stonehouse), 112, Newington Butts, S.E. Smithers, Mrs., 112, Newington Butts, S.E. Snell, C. Scott (Barnstaple), Gravesend House, Ridgeway, Wimbledon. Snell, Mrs. C. Scott (Budleigh), Gravesend House, Ridgewav, Wimbledon. Snell, E. J. (Bampton), 518, Oxford Street, W. Snell, Frank (Bampton), " Bampton," Etchingham Park Rd., Finchley. Snell, J. (Axminster), Hanger Hill Farm, Ealing. *Snell, M. B. (Barnstaple), J. P., 5, Copthall Buildings, E.C. Vice-President. Snell, M. Bowden, junr. (Combemartin), 18, Broadwater Down, Tun- bridge Wells. Snodgrass, Archer A., 7, Charterhouse Square, E.C. Snow, G. H. (Barnstaple), " Rosedean," 20, Heathfield South, Twickenham. JSnow, R. (Tavistock), 21, East Mount Road. York. Soames, D. (Exeter), 52, Manor Road, Brockley, S.E. Sobey, H. W. (Plympton), 44, Wtllmeadow Road, Lewisham, S.E. Soper, H. Tapley- (Stoke Gabriel), Royal Albert Memorial Librarj-. Exeter. Vice-President. Southwood, F. C. (Bideford), 105, Abbey Road, N.W. Southwood, Mrs. (descent), 105, Abbey Road, N.W. Southwood, Miss Dorothy (descent), 105, Abbey Road, N.W. Southwood, Miss Mildred (descent), 105, Abbey Road, N.W. JSparkes, W. H. (Calcutta Soc.) Spear, Arthur (Plymouth), 61, Asylum Road, S.E. Spear, Sir John W. (Tavi.stock), M.P., Tavistock. Vice-President. Squire, H. Brinsmead (Torrington), London, County and Westminster Bank, 90, Wood Street, E.C. Hon. Treasurer. Squire, J. Mallet (Bideford), 3(), Grasmere Road, Muswell Hill, N. JSquires, Lieut. J. (Barnstaple), R.M.A., 15, Exeter Road, Southsea. (Portsmouth Assoc.) Stamper, C. W. (Tiverton), 71, Piccadilly, W. JStanley, E. F. (Dartmouth), 15, Alexandra Road, Waterloo, Liverpool. (Liverpool Assoc.) JStapIeton, G. (Calcutta Soc.) Statton, P. G. (Devonport), 123, Lavender Sweep, Clapham Common, S W. Steed, A. W. (Devonport), 25, Clavering Road, Aldersbrook, Wanstead Park. Essex. Steer, Rev. W. H. Hornby (Woodleigh), M.A., 52, Avenue Road, Regent's Park, N.W. 138 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 Steer, J. W. (Plymouth), " Wood Lee," 45, Raleigh Road, Hornsey, N. JStentiford, C. D. (Ashburton), Stow Park Crescent, Newport Mon. Stevens, E. J., 44, Berkeley Road, Crouch End, N. JStewart, Mrs. W. L. {Calcutta Soc.) {Stone, F. C, 386, Kennedy Street, Winnipeg. {Manitoba Soc.) {Stranger, R. E. (Holsworthy), P.O. Box 1025, Cape Town, South Africa. Streat, F. W. (Ottery St. Mary), 125, Lavender Hill, S.W. StribUng, J. Rowdon (Exeter), 50, High Street, Slough, Bucks. Strobach, Mrs. (Exeter), 7, Aybrook Street, Manchester Square, W. Studley, Frank (Tiverton), " Fairhaven," Cheam Common Hill, Wor- cester Park, Surrey. Summers, J. (Ottery St. Mary), 44, Grove Hill Road, Camberwcll, S.E. Committee. Talbot, Miss Mabel A. (Hockworthy), 9, Clarendon Flats, Baldeston Street, W. Tamlin, W. E. (Plymouth), i. Park Avenue, Willesden Green, N.W. Tarring, F. W. (Holbeton), F.R.I.B.A.. 26, Coolhurst Road, Crouch, End, N. {Taylor, A., West Buckland School, South Molton, North Devon. {Taylor, A. B. (Honiton), 30, Cross St., Reading. {Reading Assoc.) Taylor, A. F. (St. Mary Church), Ingleside, Hanwell, W. Taylor, J. H. (Northam), The Lodge, Old Deer Park, Richmond, Surrey. Committee. Taylor, Mrs. C. (Bideford), The Lodge, Old Deer Park, Richmond, Surrey. Taylor, Joshua (Northam), 24, Maldon Road, Acton, W. Teague, Mrs. A. M. (Buckfastleigh), 87, High Road, Streatham, S.W. ♦Temple, Rev. W. (Exeter), M.A., St. James's Rectory, Piccadilly, W. Vice-President. Thomson, F. J. S. (Exeter), 31, Angell Road, Brixton, S.W. {Thorn, Miss I. H. (Chagford), 23, Springwell Avenue, Harlesden, N.W. Timewell, W. U. (Kingsbridge), Devonport, Auckland. {New Zealand Assoc). {Titherley, A. (Exeter), Laurence Villa, Boston, Lines. Tolchard, W. D., 734, High Road, Leytonstone. Toley, A. (Stockland), The Grove, Hanwell. Toll, A. E. J. (Torquay), 22, St. Paul's Churchyard, E.C. Tolley, H. (Exeter), 17, Oakhurst Grove, East Dulwich, S.E. Tonkin, Miss Ada (Newton Abbot), 5, Upper Brook Street, W. *Tozer, Henry (Exeter), i, Durham House Street, Strand, W.C. Vice- President. Tozer, J. R. K. (Paignton), 6, Cannon Street, E.C. {Tozer, R. (Plymouth), Wynyard St., Auckland. {New Zealand Assoc). {Tregay, C. (Roche, Cornwall), 17, Donnington Road, Reading. {Reading Assoc). {Treliving, Norman (Okehampton), Central Library, Leeds. Torbridge, F. (Newton St. Cyres), "St. Cyres," Dryburgh Road, Putney, W. Trobridge, Mrs. (Newton St. Cyres), " St. Cyres," Dryburgh Road, Putney. W. Truscott, W. J., (Teignmouth), 66, King's Road, Willesden, N.W. Truscott, Mrs., 66 King's Road, Willesden, N.W. *Tucker, Lieut. -General C. (Ashburton), Chalet St. Pierre, Biarritz. Tucker, E. R. (Morchard), 21, Ansdell Road, Peckham, S.E. Tucker, G. H. L., 83, Ham Park Road, West Ham, E. Tucker, Miss Hilda M. (Buckfastleigh), 15, Cedars Road, Barnes Common, S.W. List of Members and Associates 139 Tucker, Thomas (Exeter). 49, Folburg Road, Stoke Newington, N.E. Turnbull, J. S. R. (Devonport), 29, Trumpington Road, Forest Gate, E. Turner, F. J., Ridgway House. Mill Hill. N.W. Turner, Mrs., Ridgway House, Mill Hill. N.W. Tyte, H. (Barnstaple), 121, Lansdowne Road, Seven Kings, Essex. Tyte, Miss A. L., 121, Lansdowne Road, Seven Kings, Essex. Tyte, Miss K. (Barnstaple), 7a, Morgan Mansions, Holloway Road. N. JUnderhill, F. (Plymouth), 7, Sutherland Road, Plymouth. ♦Upcott, Lieut.-Col. Sir Frederick Upcott (Cullompton), K.C.V.O., C.S.I. 227, St. James Court, Buckingham Gate, S.W. Vice-President. *Upcott, Lady (Cullompton), 227, St. James Court, Buckingham Gate, S.W. ♦Veitch, Sir Harry J. (Exeter), 34, Redcliffe Gardens, South Kensington, Vice-President. Vellacott, R. H. (Lynton), 13, Rectory Square, Stepney, E. Venn, W. H. (Whimple), M.A., St. Peter's College, Manor Road, Brockley, S.E. Vibert, F. H. (Totnes), Rock Villa, Sevenoaks. Vibert, Herbert (Totnes), 104, Fore Street, E.C. +Vicar>% W. J., 526, Alexandra Avenue, Winnipeg. [Manitoba Soc.) Vivian, Henry (Cornwood), 6, Bloomsbury Square, W.C. Vice-President. JVivyan, E. J. (Devonport). 3, Stuart Road, Higher Tranmere, Birkenhead. [Liverpool Soc.) Veysey. G. H. Shapland (Chittlehampton) , 15, Bishopsgate, E.C. JVickery, J. H. (Crediton). The Norlands, Clytha Park. Newport, Mon. JVodden, T. (Cullompton), Jaffa House, Cullompton, Devon. Waghom, Mrs. A. G. (Horrabridge), 50, Westcombe Park Road, Black- heath, S.E. Walden, Mrs. A. M. (Exmouth), 8, Parson's Green Lane, Fulham, S.W. Waldron, Rev. A. J. (Plymouth), St. Matthew's Vicarage, Brixton, S.W. Vice-President. "Walker, F. (Drewsteignton) , 68, Coleman Street, E.C. Walrond, Conrad M. (Cullompton), " Braeside," St. Catherine's Lane, Eastcote. Walrond, H. W. (Cullompton), London, County and Westminster Bank, Knightsbridge, S.W. *Walton, C. H. (Teignmouth), Devonia, 31, Sibella Road, Clapham, S.W. Ward, Mrs. (Plymouth), 29. Pitfield Road, Hoxton. N. Ward, W. J. (Plymouth). 29. Pitfield Road, Hoxton, N. Warran, F. (Tavistock), 82a, South Park Road, Wimbledon, S.W. JWatkins, J. R. (Plymouth). 5. Harrington St., Liverpool. [Liverpool Soc.) Webber, R. A. (Newton Abbot) , 2, Dallin Road, Plumstead, S.E. Webber, W. J. N. (Plymouth), Aspen Cottage, Mitcham Junction, Surrey. Wellacott. W. (Morchard Bishop). 18. Arlington Road. West Ealing, W. ♦Wendon, W. (Paignton), 9, Oxford Gardens, North Kensington, W. Western, J. R. (Cullompton), Rosario, Holly Park Gardens, Finchley, N, ♦Wheeler, C. (llfracombe), " Norlands," Lyndhurst, Hants. White, A. (Diptford), 3, Aberdeen Court, Aberdeen Park, N. White, T. Jeston (Stockland), 39, Burne Street, N.W. White, W. A. (Exeter), Crabtree, Riverside, Fulham, S.W. *Whiteway, E. (Coombeinteign), 14, New Union Street, Moorfields, E.C. Whitfield, J. (Bideford), 103, Altenburgh Gardens, Clapham Common, S.W. JWhitley, E. Forbes (Efford), Rhos Cottage, Newquay. 140 The Devonian Year Book, iqi6 Whitley, H. Michell (Plymouth), Broadway Court, Broadway, West- minster, S.W. Vice-President. fWidlake, E. (Combe Martin), Sunny Mount, Hanham, Bristol. {Bristol Soc.) Wild, A. C. T. (Beer), Belmont House, Peckham Rye, S.E. Wills, F. R. Gould- (Exeter), A.R.I.B.A., 31-33, High Holborn, W.C. JWindeatt, E. (Totnes), " Heckwood," Totnes, S. Devon. Wingate, G. H. (Plymouth), 29, Fairhold Road, Stoke Newington, N. Wingate, G. M. (Plymouth), 20, Denver Road, Amhurst Park, N. Wingate, L. A. (Plymouth), 66, Loveday Road, West Ealing, W. JWinter, P. G. D. (Torquay), 70, Elm Grove, Southsea. {Portsmouth Soc.) J Wise, H. Harris (Plymouth), Mayfield, Woodland Park, Newport (Mon.). Witheridge, W. H. (Plymouth), 105, Dawes Road, Fulham, S.W. WoUocombe, J. R. (Lewdown), Stowford Cottage, Lewdown S.O., Devon. Wood, J. F. (Stonehouse), 123, The Grove, Wandsworth, S.W. * Woodward, A. F. (Tiverton), 3, Pelham Road, South Woodford, Essex. Woolley, W. B. (Torquay), 17, Windermere Road, Muswell Hill, N. WooUcombe, Rev. H. S. (Northlew), M.A. Vice-President. Worth, A. J. (Devonport), London, County & Westminster Bank, Mary- lebone Road, W. Wreford, C. W. (Exeter), 55, Dyne Road, Brondesbury, N.W. Wreford, Mrs. C. W. (Exeter), 55. Dyne Road, Brondesbury, N.W. JWrenford, Rev. H. St. John E., Clannaborough Rectory, Bow, N. Devon. Wright, F. G. (Tiverton), 10, Old Deer Park Gardens, Richmond. Com- Wright, W. J. (Bideford), 18, Wood Street, E.C. JWyatt, F. B. (South Molton), South Molton, N. Devon. Yandle, Robert (Tiverton), 22, Carter Lane, E.C. Committee. JYellen, F. H. (Holcomb Rogus), 47, Market Place, Reading. {Reading Assoc.) Yeo, James (Barnstaple), Woodhurst, Warlingham, Surrey. Yeo, S. A. Spear (Exeter), 2, 4, and 6, St. John Street, E.C. Zelley, J. H. (Exeter), 31, Radipole Road, Fulham, S.W. Members are earnestly requested to notify alterations of address, and place of association with Devonshire {in cases where this is omitted), to the Hon. Secretary, John W. Shawver, 5, Hemington Avenue, Friern Barnet, London, N. 1917 PRICE 2i. M. net. \ DEVONIAN YEAR BOOK 1917 %' THE LATE LORD CLIFFORD OF CHUDLEIGH. V.D., A.D.C. {I'icc-P) csident of the London Devonian Association.) Frontispiece. THE Devonian Year Book FOR THE YEAR 1917 (EIGHTH YEAH OF PUBLICATION) BO(te& bB R. PEARSE CHORE, B.A. Men of Devon, link your hands Across the Seas, across the Lands ; Before the world as Brothers stand, Sons of Devon — Motherland. E. T. f PUBLISHED BY XonDoii: THE LONDON DEVONIAN ASSOCIATION (JOHN W. SHAWYER, Hon. Sec.) Sardinia House, Kingsway, W.C. SIMPKIN, MARSHALL, HAMILTON. KENT & CO. LTD. JSriStOl : JOHN WRIGHT & SONS LTD.. STONE BRIDGE /osite />. ig. A Tribute to Drake 19 A Tribute to Drake. The Significance of Drake's Drum. Everybody knows Kingsley's vivid description in Westward Ho f of the gathering of the whole posse comitaius of " England's forgotten worthies " in the little terrace bowling-green behind the Pelican Inn on Plymouth Hoe, on the afternoon of the nineteenth of July, in the year 1588. Chief among them is a " short, sturdy, plainly-dressed man, who stands with legs a little apart, and hands behind his back, looking up, with keen grey eyes, into the face of each speaker. His cap is in his hands, so you can see the bullet head of crisp brown hair and the wrinkled forehead, as well as the high cheek-bones, the short square face, the broad temples, the thick lips, which are yet firm as granite. A coarse plebeian stamp of man : yet the whole figure and attitude are that of boundless determina- tion, self-possession, energy ; and when at last he speaks a few blunt words, all eyes are turned respectfully upon him ; for his name is Francis Drake." " He was playing at Plymouth a rubber of bowls When the great Armada came ; But he said, ' They must jvait their turn, good souls,' And he stooped, and finished the game." And it was not until the afternoon of the following day — Saturday, July 20th — that the Armada reached Plymouth, and found the English fleet prepared to give it a warm reception. So it was the afternoon of this date, July 20th, in the year 1916, that was chosen by the members of the London Devonian Association who were present at the annual meeting of the Devonshire Association at Plymouth, as the most fitting occasion to do honour to their hero at his statue on the Hoe. Among these members were Colonel E. T. Clifford, V.D., Chair- man of the Association, Alderman C. Pinkham, J. P., Chairman of Committee, R. Pearse Chope, Deputy Chairman and Editor of Year Book, Sir Roper Lethbridge, K.C.I.E., Vice-President, Lady Radford, H. Michell Whitley, M.Inst.C.E., Vice-President, H. Tapley-Soper, Vice-President, G. W. Davey, Maxwell Adams, J. S. Amery, Rev. J. F. Chanter, M.A., F.S.A., C. H. Laycock, A. Small, and E. Windeatt ; and many other members of the Devonshire Association were also present. The following 20 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 account of the proceedings was given in the Wertern Daily Mercury of July 21st : — " If not without precedent, at least many years have elapsed since so noble a tribute to Drake has been paid as that of yesterday, when, on behalf of the London Devonian Association, Mrs. Clifford, wife of Colonel Clifford, Chairman of the Associ- ation, placed an exquisite wreath at the foot of the statue on the Hoe. Beautiful blooms of red, white, and blue tints blended with wonderful effect, and as the lower part of the trophy is composed of artificial flowers the hope has been expressed that it will be allowed to remain at its present resting-place. Accom- panying the wreath was a large card, on which was printed :-- To the Glory of God, In honour of the British Navy and of the immortal memory of DRAKE, England's great warrior navigator. Whose deeds preserved this Empire in her hour of peril, and whose teaching will save us to-day. This is a tribute from the London Devonian Association. " Colonel CUfford remarked that, although unable to com- memorate Armada Day as originally intended, the members of the Association who were attending the meeting of the Devon- shire Association desired to express their thanks to the civic authorities for having granted permission to lay the wreath at the foot of the statue. " He reminded them that Devonian societies all over the world were united in celebrating Armada Day as Devon's Day, recognizing the transcendent importance of the great fight which took place over three hundred years ago across the blue sea which was now spread before the gaze of that company. They had adopted Drake as their hero not only for the great part he took in that event, but because of his character and teaching, and the enormous advantages which had flowed to them from his action and teaching. " In the great war that is now being waged be assured that we shall triumphantly emerge, largely because of our Navy, which has generously adopted Drake's principles of naval war. and also because the spirit of Drake is still with us, and still animates the people of this Empire. That is the true significance of Drake's Drum. Confidence, resolution, bravery, and patriot- ism were Drake's characteristics. Let us follow so great an exemplar.' (Applause.) DRAKE'S DRUM. From " The Family and Heirs of Sir Francis Drake," by permissirn OJ Lady Eliott-Drake and Messrs. Smith, Elder dr* Co. (jpiosite p, 21, A Tribute io Drake 21 It is a curious fact that the legend of Drake's Drum is still a living force. Mr. Alfred Noyes, writing in The Times of August 28th. 1916, says :— " There is a tale in Devonshire that Sir Francis Drake has not merely listened for his drum, durinjj; the last 300 years, but has also heard and answered it on more than one naval occasion. It was heard, as the men of the Brixham trawlers can testify, about a hundred years ago, when a little man, under the pseudonym of Nelson (for all Devonshire knows that Nelson was a reincarnation of Sir Francis) went sailing by to Trafalgar.* " It was only a little before the great naval action in the North Sea — perhaps the greatest British victory since Trafa'gar — that word came from the Brixham trawlers again. They had ' heard Drake's drum beat ' and were now assured that the ghost of Sir Francis Drake was inhabiting the body of Sir John Jellicoe. " There is good reason why the trawlers should be aware of this first ; for it is among the 3000 odd trawlers, drifters, and other fishing craft of the British auxiliary fleet that the seamen who broke the Armada would find themselves most at home to-day. In this host of auxiharies England has, in fact, brought to life again and organized on a huge scale, with certain modern improvements, the men and the fleets of Drake and Hawkins ; and it is these fleets and these men that have struck terror into the German submarines and driven them from the seas." And, again, in The Times of September 29th, 1916, a corres- pondent contributes an interesting article, which is here reprinted by special permission : — HEARD AT SEA. The Dreamer and the Drum. '■ Drake is fighting for England again. Pinnace and galleon are at it amain. In foul weather and flying scud There's reek of powder and smell of blood. Hear creak of yards and crack of sheet. The patter on deck of unshod feet. Day or night you can hear a fight ; Lie by the clitl and its just as if The Don and El Draque were at it amain — It's Drake fighting for England again." " As it is my own particular village, I will not give you explicit directions how to get there, but you cannot get to it by train * See " The Admiral's Cihost," pp. 24-6. 22 The Devonian Year Book, 191 7 and the roads forbid the motor-car. It is a Uttle half-moon village with a stone quay edging the cluster of brown houses. There are red-sailed boats and brown-faced fisher-folk. There is a miniature ale-house, the sign of the Dragon, named for El Draque or Sir Francis, whichever you please to call him. You go down into the village by a hundred steps, past drying nets and piled oars and masts from the Httle craft in the bay. Turn to your left and skirt the crescent until you come to where the stone quay ends and the beach begins. There is a scant hundred yards of this, and then the path rises, fringing the cliffs. Climb up and on until you get to a little green mound with a stone set atop of it. Then sit down and fill a pipe. If you do not smoke, then you will miss much, for tobacco is at its best up there in the fresh, sweet air. This is how I went to the place a few days ago. " I had not been sittmg long when I heard a voice behind me and, turning, saw an oldish man standing back of the mound. He had a thin grey beard that showed up on his brown face like white orchard moss on brown apple bark. He had heavy gold earrings in his ears and he smoked a small-bowled, thin clay pipe, black and shiny, which he fondled lovingly. " ' A good morning to you, sir,' he said as he sat near me. " ' Good morning,' I said. ' Are you from the village ? ' " ' One time I was,' he answered, ' but I live up there away now,' and he pointed to the little church which now stands alone on the down, but which was once the centre of a village like the one below, ' D'ye hear it .^ ' said the old fellow suddenly. ' You can hear the roll of it. It's just as he told us 'twould be, and it means what he said, too.' " ' Those are the guns in France,' I said, for you could hear them muttering ceaselessly over the water. " ' Guns ? ' he said smilingly ; ' they're not guns. It's the dnmi rolUng — Frankie's drum, as he said it would. He's afloat .igain and away up Channel.' He carefully knocked the ashes from his pipe, and I passed him my pouch, which he had some difficulty in opening. He filled his pipe and pressed the red- hot dottle from the ashes of his last fill on the top. ' This is a quaint weed, surely,' he said. ' 'Tis soft in flavour, but sweet smoking. This of mine now is not as new as it might have been once, but it was brought to this country in the Heart's Desire on her last run from Virginia. Benjamin Capel, master mariner, is as good judge of tobacco as he is sailor or fighter. Many a packet of good brown leaf he's brought me, and once Frankie himself smoked some of it with me when he lay at the Dragon. There's the drum again ! Listen to it, listen. It's A Tribute to Drake 23 a sign for all of England's enemies, but it's mostly a sign for us, so I take it. That's as he meant it, I think. When we hear it we are to remember all we fight for. Some say we fight for the present, some for the years that come. Both be right, but I have a mind we fight for the past as well. It is not every nation that can sav so, for many of them be upstarts. Listen here o' nights, and vou will hear it all. There's the sound of cannon and the crash of shot through oak timbers. I've heard it, with the cries of the d ing and the maimed. I've passed the shot in a chain of hands from the locker to the guns. See that old iron there ? '—and he kicked a rib of iron in the stone slab by his feet — ' that's part of the basket of Cliff Beacon that I ht with these hands night of Armada's coming. Then I got me down and joined Frankic. Yes, that's Drake, his drum sounding — there are no two ways about it. It's not the guns in France. And it means we win, as Drake won.' " Saying this, he turned and bade me good-bye. ' What's your name ? ' I called after him as he went down the far slope of the mound. ' John Treadwell,' he called back. " I got up from the mound, for it was time to go, and I thought I might as well walk back with my acquaintance. But when I went to the other side of the knoll there was no one in view, and that was strange, for the country was flat and the path stretched away towards the church. " I walked under the little lych-gate and through the church- yard. I do not know what led me aside, but I stopped to read the writing on a grey headstone : — Here lyes the Bodie of JOHNNE TREADWELL, Of Thys Parish, Who Died on Hys Shippe When Fighting the Spaniard. " As I went back through the village the inn-keeper greeted me. ' Guns be noisy this morning, sir,' he said. " ' Those aren't guns,' I said. ' That's Drake's drum.' And I left him gaping after me perple.xedly as I climbed the steep stone steps." 24 The Devonian Year Book, 1916 The Admirars Ghost. {By special permission of the Author.) I TELL you a tale to-night Which a seaman told to me, With eyes that gleamed in the lanthorn light And a voice as low as the sea. You could almost hear the stars Twinking up in the sky, And the old wind woke and moaned in the spars, And the same old waves went by, Singing the same old song As ages and ages ago, While he froze my blood in that deep-sea night With the things that he seemed to know. A bare foot pattered on deck ; Ropes creaked ; then — all grew still, And he pointed his finger straight in my face And growled, as a sea-dog will. " Do 'ee know who Nelson was ? That pore little shrivelled form With the patch on his eye and the pinned-up sleeve, And a soul like a North Sea storm ? " Ask of the Devonshire men ! They know, and they'll tell you true ; He wasn't the pore little chawed-up chap That Hardy thought he knew. " He wasn't the man you think ! His patch was a dern disguise ! For he knew that they'd find him out, d'you see. If they looked him in both his eyes. " He was twice as big as he seemed ; But his clothes were cunningly made. He'd both of his hairy arms all right ! The sleeve was a trick of the trade. " You've heard of sperrits, no doubt ; Well, there's more in the matter than that ! But he wasn't the patch and he wasn't the sleeve, And he wasn't the lace cocked-hat. The Admiral's Ghost 25 " Nelson was jtist~a Ghost ! You may laugh ! But the Devonshire men They knew that he'd come when England called, And they know that he'll come again. " I'll tell you the way it was (For none of the landsmen know), And to tell it you right, you must go a-starn Two hundred years or so. 4c 4t * « * " The waves were lapping and slapping The same as they are to-day ; And Drake lay dying aboard his ship In Nombre Dios Bay. " The scent of the foreign flowers Came floating all around ; ' But I'd give my soul for the smell o' the pitch.' Says he, ' in Plymouth Sound. " ' What shall I do,' he says, ' When the guns begin to roar. An' England wants me, and me not there To shatter 'er foes once more ? ' (" You've heard what he said, maybe. But I'll mark you the p'ints again ; For I want you to box your compass right And get my story plain.)* " ' You must take my drum,' he says, ' To the old sea-wall at home ; And if ever you strike that drum,' he says, ' Why, strike me blind, I'll come ! " ' If England needs mc, dead Or hving, I'll rise that day ! I'll rise from the darkness under the sea Ten thousand miles away.' " That's what he said ; and he died ; An' his pirates, listenin' roun'. With their crimson doublets and jewelled swords That flashed as the sun went down, " They sewed him up in his shroud With a round-shot top and toe, To sink him under the salt sharp sea Where all good seamen go. 26 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 " They lowered him down in the deep, And there in the sunset Ught They boomed a broadside over his grave, As meanin' to say ' Good-night.' " They sailed away in the dark To the dear httle isle they knew ; And they hung his drum by the old sea-wall The same as he told them to. * 4c >|c )|c * " Two hundred years went by, And the guns began to roar, And England was fighting hard for her life, As ever she fought of yore. " ' It's only my dead that count,' She said, as she says to-day ; ' It isn't the ships and it isn't the guns 'Ull sweep Trafalgar's Bay.' " Do you guess who Nelson was ? You may laugh, but it's true as true ! There was more in that pore httle chawed-up chap Than ever his best friend knew. " The foe was creepin' close. In the dark, to our white-cliffcd isle ; They were ready to leap at England's throat, When — O, you may smile, you may smile ; " But — ask of the Devonshire men ; For they heard in the dead of night The roll of a drum, and they saw him pass On a ship all shining white. " He stretched out his dead cold face And he sailed in the grand old way ! The fishes had taken an eye and an arm, But he swept Trafalgar's Bay. " Nelson — was Francis Drake ! O, what matters the uniform. Or the patch on your eye or your pinned-up sleeve, If your soul's like a North Sea storm ? " Alfred Noyes. [" Collected Poems " — Blackwood.] Lord Clifford oj Chudleigh 27 Lord Clifford of Chudleigh, V.D.. A.D.C. It is with much regret that we have to record the death of one of our Vice-Presidents, Lewis Henrv Hugh Clifford, 9th Baron CHfford of Chudleigh in the peerage of England. This sad event took place on July 19th, 1916, at his Devonshire home, Ugbrooke Park. Born on August 24th, 1851, at Albano, in Italv, he was in his 65th >ear. He was educated at Ston^ hurst Roman Catholic College, took the B.A, degree in London Universitv in 1872, and ten years later was called to the Bar at the Middle Temple. He is said to have been the first peer ever called to the Bar, as Lord Coleridge is the first peer who ever practised. In 1890 he married Mabel Ann, daughter of Colonel John Townelev, of Towneley, but leaves no issue, the title falling to his brother, the Hon. William Hugh Clifford, who was bom in 1858, and has been living in Tasmania. In 1873 he went to America, and joined a force of troops under General Custer engaged in protecting the surveying party for the Northern Pacific Railway. While he was with this force, one or two small fights with the Indians took place, during which General Custer insisted upon the band playing whilst under fire, but " whether it was ' Hail, Columbia ' or ' The Star-Spangled Banner,' " Lord CHfford once remarked, "nobody was ever able to say." In 1875 he went to India with Lord Ebrington, now Earl Fortescue, to witness the reception of the Prince of Wales, afterwards King Edward VII. From India he went to China and Japan, and on his way back to England again visited America. He indulged in another long trip in 1882, when he paid a visit to Australia and New Zealand, where many of his relations were among the early settlers. Lord Clifford from his earliest years recognized the duties his position imposed on him. He possessed considerable versatility. A keen sportsman, a good shot, and one of the best amateur actors in society, he gave a large share of his life to public work. As a magistrate and deputy-lieutenant of Devon, and a chairman of Quarter Sessions, he administered justice impartially with a decided leaning towards mercy. He further served his county as an alderman, and did excellent work as chairman of its Education Committee, until failing 28 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 health in 1913 compelled him to relinquish the office. His lordship's sense of fairness and breadth of view, and his exercise of that charity which thinketh no evil, greatly contributed to the smooth and efficient administration of the new education regime. Until the Home Rule split of 1885 he was in poUtics a 1 iberal of moderate views; then he became a tower of strength to the Unionist cause in Devon, speaking at many of the party's demonstrations, and by his influence often obtaining the presence of some of its stalwarts. But perhaps the greatest service he rendered to his country was in connection with the Volunteer and Territorial Forces. Long ago he won his V.D. In the promotion of their interest he did not spare time, effort, or money. He was Lieut-Col. commanding the old 5th Devon Volunteer Infantry Regiment from 1881 to 1901, and Hon. Colonel of the BattaUon from 1903 to 1908, with the temporary rank of Colonel in the Army. He commanded the Devon Volunteer Infantry Brigade from 1901 to 1908, and the Devon and Cornwall Infantry Brigade from 1908 to 191 1, and was A.D.C. to King Edward VII. for Volunteers from 1901 to 1910. When the Devon Territorial Force Associ- ation was formed in 1908, he became its vice-chairman, and had held the office ever since; and at the outbreak of the War he did not a little to promote recruiting. From 1881, when he succeeded to the title, he had been a member of the House of Lords. There he rarely spoke except on matters relating to our auxiliary forces, of which he was always a warm champion. Only in one direction did he endeavour to initiate legislation : he was the author of the Movable Dwellings Bill, a laudable attempt to ameliorate the lot of gipsies and their children, but the W ar prevented it from becoming law. He was a devout Roman Catholic, and, like many of his forebears, a Count of the Holy Roman Empire. His grand- father, after the death of his wife, took orders and became a Cardinal, and one of his uncles was Bishop of CHfton. His intervention at the sale of the historic Abbey of Marmoutier by Tours earned him the gratitude not only of his co-religionists, but also of archaeologists of all religions. To him, too, was mainly due the re-establishment of Buckfast Abbey on its ancient site, and to the arms of this restored foundation have now been added, according to ancient precedent, the arms of the House of Clifford. Died for their Country 29 Jiieti for ti)cir (iTountri). AcLAND. — Killed in action before July 27, 1916, Capt. John Henry Dyke Acland, R.A.M.C, son of Hev. Henry Dyke Acland, born at Nymet St. George, age 36. Andrews. — Killed on July i, 1916, Capt. James Allfrey Andrews, Devon Regt., son of Lieut. -Col. Andrews, of Robertsbridge, Sussex, age 26. Baillie. — Killed in Mesopotamia on March 2, 1916, Lieut. Humphrey John Baillie, M.C., 2nd Dorset Regt., son of Rev. W. Gordon Baillie, Vicar of Lynton, age 23. Ball. — Wiled in action on July 11, 1916, Lieut. Richard Anthony Ball, Devon Regt., son of William Ball, of Torquay, age 20. Baly. — Killed in action on Sept. 15, 1916, Lieut. Tyson Sugar Baly, " The Buffs," son of the late Dr. P. P. Baly, of Westward Ho, age 19. Bannatyne. — Died of wounds on May 14, 19 16, Major James Fitzgerald Bannatyne, Hussars, attached Manchester Regt., son of the late J. V. Bannatyne and Mrs. liannatyne, of Haldon, age 32. Barnes. — Killed on May 28, 191O. Capt. John Christopher Craven Barnes, Border Regt., son of Lieut. -Col. H. J. Barnes, R.A.M.C, of Colyton, age 22. Bazeley. — Killed in France on Jan. 29, 1916. 2nd Lieut. Rolland Arthur Bazeley, 9th Royal Sussex Regt., son of E. A. Bazeley. of Ottery St. Mary. Beddovv.— Killed on July i, 1916; 2nd Lieut. Cecil \'ictor Beddow, Devon Regt., son of Dr. Josiah Beddovv, of Thorvcrton, age 20. Beer. — Killed on July 19, 1916, Lieut. -Col. J. H. Beer, Royal Berkshire Regt., son of W. A. Beer, of Kenton, age 36. Bellwood. — Killed in action on July 14, 1916, Capt. Frank Bell- wood, Devon Regt., son of the late Capt. F. H. D. B. Bellwood, 3rd Dragoon Guards, age 34. Bennett. — Killed on Sept. 3, 1916, Capt. John Edgar Bennett, Royal Irish Regt.. son of the late Lieut. -Col. John Bennett, LM.S., and Mrs. Bennett, of Ilfracombe, age 26. Blencowe. — Killed on Feb. 16, 1916, Capt. E. C. B. Blencowc, 6th Dorset Regt., son of the late Ernest Gottwaltz, of Bideford. BowRiNC— Killed in Mesopotamia between Nov. 22 and 24, 1915, Capt. Francis Stephen Bowring, 22nd Punjabis, son of the late Lcwin Bcntham Bowring, C.S.L, of Torquay, age 37. He served through the South African Campaign, being awarded the Queen's medal \vith three clasps and the King's medal with two clasps ; and in 1908 he took part in the Mohmand operations. North- West Frontiei of India, receiving the medal with clasp. 30 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 Boyd. — Killed on July 14, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Robert Colin Boyd, Devon Regt., son of A. H. Boyd, of Westward Ho, age 23. Briggs. — Died on Dec. 30, 1916, Colonel Frederick Clifton Briggs, Devon Regt., commanding battalion Border Regt., age 59. Served in Afghan War and South African War, receiving Queen's and King's medals with seven clasps. BuLLER. — Killed on June 3, 1916, Lieut.-Col. Herbert Cecil Buller, D.S.O., Commanding Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry, son of the late Admiral Sir Alexander Buller, G.C.B., of Plympton, age 34. From 191 1 to 191 4 he was A.D.C. to the Governor- General and Commander-in-Chief of the Dominion of Canada. Chard. — Killed on July 8, 1916, Capt. Robert Alexander Farmer Chard, Royal Fusiliers, son of the late Col. W. W. Chard, of St. Budeaux, age 29. Chichester. — Killed in the naval battle off Jutland, May 31, 1916, Lieut. Robert C. Chichester, R.N., H.M.S. Black Prince, son of the late Rear-Admiral Sir Edward Chichester, Bart., C.B. Clemson. — Ivilled in action in GalHpoli on Dec. 9, 1915, Capt. John Ohver Clemson, Royal North Devon Hussars, of Steven- stone, Torrington, age 33. He was Master of the Stevenstone Foxhounds at the time of his death. CoLDWELLS. — Missing, believed killed, on July i, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Francis B. Cold wells, Devon Regt., son of Joseph G. Cold wells, of London, age 24. Cole. — Died of wounds on April 3, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Humphrey Porteus Cole, Devon Regt., son of the late Maj.-Gen. R. A. Cole, Madras Staff Corps, age 21. Cole. — Killed in action on Sept. 22, 1916, Lieut. Percy James Cole, Royal Field Artillery, of Chittlehampton, age 25. CoNVBEARE. — Killed on April 4-5, 1916, Capt. Edward Bruce Conybeare, M.C., Worcester Regt , son of the late H. C. Conybeare, of Shaldon. CooKE. — Killed on April 26, 1916, Capt. Ernest R. Cooke, Royal Irish Fusiliers, son of R. E. Cooke, of Teignmouth. CoRBETT. — Killed on July 22 or 23, 1916, Lieut. Harry Corbett, 3rd Devon Regt., attached Gloucester Regt., son of the late W. V. Corbett and Mrs. Corbett, of Teignmouth, age 24. CoxE. — Killed in action on July i, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Cecil Henry Coxe, Royal Flying Corps, son of H. R. H. Coxe, I.C.S., of Exmouth, age 18. Darke. — Died on active service on July 12, 1916, Major Hugh Cuff Darke, Royal Field Artillery, son of A. J. Darke, late of Ex- mouth, where Major Darke was bom, age 35. Dawe. — Killed in action on Sept. 13, 1916, 2nd Lieut. R. H. O. Dawe, Devon Regt., son of W. H. T. Dawe, of Plymouth, age rS. Dennis. — Killed before Sept. 28, 1916, Capt. John Edmund Wilham Dennis, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, son of the late J. E. Dennis, of Fremington. Died for their Country 31 Dundee-Hooper. — Died on active service on Aug. 15, 1916, Lieut. Stewart Briscoe Dundee- Hooper, R.N., son of Mr. Dundee- Hooper, of Torquay, age 22. Dunn-Pattison. — Killed in Mesopotamia before March 15, 1916, Capt. and Adjutant Richard Phillipson Dunn-Pattison, M.A., I /6th Devon Regt., of Braunton, age 45. He was at one time lecturer on modem history at Magdalen College, Oxford, and was the author of several historical works. Eardley-Wilmot. — Died of wounds on March 10, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Gerald H. Eardley-Wilmot, Machine Gun Company, 20th Brigade, son of Lieut. F. Eardley Wilmot, R.N., of Shaldon, age 26. Edye. — Killed at Tanvoorde on Oct. 30, 1914, Lieut. Charles Vivian de Grete Edye, Royal Welsh Fusiliers, son of Ernest Edye, of Budleigh Salterton. He was previously in the Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, and in 1913 was appointed A.D.C. to the General Commanding in China. Elliot. — Killed on June 21, 1916, Lieut. Hugh Elliot, Liverpool Regt., son of the late Major Hugh Elliot, of Tcignmouth, age 20. Ferguson- Davie. — Died of wounds received on April 12, 1916, Lieut.-Col. Arthur Francis Ferguson -Davie, CLE., D.S.O., Indian Infantry, son of Sir William A. Ferguson- Davie, Bt., C.B., of Creedy Park, age 49. He took part in the Waziristan Expedition of 1894-5, the Chitral operations of 1895, and the Tirah expedition two years later, when he was awarded the D.S.O. He was in South Africa in 1901 and gained the Queen's medal with three clasps, but later in the same year he was back again on the North-West Frontier of India, operating against the Waziris. Afterwards he held the appointments of Deputy Assistant Adjutant-General and Deputy Assistant Quarter- master-General in India. FiNLAv. — Died of wounds in Mesopotamia on March 20, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Eric Lionel Finlay, i,6th Devon Regt., son of J. F. Finlay, I.C.S., ape 24. Fischer. — Died of wounds on May 12, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Alexander William Fischer, Devon Regt., son of the late W. J. H. Fischer, of London. Francis. — Killed in action before Dec. i, 191 6, 2nd Lieut. Dudley Collins Francis, York and Lanes. Regt., son of H. Francis, of Plymouth. FuLFORD. — Killed on Dec. 14, 1916, Rev. R. H. Fulford, chaplain to the forces, late curate of St. Andrew's, Plymouth, age 34. GiBBS. — Killed on Sept. 3, 1916, Lieut.-Col. William Beresford Gibbs, Worcester Regt., son of Rev. W. C. Gibbs, of East Budleigh, age 35. He served in the South African War, receiving the Queen's medal \vith three clasps and the King's medal with two clasps. Gill.— Killed on Oct. 18, 1916, Lieut. Basil Every Gill, York Regt., son of Thomas Husband Gill, of Devonport. 32 The Devonian Year Book, 191 7 Glossop. — Killed on Sept. 4, 1916, Lieut. Bertram Glossop, Devon Regt., son of Canon Glossop, of St. Albans, age 22. Gordon. — Killed in Mesopotamia on Nov. 22-24, IQ^S. Lieut. Eldred Pottinger Gordon, 104th Rifles, son of the late A. H. M. H. Gordon, of Co. Down, Ireland, and of Mrs. Gordon, of Northam, age 24. Gr.«me. — Killed in France on March 10, 1916, Lieut.-Col. Lawrence Oliphant Graeme, C.M.G., ist Cameron Highlanders, son of Lieut.-Col. Graeme, of Shaldon, age 43. He served in the South African War, and received the Queen's medal wnth three clasps. He was an extra A.D.C. to the King during the Durbar tour, and was awarded the C.M.G. for services in France. Graham. — Killed in Mesopotamia on Feb. 7, 1916, Major George Humphrey Irving Graham, 44th Merwara Infantry, late ist Devon Regt., son of Major-Gen. G. F. I. Graham, late Bengal Staff Corps, age 42. He saw service in Tirah 1897-8, receiving the medal with two clasps, and in South Africa, receiving the Queen's medal with three clasps and the King's medal with two clasps. Gregory. — Died of sickness at Moseul, beyond Baghdad, before Oct. 16, 1916, Lieut. Stephen Barnes Gregory, Devon Regt., son of the Mayor of Tiverton. Haldane. — Killed on April 2, 19 16, Capt. Laurence Aylmer Haldanc, D.S.O., Northants Regt., son of the late Alex. Haldane, of Plymouth, age 32. Harris. — Killed in the naval battle off Jutland, on May 31, iyt6. Midshipman Malcolm Alfred Milner Harris, R.N., H.M.S. Defence, son of Admiral Sir Robert Harris, of Yelverton. age 16; Harris. — Killed in action on Sept. 3, 1916, Lieut. Reginald William Harris, West Yorks Regt., .son of W. H. Harris, of Sidmoutli. age 23. Heard. — Killed on July 2, 1916, Capt. Geoffrey Richard Heard. R.A.M.C., son of Richard W. Heard, of Devonport, age 30. Heinig. — Killed on April 6, 191 6, Lieut. Wilfrid Hardinge Heinig, Sikhs, son of R. L. Heinig, of Torquay, age 29. Henderson. — ^Killed in the naval battle off Jutland on May 31, 19 16, Midshipman Richard Henderson, son of Wallace Hender- son, of Crediton, age 19. Heriz-Smith. — Killed in Mesopotamia on March 8, 1916, Lieut. Ambrose Joseph Cocks Heriz-Smith, 6th Devon Regt., son of J. C. T. Heriz-Smith, J. P., of Bideford, age 38. Hirst. — Killed on July i, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Cecil Pollock Hirst, Devon Regt., son of the late E. T. Hirst, the Oxford double blue. Hodgson. — Killed on July i, 1916, Lieut. William Noel Hodgson, Devon Regt., M.C., son of the Bishop of St. Edmundsbury and Ipswich, age 23. Died for their Country 33 HoGGETT. — Died of wounds on July i8, 1916, 2nd Lieut. F. R. Hoggett, Royal West Surrey Regt., son of J. T. Hoggett, of Torquay, age 29. James. — -Died of wounds on Nov. 25, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Basil Lister James. East Kent Regt... attached Loyal North Lanes., son of Rev. C. L. James, of Broad Lembury, age 21. KiLGOUR. — Died of dysentery while on active service in Egypt, on Nov. 2^, 1916, Col. Henry Kilgour, commanding the 2/5th (Prince of Wales's) Devon Regt. KiRWAN. — Died in the 2nd London Military Hospital on May 23, 19 16, after a severe operation. Rev. Robert Mansel Kirwan, chaplain to the Indian Expeditionary Force to Mesopotamia, son of the late Rev. Richard Kirwan, Rural Dean of Honiton, age 55. He was chaplain to the Tirah Expeditionary Force in 1897-8, receiving the medal with two clasps, and was chaplain to the Commander-in-Chief's encampment at the King's Durbar in 1911-12. Lewis. — Died in hospital on July 15, 1916, 2nd Lieut. John Walter Lewis, Devon Regt., son of Rev. Walter H. Lewis, Rector of Goodleigh, age 20. Lloyd. — Killed on Oct. 3, 1916, 2nd Lieut. F. B. Lloyd, Devon Regt., son of Rev. D. Lloyd, of Shipston-on-Stour, age 21. I.LOVD. — Died in hospital at Boulogne before March g, 1916, Lieut. Hugh Clifford Chetwode Lloyd, ist Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, son of the late Lieut.-Col. William Chetwode Lloyd, of Bideford, age 24. Lucas. — Killed in the naval battle off Jutland on May 31, 1916, Lieut. Claude de Neufville Lucas, R.N., H.M.S. Ivdejaiigable, son of the late Lieut.-Col. Lucas, of Exeter, age 23. Lucas. — Killed in action on July io, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Clifton Malet Lucas, South Wales Borderers, son of Col. H. C. E. Lucas, of Ringmore, age 30. MacMichael. — Died of wounds on Sept. 16, 1916, Lieut. Michael William Annesley MacMichael, Essex Regt., late Devon Regt., son of Rev. W. F. MacMichael, Vicar of Lee, near Ilfracombe, age 21. Mansel-Carev. — Died of wounds on Feb. 24, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Spencer Lort Mansel Mansel-Carey, 8th Devon Regt., son of Mr. Mansel-Carey, of Uppingham School, age 23. -Marriott. — Killed on Nov. 13, 1916, Capt. Herbert Norman Marriott, East Yorks. Regt., son of Herbert Mayo Marriott, of Torcross. Martin. — Killed on April 17-18, 1916, Capt. Arthur Derisley Martin, Indian Army, son of W. T. Martin, I.C.S., of Ilfra- combe, age 31. Martin. — Killed on Oct. 2, 1916, Capt. Cecil Hampson Martin, East Lanes. Regt., son of Capt. A. M. Martin, of Westward Ho, age 22. 34 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 MiCHELMORE. — Killed on July i, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Robert F. Michelmore, Middlesex Regt., son of R. F. Michelmore, of Salcombe, age 24. Moon. — Died of wounds on Nov. 23, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Leonard James Moon, Devon Regt., son of the late William Moon, of Lincoln's Inn Fields, age 38. O'Brien. — Killed on June i, 1916, Capt. Hugh Rivers Hamilton O'Brien, Royal Field Artillery, son of Lieut. -Col. J. O'Brien, I. M.S., and Mrs. O'Brien, of Instow, age 25. Palmer. — Killed on March 5, 1916, Capt. Walter Gerard Palmer, Indian Army, attached Royal Fl5ang Corps, son of the late C. E. Palmer and Mrs. Palmer, of Instow, age 32. Paramore. — Killed in action on July 23, 1916, Lieut. Robert Edward Pynsent Paramore, Devon Regt., attached Gloucester liegt., son of the Rector of Iddesleigh, age 19. Parsons. — Killed on July 19, 19 16, Capt. Maurice Harry Donne Parsons, Royal Horse Artillery, son of the late H. J. D. Parsons, of Exeter. Pennell.^ Killed in the naval battle oft Jutland on May 31, 1916, Commander Harry L. L. PenncU, R.N., H.M.S. Queen Mary, son of Lieut. -Col. Reginald Pennell, of Awliscombe, age 33. He was a member of Capt. Scott's Antarctic Expedition, 1910-13. Perkin. — Killed on July i, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Philip Kenneth Perkin, Yorks and Lanes. Regt., son of E. S. Perkin, of Tiverton, age 22. Phillips. — Killed in action on Oct. 12, 1916, Lieut. F. E. S. Phillips, Devon Regt. and Royal Fljnng Corps, son of the Rector of Bow, age 21. PouLTER. — Killed in action on July 15, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Hugh Douglas Michael Poulter, Royal Engineers, son of Capt. D. R. Poulter, of Newton Abbot, age 19. PowLESLAND. — Died of wounds on Sept. 20, 1916, 2nd Lieut. J. N. J. Powlesland, London Regt., son of John Powlesland, of Chulm- leigh, age 20. Prowse. — Killed in the naval battle off Jutland on May 31, 1916, Capt. Cecil Iiby Prowse, R.N., H.M.S. Queen Marv, son of the late Capt. C. J. W. Prowse, of Torquay, age 49. Radcliffe. — Died before Feb. 9, 1916, Lieut. -Col. Jasper Fitz- gerald Radcliffe, D.S.O., loth Essex Regt., late Devon Regt., son of the late Walter Coplcston Radcliffe, of Warleigh, age 49. He served in the South African War, winning the D.S.O., besides receiving the Queen's medal with clasp. Rayner. — Killed in action on July i, 191 6, 2nd Lieut. Harold Leslie Rayner, Devon Regt., son of the late Edward Rayner, of Wadhurst, Sussex, age 26. KiDDELL. — Killed in action on July i, 1916, 2nd Lieut. William l^ddell, Devon Regt., son of Mr. Riddell, of Culverleigh, Tiverton, age 29. Died for their Country 35 Roe. — Died of wounds on Jan. 7, 1916, .ind Lieut. Francis I^eslie Koe, 2nd South Lanes. Kegt., son of the late F. L. Roe, of Totnes, age 21. Rogers. — Died of wounds on Dec. 8, 191 6, Capt. Edward Rogers, Royal Engineers, M.C., son of the late Capt. H. Rogers, R.N., of Plymouth, age 34. Rogers. — Killed in action on July 5, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Henry Pevcrell Rogers, Sherwood Foresters, son of the late Capt. H. Rogers, R.N., of Plymouth. Rook. — Killed on July 29, 19 16, 2nd Lieut. William A. Rook, Duke of Cornwall's Light Infantry, son of WiUiam Henry Rook, formerly of Combemartin, age 25. Roper. — Died of wounds on Sept. 12, 1916, Lieut. Eric Walter Roper, M.C., Royal FusiUers, son of H. C. Roper, surgeon, of Exeter. Scarbrough. — Killed in action on Sept. 26, 1916, Major Michael Claud Scarbrough, Middlesex Rcgt., son of Ehjah Impey Scarbrough, of Teignmouth, age 33. Shepard. — Killed on July i, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Cyril Harry Shepard, Devon Regt., son of the late Henry Dunkin Shep>ard, A.R.LB.A. Skinner. — Killed in action on Sept. 25, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Edward Howard Skinner, Devon Regt., son of the late Alfred C. Skinner, of Bishop's Lydeard, Som., age 29. Skynner. — Lost on June 5, 1916, in H.M.S. Hampshire, Lieut. W. W. Skynner, son of W. P. Skynner, of Bideford. Smith. — Died of wounds on June 28, 1916, Capt. Duncan Galloway Smith, Royal Engineers, son of H. D. Smith, M. Inst. C.E., of Plymouth. Smyth-Osbourne. — Killed in the' naval battle off Jutland on May 31, 1916, Lieut. -Commander Edward Smyth-Osbourne, R.N., H.M.S. Invincible, son of the late John Smyth-Osbourne, of Iddesleigh, age 32. He took part also in the battle of the Bight of HeUgoland in August, 1914, and in the battle of the Falkland Isles on Nov. 9, 1914. S.mythe. — Died of wounds before Nov. 24, 1915, Major Ralph Conran Smythc, Royal Garrison .\rtillery, son of Capt. WilUam W. Smythe, R.N., of Plympton, age 35. Sumner. — Died on June 30, 1916, Col. Charles Mannoir Sumner, Devon Regt., late South Lanes. Regt., age 58. Sydenham. — Died on Oct. 8, 1916, Lieut. Humphrey St. Barbe Sydenham, Devon Regt.. son of Dr. G. F. Sydenham, of Dul- verton, Som., age 20. Teape. — Killed in action on Sept. 4, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Charles Lewarne Teape, Devon Regt., son of Rev. C. R. Teape, of Devonport, age 20. ToKELY. — Died of wounds on Dec. 33, 2nd Lieut. Reginald Cyrus Tokely, Essex Regt., son of C. R. Tokely, of Teignmouth, age 20. 3^ The Devonian Year Book, 1917 Trefusis. — Killed on July 8, 1916, Capt. Arthur Owen Trefusis, Loyal North Lanes. Kegt., son of the Bishop of Crediton. Trefusis. — Killed on Nov. 7, 191 6, Capt. Ha worth Walter Trefusis, Northants Regt., son of the Bishop of Crediton, age 34. He served in the South African War, and received the Queen's medal with two clasps. Tregelles. — Killed on July i, 1916, Capt. Geoflfrey PhiUp Tregelles' Devon Regt., son of G. F. Tregelles, of Barnstaple. Upstone.— Died in hospital at Bombay on July 11, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Cedric Donal Upstone, Devon Regt., son of the late Rev. Phihp Upstone, of Coaley, Glos., age 23. Vaughan. — Killed in action on July 20, 1916, Capt. Guy Carleton Vaughan, Devon Regt., son of Col. Vaughan, of Cheltenham. Walrond. — Killed in action on March 19, 1916, Capt. Stewart Walrond, Somerset Light Infantry, son of Col. Walrond, formerly of Cullompton. Walsh. — Died of wounds before July 25, 1916, Lieut. Percival Walsh, Loyal North Lanes. Regt., son of Percival Walsh, formerly of Tiverton, age 20. Warren. — ^Killed in action on Oct. 18, 1916, Capt. F. R. F. Warren, Hampshire Regt., son of Fred. Warren, of Teignmouth, age 31. Watson. — Killed on Oct. 27, 19 16, 2nd Lieut. Francis George Stuart Watson, I^ancasliire Fusiliers, son of Alexander Watson, architect, of Torquay, age 19. Watson.— Killed in Mesopotamia on March 8, 1916, Capt. George Carr Watson, i/6th Devon Regt., son of E. G. Watson, of Roker, Sunderland, age 29. Whitaker. — Killed in France on Dec. 31, 1913, Capt. Arthur Cecil Whitakcr, nth West Yorks. Regt., son of Rev. C. P. Whitaker, of Broadclyst, age 28. WooLOCOMBE. — Died of wounds on Sept. 10, 1916, 2nd Lieut. Francis Woolocombe, son of the Rev. J. H. B. Woolocombe, of Stowford. Young. — Killed on July 2, 1916, 2nd Lieut. James Vincent Young. Somerset Light Infantry, son of Rev. Vincent Young, of Charleton, Kingsbridge, age 24. The Fleets 37 The Fleets. (Reprinted by special permiision of the Editor of " Country Life.") Are you out with the Fleets through the long, dark night, Admiral Drake ? Are you keeping watch, when with never a light They patrol the seas £ind wait for a fight ? In that far South Sea were you standing by, Admiral Drake ? Did your masthead catch that wireless cry ? Did you in sorrow watch them die ? Once more at the guns do your gunners strain, Admiral Drake ? Do their voices ring o'er the decks again, " Have at them, boys ! " in the old refrain ? When the shining death leaps through the wave, Admiral Drake, Are your boats all out in a rush to save ? Do you stand to salute the death of the brave ? Are there others out on the heaving blue. Admiral Drake ? Are Collingwood, Blake, and Nelson, too, In their high-decked ships along with you ? Oh, seamen of old, the shadowy gates Swing wide to let you through. And out o'er the seas your galleons sweep To fight for the flag anew. M. C. Meugens. (The " Country Life " Anthology of Verse.) 38 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 Drake's Ship. Drake's little ship of 100 tons — the Pelican, renamed during the voyage the Golden Hind — left Plymouth on the 15th of November, 1577, and returned, after she had encompassed " the whole Globe of the Earth," on the 3rd of November, 1580, It was generally thought that some memorial should be raised to commemorate such a wonderful exploit. One of the old chroniclers says : "It were to be wished, that in memorie of this gentleman's incomparable atchievement, some monument might remain to succeeding ages, and none more fitted than the brittle bark wherein he arrived safe and sound, which, as a Knight of good account and rarelie qualified, thought meete to be fixed upon the stumpe of Paul's steeple, in lieu of the spire, that, being discerned farre and neere, it might be noted and pointed at of people with these true termes : Yonder is the barke that hath sailed round about the world." But Queen Elizabeth had her own views about the matter. " She caused the ship to be drawn up into a little creek near Deptford, upon the Thames, as a monument of his so lucky sailing round about the World. And having, as it were, conse- crated it for a memorial with great ceremony, she was banquetted in it, and conferred on Drake the honour of knighthood. At this time a bridge of planks, by which they came aboard the ship, sunk under the crowd of people, and fell down with an hundred men upon it, who notwithstanding had none of them any harm. So as that ship may seem to have been built under a lucky planet." In praise of Drake several Latin verses, wTitten by the scholars of Winchester School, were, amongst others, set up the same day upon the main mast. The following are English versions of three of them : — " On Hercules' Pillars, Drake, thou maist, Plus ultra write full well, And say, I will in greatness that Great Hercules excell." " Sir Drake, whom well the World's End knows. Which thou didst compass round, And whom both Poles of Heaven once saw, Which North and South do bound ; The Stars above will make thee known, If men here silent were : The Sun himself cannot forget His Fellow-traveller." Drake's Ship 39 " Amongst the radiant Stars to stand. Thy Ship well worthy were ; Well worthy on the highest Top Of Heaven a place to bear." And in later days, one Long, a Tavistock schoolmaster, wrote : — " Go, coast Great Britain's isle, and in each creek. Among the noble sons of Neptune, seek Who has swam farthest in the liquid seas. Or who first ranged the world's antipKxles ; Who round about the world's vast globe did roll. Even from the Arctic to the Antarctic pole ; They will, with one consent, this verdict make, 'Twas Our Immortal Mortal, Tav'stock Drake." " An estimate for the Dockinge and inclosinge of Sr. Frauncis Draik's Shipp with a Brick waule, etc." is still in existence, and is worth quoting in full : — " A Brick Waule. — Imprimis for a brick waulc to be buylded, whiche will conteyne in Sircuyte about c iiij** footes [180 ft.] in lengthe, and xv foote highe, to be well buylded with Butteryes. And from Insyde to Insyde to be xxiiij*" Footes so as there may be some space to walke aboute the shipp within the waule, the chardge whereof esty- mated by the bricklayers, will extend unto cxxx" " The Roff, etc. — Item the Roff over the saide shipp according to the lengthe and breadthe of the waulc. The Tymber and workmanshipp, Tyles, Lathe, and all other chardges insydente to the same, maye extende unto per estimacyon un " Preparing of ye Ground. — Item the Digginge, and preparinge of ye ground in order requisite for that purpose ys estymated by suche as hathe skill therein, att Ixx" " Item the chardge in layinge of wayes, wynd- ings, screwinge, Blockinge, Shoreinge with Irone- work withe other chardges to be therto anixed, cordage onlye exeptyd per estimacyon nn Suma Totall ccclxx" XX vl> XX li Apparently, in spite of all this, the ship was not actually laid up in a permanent position until it had already been reduced to a skeleton. The exact site was the Mast Dock, near Sayes Court, in the mouth of the river Ravensboume. Camden, the antiquary, gives an amusing account of what he supposes to be barnacle geese, that were to be seen on the keel : " They who 40 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 saw the ship in which Sir Francis Drake sailed round the world, when it was laid up in the River Thames, could testify that little birds bred in the old rotten keels of ships, since a great number of such, without life and feathers, stuck close to the outside of the keel of that ship. Yet I should think that the generation of those birds was not from the logs of wood, but from the sea, termed by the poets, ' the parent of all things.' " For a long time it remained one of the sights of London and the resort of hohdav people, the cabin being converted into a sort of banqueting house. One of the characters in a comedy called " Eastward Ho," by Ben Jonson and others, is made to say : " We'll have our provided supper brought aboard Sir Francis Drake's ship that hath encompassed the world, where, with full cups and banquets, we will do sacrifice for a prosperous voyage. My mind gives me that some good Spirit of the waters should haunt the desert ribs of her, and be auspicious to all that honour her memory, and will, with like orgies, enter their voyages. Captain and Gentlemen, we'll begin a new ceremony, at the beginning of our voyage, which I believe will be followed by all future adventurers." When at length the ship was too far decayed to receive further repairs, she was broken up, but a portion of her timbers was preserved, from which a chair was made and presented in 1662 to the Universitv Lil rarv at Oxford, by " John Davis of Deptford, Esquire," who was storekeeper or King's commis- sioner at Deptford dockvard. There is a tradition that a serving table in the hall of the Middle Temple, of which Drake was a member, is also made from the timbers of the Golden Hind. The chair is now in the Bodleian Picture Gallery at Oxford. It is spacious, black and polished with age, and just as firm and strong as in 1662. It has two steel plates. The first one, which is at the top of the chair, is a fixture, and bears a Latin inscription, recording the presentation. The other is mounted on a swivel, so that it can be turned round ; and it has on one side a Latin poem by Abraham Cowley, and on the other a translation of this poem into English, as follows : — " To this great Ship which round the Globe has run, And matcht in Kace the Chariot of the Sun, This Pythagorean Ship (for it may claime Without Presumption so deserv'd a Name, By knowledge once, and transformation now) In her new shape, this sacred Port allow. Drake and his Ship, could not have wisht from Fate A more blest Station, or a more blest Estate. For Lo! a seate of endles Rest is giv'n. To her in Oxford, and to him in Heav'n." V(5 CHAIR MADE FROM REMAINS OF DRAKE'S SHIP. I Presented to Oxford University Library hy John Davis of Defit/ord, Esq.) 1 \f>^osite /. 40. Drake* s Ship 41 Tliis is all that is generally published, but some further lines first appeared in the Biographia Britannica : — " Thy glory, Drake, extensive as thy mind. No time shall tarnish, and no limits bind ; What greater praise than thus to match the Sun, Knowing the race which cannot be outrun ? Wide as the World thou compass'd spreads thy fame. And with that World an equal date shall claim." A second poem by the same author is longer and not so good, but it is not without interest : — ODE. [Sitting and Drinking in the Chair made out of the Relics of Sir Francis Drake's Ship.] *' Cheer up, my mates, the wind does fairly blow. Clap on more sail, and never spare ; Farewell all lands, for now we are In the wide sea of drink, and merrily we go. Bless me, 'tis hot ! Another bowl of wine. And we shall cut the burning line : Hey, boys ! she scuds away, and by my head I know We round the world are sailing now. What dull men are those who tarry at home. When abroad they might wantonly roam. And gain such experience, and spy too Such countries and wonders, as I do ! But pr'ythee, good pilot, take heed what you do. And fail not to touch at Peru ! With gold there the vessel w«'ll store. And never, and never be poor. No, never be poor any more. ' What do I mean ? What thoughts do me misguide .' As well upon a staff may witches ride Their fancy'd joumies in the air. As I sail round the ocean in this Chair ! 'Tis true ; but yet this Chair which here you see, For all its quiet now, and gravity. Has wander'd and has travell'd more Than ever Ijcast, or lish, or bird, or ever tree, before : In every air and every sea 't has been, 'T has compass'd all the Earth, and all the Heavens 't has seen. Let not the pope's itself with this compare. This is the only universal Chair. " The pious wanderer's fleet, sav'd from the flame (Which still the relics did of Troy pursue, And took them for its due), .\ squadron of immortal nymphs became : Still with their Arms they row about the seas And still make new and greater voyages ; 42 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 Nor has the first poetic ship of Greece (Though now a star the so triumphant show. And guide her faihng successors below. Bright as her ancient freight the shining fleece) Yet to this day a quiet harbour found ; The tide of heaven still carries her around ; Only Drake's sacred vessel (which before Had done and had seen more Than those have done or seen, Ev'n since they goddesses and this a Star has been) As a reward for all her labour past. Is made the seat of rest at last. Let the case now quite alter'd be. And, as thou wentest abroad the world to see. Let the world now come to see thee I " The world \vill do 't ; for curiosity Does, no less than devotion, pilgrims make ; And I myself, who now love quiet too, As much almost as any Chair can do. Would yet a journey take. An old wheel of that chariot to see, Which Phaeton so rashly brake : Yet what could that say more than these remains of Drake ? Great Relic ! thou too, in this port of ease. Hast still one way of making voyages ; The breath of Fame, like an auspicious gale (The great trade-wind which ne'er does fail) Shall drive thee round the world, and thou shalt run. As long around it as the Sun. The straights of Time too narrow are for thee ; Launch forth into an undiscovered sea. And steer the endless course of vast Eternity ! Take for thy sail this verse, and for thy pilot me!" The Armada. They coasted round about our land. And so came in by Dover, But we had men set on them then And threw the rascals over. The Queen was then at Tilbury, What could we more desire-a ? And Sir Francis Drake, for her sweet sake. Did set them all on iire-a. Riison's Ancient Songs and Ballads. H% IL^ DARTMOUTH HAVEN fsAiip Henri I MIL 0/>posile t. 43. Robert Wenynglon — An Old " Sea-Dog " of Devon 43 Robert Wenyngton : An Old '* Sea-Dog" of Devon. By Colonel E. T. CLIFFORD. V.D. Chairman of the London Devonian Aisociation. (A Paper read before the Devonshire Association at Plymouth, July 19th, 1916.) [In submitting this paper I desire to acknowledge my indebtedness to Mr. Michell Whitley. The whole of the research work involved in its preparation was, with much time and labour, extracted by him personally from documents in the British Museum and Public Record Office.] Devon has every reason to be proud of the position taken by her sons in every realm of thought and action — Letters, Art, Science, War, and Statesmanship. Yet it is in the nature of things that there must be many whose lives and actions deserve recognition, but who are crowded out for some reason or another, possibly, as we should like to assure ourselves, owing to the great number of Worthies the County has produced. Such an one was Robert Wenyngton, of Dartmouth, and I am satisfied that men of Dartmouth will regard with satisfaction this effort to rehabilitate their great townsman. Though most of the^ details of his life are lost, yet there are on record certain incidents which justify us in giving him a niche in the Devonian Temple of Fame. His name is not to be found in our monumental Dictionary of National Biography, nor is he well known to ordinary chroniclers. The chief sources of our information about him are the " Paston Letters " and the " Patent Rolls." In recent times he has been referred to by Sir James Ramsay, who, in his " History of the Fifteenth Century," calls him simply a " Pirate " ; and Mr. Ian Colvin, in his book entitled " Germans in England," calls him " an illiterate but valiant man of Devon." A reviewer of the latter book refers to the important incident described in Wenyngton's letter (see page 46) as a " fine glorious tale which every EngUsh schoolboy should know by heart in Bob Wenyngton's own words, but there are none of our school histories that will tell him anything about it." It is because I heartily agree with the reviewer, and because owing to the present awful war the occasion is appropriate, that 44 The Devonian Year Book, igiy I now venture to submit this paper to our Association. If in trying to do justice to one who is, I hold, a Devon Worthy — " I strav into historv," to use the words of Lord Bryce in his work on American Democracy — I am sure of a hearing from Devonians, and am not unhopeful of reaching even a wider audience than the English schoolboy. In judging of such a man we ought to bear in mind Lord Morley's dictum, that the equity of history requires us to judge men of action by the standard of men of action, and I may remark that this axiom is quoted with approval by Lord Acton, who further says that the man is a product of the society by which he stands or falls. So when I read Sir James Ramsay's brief and contemptuous dismissal of Robert Wenyngton, I felt impelled to verify his statement, and I hope to show you that, when his pronounce- ment has been weighed in the balance, it will be found wanting. Robert Wenyngton was a merchant of Dartmouth in the fif- teenth centurv, at a time when it was one of the most important ports in the West of England. In one of the Commissions (July 28, 1450) he is described as of Clifton Dertmouth Hardnesse, Co. Devon. The dates of his birth and death are unknown, but we have incidents in his life occurring between the years 1439 and 1460. He was evidently a man of good standing and of public importance. He was Mayor of Dartmouth in 1446, Junior Member of Parliament for Dartmouth in February, 1449, and re-elected Senior Member of Parliament in November, 1449. He was appointed on April 1, 1455, Receiver of Dues, with Robert Gambon, in the ports of Exeter and Dartmouth.* He was also Collector of Customs with Thomas Gale for the ports of Dartmouth and Exeter, but the precise year cannot be ascer- tained, as the Roll is mutilated. | He was nominated on certain Royal Commissions relating to shipping matters in the West, which will be referred to hereafter. There were other Wenyng- tons, presumably relatives, in the neighbourhood, who were apparently well-to-do merchants. Wenyngton's name appears variously written — Wynnyng- tone, Wyllyngton, Wellyngton, Wemyngton, Wenyngton, and Wenyngtone, but the accepted spelling is as set forth at the head of this paper. * Watkin, " Totnes Priory and Medieval Town," p. 430. t Custom Rolls, Hen. VI. No. 40/35-40/36. A Thomas Gale was M.P. for Dartmouth in 1467, 1472, and 1478, and Mayor of Dartmouth in J479. Robert Wenyngton — An Old " Sea-Dog " of Devon 45 The first notice of him appears in the Patent Rolls of 26th February, 1439, appointing him on a Commission with John Pole to enquire into whose hands had come the tackle and cargo of a carrack of Genoa — " whereof Viscount Spendela was master and part owner " — and to have them restored to the owners, after reasonable payment to the salvers for their labours ; and these commissioners were to certify to the King in Chancery the names of any persons refusing to make such restitution. This carrack had been cast away in a storm before the port of Dartmouth. This first notice of him is an interest- ing one, for it brings him before us in an important official position. Unfortunately no return to this enquiry is known to exist, at least in the Public Record Office ; if there is any such return, it is uncatalogued and not available. On the 12th November, 1445, he appears in a different light, for a Commission was issued to the Earl of Devon and others to make inquisition touching the information that Robert Wyllyngton of Dartmouth, and others, took a ship sent by the King's Aunt of France laden with wine, etc., under Letters of Safe Conduct and the Truce between the King and his Uncle of France, and brought it into Fowey with the merchants and merchandise therein, disposed of the latter at will, and beat and wounded the former, slaying some of them. Whether Robert Wenyngton was innocent or gu Ity of the charge wc have no means of ascertaining, as there is nothing further on the subject in the Patent Roils, but it may be fairly assumed, from what followed, that Wenyngton was able to clear himself from the charge. On the 4th April, 1449, a formal Commission to serve the King on the sea, a Commission which gave Wenyngton tremendous powers, was issued to him " by advice of the Council," and at the same time to Gervase Clyfton, Sheriff of Kent in 1451, and to Alexander Edon, who was also Sheriff of Kent in 1450. Obviously at that time Wenyngton must have been a very important man to have been associated in the " cleansing of the seas " with men who just afterwards became Sheriffs of Kent. It will be observed that this was the year in which he was Member of Parhament for Dartmouth. At the same time the King wrote to the Earl of Devonshire and others saying that " his well-beloved squyer Robert Wynnyngtone was bound by cndenture to do the King's service in the see," and praying them to assist him as much as possible. Wenyngton lost no time in proceeding to business, for on the 25th May, 1449, he wrote his famous letter to Thomas Daniel, " Squier for the Kyngs Body," reciting an engagement he, with 46 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 a small force, had with a hundred great ships of Prussia, Lubeck, and other towns. The original of Wenyngton's letter is in the French Archives. It is the only interesting utterance we have from him, and it runs as follows : — " To my Reverend Maystcr, Thomas Danyell, Squier for the Kyngs Body, be thys letter delyverd in haste. " Most reverend mayster, I recomaund me on to yowr graceus maystreschup, ever deseryng to her of yowr wurschupfuU ustate, the whyche All myghte God mayntayne hyt, and encrese hyt on to hys plesans : Plesying yow to know of my wellfare, and of all yowr men, at the makyng of thys letter, we wer in gode hele of body i blessyd be God. " Mo over, mayster, I send yow word, by Rauly Pykeryng, of all maters, the whyche I be seche yow yeve hym credens, as he wylle enforme yow of all ; so, sur, I beseche yow, in the reverens of God, that ye wyll enforme owr Soverayn Lord the Kyng of all maters that I send yow in thys letter, lyke as I have send a letter to my Lord Chaunseler and to all my Lordys by the sayd Pykeryng ; the whyche letter I beseche yow that ye take and delyver to my Lord and all my Lordys by yowr awne handys, and lete the sayd Pykeryng declare all thyngs as he hath sayn and knoweth. " Furst, I send yow worde, that when we went to see, we toke ij. schyppys of Brast comyng owte of Flaundrys ; and then after, ther ys made a grete armyng in Brytayne to mete with me and my felyschyp, that ys to say, the grete schyp of Brast, the grete schyp of the Morleys, the grete schyp of Vanng with other viij. schyppis, bargys, and balyngers, to the number of iij. m'' [3000] men ; and so we lay in the see to mete with them. " And then we mette with a fiotte of a c. [hundred] grete schyppys of Pruse, Lubycke, Campe, Rastocke, Holond, Selond and Flandres betwyte Gamyse [Guernsey] and Portland ; and then I cam abord the Admirall, and bade them stryke in the Kyngys name of Englond, and they bade me skyte in the Kyngs name of Englond ; and then I and my feleschyp sayd, but [unless] he wyll streke don the sayle, that I wyld over sayle ham by the grace of God, and God wyll send me wynd and wether ; and dey bade me do my wurst, by cause I had so fewe schyppys and so smale, that they scornyd with me. And as God wuld, on Fry day last was, we had a gode wynd, and then we armyd to the number of ij. m* [2000] men in my felyschyp and made us redy for to over sayle them ; and then they lonchyd Robert Wenyngton—An Old " Sea-Dog " of Devon 47 a bote, and sette up a stondert of traesse [truce] and com and spake with me. And ther they were yolded all the hundret schyppys to go with me in what port that me lust and my felawys ; but they faothc with me the day before, and schotte atte us a j.m' [1000] gonnys, and quarell [properly qurreaux, square pyramids of iron shot out of crossbows] owte of number, and have slayn meny of my felyschyp, and meymyd all soo. Wherfor me thyngkyt that they hayc forfett bothe schypps and godys at our Soverayn Lord the Kyngys wyll. Besechyng yow that ye do yowr parte in thys mater, for thys I have wrytyn to my Lord Chaunseler* and all my Lordys of the Kyngys Counsell ; and so I have brofte them, all the c. [hundred] shyppys, within Wyght, in spyte of them all. " And ye myght gete leve of owr Soverayn Lord the Kyng to com hydder, hyt schall tume yow to grete wurschup and pro- fett, to helpe make owr a poyntement in the Kyngs name, for ye sawe never suche a syght of schyppys take in to Englond thys c. wynter ; for we ly armyd nyght and day to kepe them, in to the tyme we have tydengs of our Soverayn and hys coun- sell. For truly they have do harme to me, and to my feleschyp, and to yowr schyppys more [than] ij. m'- '' [Fenn says the read- ing of the original is indistinct, and he could not determine whether £2000 or /3000 was meant] worthe harme ; and thefor I am avesyd, and all my feleschyp, to droune them and slee them, withoute that we hafe tydyngs from owr Soverayn the Kyng and hys counsell. And therfor, in the reverens of God, come ye yowr self, and ye schall have a grete avayle and wurschup of yowr comyng to see>a suche syght, for I der well sey that I have her at this tyme all the cheff schyppys of Duche- lond, Holond, Selond, and Flaundrys, and now hyt wer t3ane for to trete for a fynell pese as for that partyes. " I writ no more to yow at thys tyme, but All myghty Jesus have yow in hys kcpying. 1 writ in hast, within Wyght, on Soneday at nyght after the Ascencion of owr Lord. [2vSth May, 1449.] " By yowr owne Servant, " ROBT. WENYNGTON."t Wenyngton's fight is peculiarly interesting just now ; and as there are so many points of similarity between the causes that led to that fight, and the causes which led to the present * John Staflford, Archbishop of Canterbury. t " Paston Letters," by James Gairdner, 1900, vol. i, pp. 84-6, No. 68. 48 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 deplorable war, it might be well to set forth briefly the state of affairs that brought about the grant of such a letter as the King wrote. For several generations, principally during the period of our attempted expansion in France, foreign influence had, by means of " peaceful penetration," so dominated the trade of this country that the nation at last rose against it, and so successfully that by EUzabeth's time there was not, it is said, a single German trading concern in England, Owing to the extraordinary trade grip, primarily of the Hanseatic League, largely secured by means of heavy subsidies paid to those who could and did help them, passively if not actively, from the highest in the land, for there is no doubt that the Hanse rendered considerable financial assistance to our monarchs, England's foreign trade was severely hampered ; and the difficulty of carrying on and extending it was so acute that Guilds, known as " The Merchant Adventurers," were formed in many towns — some twelve in all - — London being the chief, and Exeter another. Their object was to organize foreign markets for English cloth, and to rid themselves of foreign control as to where they should sell it and what they should sell it lor. Their success and gradual extension was feared and resented by the Hanse Towns, some of which were the so-called " Free Towns," which were claimed by the State Documents of the day and by German historians to be German or under Germanic influence. Every effort was made by the Hanseatic League to arrest the development of the Merchant Adventurers, one of which was by employing pirates —who were of course disavowed when necessary. — to harry our trade and take our seamen prisoners, whom they treated some- what in the fashion that Germany treats her pnsoners to-day. Retaliation followed, and trade was raided by either side indis- criminately, until at last the King was compelled by public opinion to take action. Clowes, in his " History of the Royal Navy,"* states that Henry VI, under an Order in Council, had directed the sale of the greater part of the Fleet, apparently to pay his debts, f and that the policeing of the " narrow seas " * Vol. i, p. 348. I It must be remembered that the middle of the fifteenth century wit- nessed a sad collapse of the Imperial aspirations of Henry V. The fleet which he had striven, and not without success, to raise, had now disap- peared altogether. His son, Henry VI, lacked the first elements of king- ship, and fell under the influence of a series of bad advisers, notably hus wife and Suffolk. The Crown was therefore reduced to seek the support ol the Captains of the Merchant Navy, who frequently acted in the capacity ol " Contractors." Robert Wenyngton—An Old "Sea-Dog" oj Devon 49 had to be carried out by " Contractors." It is possible that Wenvngton may have been a Contractor in the past, but he certainly was not henceforth, if we have regard to the terms of his Commission from the King, and the letter the King wrote to the Earl of Devonshire and other local notables, praying them to show all the favour and help they could to " oure trusty and welbeloved squyer Robert Wynnyngtone, who is withholde towardes us by endenture made in this behalfe, to do us service in the see, for the clensing of the same and rebukving of the robbeurs and pirates thereof, which davly do alle the noysance thev canne, whos resistence and putting aside is, and shalbe, bothe to oure worshipe, rcnome and fame, and to the good publique of us, this oure lande and subgittes." It is a fact that Wenyngton was actin'? with most compre- hensive powers under the King's authority. In the Guernsey fight some of the King's ships were under his command. Our only knowledge of how he executed his commission is contained in the letter which he wrote to " My Reverend Mayster, Thomas Danyell Squier for the Kyngs Body." By " Reverend " he of course, means " respected." Briefly, it will be observed the letter proudly states that, with a few small ships (for the foreigner did not allow us to build large ones), on May 25th, 1449, somewhere off Guernsey, Wenyngton met a Fleet of 100 great ships of Prussia, Lubeck, and other towns ; bearing down upon them with his cannon charged and with his linstocks Ughted, he bade them strike their flag in the name of the King of England. But, apparently because his ships were few and small, they shot at him, doing great damage, and slew some of his men, and (worse than all) they scorned him, and bade him do his worst. Wenyngton's answer was to over-sail them and beat them ship by ship, ultimately capturing the whole Fleet and bringing it in to the Solent. Wenyngton states that upwards of £3000 damage, represent- ing to-day some £40,000, was done to the King's ships alone, and many lives were lost, so there was obviously a good fight. .\pparently through treachery so many English lives were lost and so much damage was done that Wenyngton wished to " slee " the lot, but hesitated to do so without authority from the King. He states in his letter that the enemy had played him false, so no doubt his Devon blood was up; but this must be said, that he fought a good tight, he showed himself a brave man and a great sailor, and, reading the whole tale as it stands, it is one that should make every Devonian, aye ! every Briton, proud of Wenyngton and regard him as one of those old " Sea Dogs " of the West who contributed so much to establish the Sea Power of England. 4 50 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 The propriety of Wenyngton's action has been questioned, in that the enemy ships, or some of them, belonged to theHanseatic League, with whom we were nominally at peace ; Wenyngton, however, in his letter says that " now it were time for to treat for a final peace as for that parties," suggesting a state of war ; but there can be no doubt that the past action of the League, directly or through its servants, coupled with present treachery, excused, if it did not actually justify, Wenyngton in taking extreme measures. They were turbulent times, and men were not always governed by the " letter of the Law," but by their own views of " right and wrong." In this case the inference is that Wenyngton, as Commander, or probably Admiral, of the King's Fleet, demanded inspection which was presumably granted and abused, with the result that Wenyngton took action. A somewhat similar incident occurred about the same time ; it is quoted by Clowes in his " History of the Royal Navy,"* and, as it bears upon this question, its relation is appropriate. It appears that certain merchants at Dartmouth had ships impressed at Bordeaux by the Duke of Clarence, in order to bring troops to England ; off Belle Isle they fell in with two Prussian hulks laden with wine from La Rochelle. Being anxious to discover whether the hulks and their cargoes belonged to the enemy. Sir John Colville, who was in command, sent a boat to examine their Bills of Lading, and to inform the Masters that, if they had enemy's property on board, they must deliver it to him, and he would pay for the freight of it. The Prussians refus d an answer, and next day attacked the English who were still on board the hulks, and killed many of them. Colville thereupon captured the hulks and carried them into Southampton and Poole. An enquiry was ordered, but we cannot find that any result was recorded. Under international law as now accepted, ships would be forfeited in a like case in war time, for they violently repelled the searchers who were acting under a duly commissioned authority. As it is probable that a similar state of affairs existed in Wenyngton's case, it may be reasonably concluded that his action was justified. It is of considerable interest to note that there is now organized in Germany a " Hansa League " of merchants, manufacturers, financiers, shippers, and exporters. This is a notable revival of the past. It is stated that all the great captains of German * Vol. i, pp. 370-1. Robert Wcnyngton—An Old " Sea- Dog " of Devon 51 industry are " Hansa Leaguers " ; inasmuch as the promoter of the League is a prominent politician and an avowed apostle of a " forward " foreign trade policy for Germans after the war, it is evident that a great push on the old Hansa lines will be made, which, with our past and present experience, we shall be able to meet and deal with. Ramsay, in the index to his "Century of English Historv"* (1399-1485), is responsible for this entry: " Winnington, Robert, a Devon pirate." Another direct statement Ramsay makes about Winnington in his " History " is as follows : " The only traceable war expenditure of the Spring was for naval operations, and they took a curious turn. In April, Robert Winnington, a Devon man, was commissioned to ' cleanse the sea of pirates.' "| Chambers's " Dictionary " defines " Pirate " as " one who without authority attempts to capture ships at sea : a sea robber : an armed vessel which, without legal right, plunders other vessels at sea." The word is a very old one, and the foregoing was the definition of it in the fifteenth century, as it is to-day. Here is a man whom Ramsay knew to be commissioned (i.e., acting under authority), described by him as a pirate ; a man (for of course he is our friend Robert Wenyngton of Dart- mouth) we know from the Records to have been Member of Parliament for his native town. Mayor of his native town, appointed by the King on various and important comm ssions. His Majesty's Collector of Customs, and finally, in the King's own words, " oure trusty and welbeloved squyer," " our well- beloved Robert Wenyngton of Dertmouth." As it is obviously impossible to reconcile Ramsay's own statements, how are we to account for the misrepresentation ? From what has been further dug out from the records one is incHned to think that the influence of prejudice has something to do with it, coupled with a disinclination, at any rate in this case, to probe matters to the " rock bottom." This ma}' be gathered by the following, which is taken from Ramsay'?-' " History "J : " In 1450 the Earl of Suffolk sailed for Calais but was intercepted off the Kentish coast by the Nicholas of the Tower, and other vessels — King's ships — that were lying in wait for him. He was captured and taken on board the Nicholas. On the 2nd May his head was struck off on the gunwale of a boat ; his body was taken to land and thrown on the sands at Dover. The guilty parties have never been traced. • Vol. ii, p. 628. I Vol. ii, p. 102. J Vol. ii, p. 121. 52 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 nor apparently was any attempt made to trace them. . , . William of Worcester, in his account of Suffolk's death, mentions one ' Robertus,' but the sentence is defective, and the famil5' name of the man is wanting. Now the Christian name of Winnington, the Devonshire pirate, was Robert, and he was a very likely man to have been retained for such work." It cannot be held that there is even a suggestion of evidence to warrant so grave a charge as Ramsay makes, which appears to be founded on prejudice and built upon conjecture. If the historv of the period were considered, one would, I think, be justified in coming to an entirely different conclusion. Suffolk no doubt, deserved his fate. Though he was the man who was primarily responsible for England's parlous condition and the loss of her possessions in France, vet he had been and was the favourite of the King. Henrv VI. believed in him and in his support, and had only banished him to save his life, hoping to bring him back when present troubles had blown over. Wenyngton owed much to the King. Is it likely he would have taken a King's ship and hung about the coast of Suffolk in order to trap the boat on which the Duke was escaping, with the object of destroying the favourite of his King ? Our knowledge of Wenyngton's life may not be extensive, but the known incidents in his career would indicate that he was not, as Ramsay puts it, " a very likely man to have been retained for such work." Surely it would have been better and fairer to stick to facts, leaving them to speak for themselves ; for whether it be history or anything else, it is, after all, only the facts that matter. If justification for this statement were necessary, I would submit what Lord Acton says in one of his " Essa\s on Liberty " : — " Such things will cease to be written when men perceive that truth is the only merit that gives dignity and worth to History." In the " Chronicles of Fabyan " (p. 622) the following is given as the account of Suffolk's death : The Nicholas of the Tower took Suffolk's ship and went to Dover : when he was entering into the Roade " he caused hym to be confessyd of his owne chapelayne, and that done, shypmen put hym in a shyp boote, and there, upon the syde of the bote, one strake off his hede, whiche hede with the body was soon after conveyed to the lande of Dover, and there left upon the sandes, and the sayde shypmen retourned unto the see agayne." It will be observed that Fabyan makes no reference to Wenyngton. His statement is that " one of the shypmen strake off his hede." This is similar to the statement of William of Worcester, who states that Suffolk was beheaded by the sailors. Robert Wenyngton — An Old " Sea-Dog " of Devon 53 But there was another " Robert " who took a considerable part in the naval warfare or raidings of the day, which were of constant occurrence ; indeed, judging from the records, it was at this period perpetual sea war and raiding all round. About this other " Robert," Ramsay has the following : " In May, 1451, Henry (the King) paid £4666 to the Duke of Burgundy for damage done to the Dutch and Flemish shipping by English subjects, but the name of the chief offender is given as Robert Cane," On page 621 in the " Chronicles of Fab\ an " is an account of the Kmg calling a Parliament to consider complaints made by our merchants on account of their vessels being arrested in Bruges, Ypres, and other places as a set-off against a whole Fleet of theirs being taken by Robert of Cane. In the Issue Rolls of the Exchequer — May, 1451 — it appears that an Order was made by which the King ordered that a pa\ ment should be made to Adrian Sqvvile, the Deputy of the Duke of Burgundy, for restitution and replacement of stores and damages caused bv Robert Caen and his adherents to the friends of the King, subjects of Flanders, Holland, and Zealand in taking divers of their ships and goods, and accord- ingly a payment was made to Adrian on their behalf of £2566 13s. 4d. The next entry in the Issue Rolls refers to a similar case. By this a further payment was made " to the Mavor and Society of Merchants of Cales [Calais] as compensation for a certain ship called a ' Kervevle.' and the goods on board, and for a ship called a ' Hulke ' taken at the battle of Saluse, belonging to the ovxtnes of Bruges, and for a ship and goods i elongirg to the Ma\ or of Rol} gus captured, and a further payment was made of £2000." It will be seen that there is no mention of Wenvngton's name in these documents, nor is there any statement to connect him with the depredations on shipping, for which £4566 was paid by the King; on the contrary, it is distinctly stated that the principal offender was Robert Cane, and it is clear that Wen- yngton, who was a well-known man, would, if responsible, have had his name inserted. Who then was this Robert Cane, or Robert of Cane ? The Patent Rolls for 1450, 26th April, supply the information : " Revocation of the protection with clause volumus for half a year granted on 17 April last to Richard Thorpe alias Thorp of London, ' gentilman,' as staying in the company of Robert Veer, Knight, on the safe-keeping and defence of the castle and town of Caen, in Normandy ; because he tarries at Northampton, as the sheriff of the county has certified." 54 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 Sir Robert Veer, Knt., was Governor of Caen in Normandy,* and would be described as Robert of Cane, just as Wenvngton was described as Robert of Dartmouth. There is not a tittle of evidence that Wenyngton was Governor of Caen ; he was a merchant of Dartmouth, and about that time M.P. for the Borough, and occupied in England with his business and public duties. But even if Ramsay believed that Robert Wenyngton was Robert Cane, the Governor of Caen in Normandy, there was not the slightest justification for calling him a pirate, considering he acted under authority in fighting and capturing what he called the Prussian Fleet (and we know of no other sea incident con- nected with his name), reporting his action at once to the King who had commissioned him ; nor indeed would it affect the glory of that Guernsey battle, which must have been carried out with consummate seamanship and bravery. On the 28th July, 1450, a Commission was issued to John Fortescue, Knight, and others, appointing them to make inquisition touching the names of malefactors who, with Robert Wenyngton, assaulted and imprisoned Walter Reynell, so that his life was despaired of, and kept him in prison until he delivered to Wenyngton a writing whereby he released to him all personal actions and John Purchas, prisoner of John Lake ; and on the same date a Commission was issued to several persons, amongst whom was the imprisoned Walter Revnell, to arrest (not to imprison) Wen', ngton, and to bring him before the King in Council. It will be observed that Wenyngton is not indicated as a malefactor. The whole incident appears to be a squabble. That Reynell allowed himself to be appointed one of the parties to arrest is curious and makes one suspicious of him ; under the circum- stances, any fair-minded man would have declined to accept such a position. However, there is no record of an answer to the charge, which does not appear, from subsequent appoint- ments, to have affected Wenyngton's pubhc position. The following is related by Ramsay in his " Century of English History," under date — 1452, 7th April — " A general pardon for all offences. Two to three thousand persons, with the Duke of York at their head, came in to claim the indulgence and had patents made out to them." Ramsay further quotes " Whethamsted " as follows : — * He was Captain of Caen, 1450, Contractor with others to " keep the sea " in 1454, M.P. for Devon in 1455. Alexander, Trans. Devon Assoc. XLVI, 492. Robert Wcnyngton—An Old " Sea-Dog " of Devon 55 " Among the names on the ' Pardon Roll ' Mr. Gairdner cites the Duke of Norfolk, the Earl of Devon, and Robert Wennington. so whatever he had done which rendered it desirable that he should ask for pardon, which he received, there is this to be said, that he was in very good company. On the 23rd December, 1455, Wenvngton was one of an influential Commission appointed to make inquisition in respect of a petition of the Bishop of St. Andrews, Scotland, who owned a ship called le Marie of Saynt Andrewes which was saihng towards Scotland under the King's safe-conduct, when certain subjects of the King took the ship (which was laden with 125 tuns of wine and other goods and merchandise) and distributed the ship, wine, and goods within Devon. The Commissioners were to arrest and commit the guilty to prison, and to compel restitution of the ship and goods, or to send the possessors to prison. On 6th March, 1456, another Commission was issued to Wenvngton and others. The King had learned that the ship had been arrested by the Commissioners in the Port of Dart- mouth, and commanded them to deliver it to the Bishop's Proctors, and to certify to the King in Chancery. On the 4th April, 1456, a further Commission was issued to Wenyngton and others. It would appear that after all the ship had not been arrested, because a certain Philip Alare had got hold of it and had changed its name to le A nthony oj Dertemouth, and, t(» impede the execution of the Commission, used other letters of license to take the ship with 30 pilgrims to Santiago in Gahcia. Under this Commission the Commissioners were commanded to make restitution of the ship," with the tackling thereof, to the Bishop's proctors. It is not to be supposed that the Com- missioners would be personally responsible, and, as the ship had gone, they could only adopt the policy of " wait and see," when, no doubt, further Commissions would be issued. At least four Commissions had been appointed in connection with this business before Wen>ngton came on the scene, and there were subsequent proceedings in Chancery, and the matter may still be there for all we know, as no final record of the proceedings can be traced. In one of the Commissions it is stated that William Kydde and other pirates had captured the ship Lc Marie. As it was a Scotch vessel, it is not unfair to suggest that this Kydde was an ancestor of our old friend Captain Kidd of Greenock, who was hanged for piracy, etc., in 1701. The Le Marie incident is only interesting to us because Wenyngton acted as a Commissioner, and that he was probably appointed, when other commissioners had failed, on account of his position and knowledge of shipping and such matters. 56 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 On the 10th February, 1460, the King ordered a grant of ^10 yearly for life to Robert Wenyngton, whom he calls " our well- beloved Robert Wenyngton of Dertmouth." — £10 represents approximately £160 of our present-day currency. It was to be levied from the Customs and Subsidies in the Ports of Exeter and Dartmouth. The original grant, which is in Latin, is at the PubUc Record Office. It has already been stated that Robert Wenyngton and Thomas Gale were Collectors of the Customs for the Ports of Dartmouth and Exeter, so this grant may have been a retiring pension. On the other hand, it may have been and probably was given in recognition of his public services ; there is little doubt that Wenyngton must have sacrificed much in the King's service ; at any rate the King refers to " the good and unpaid service which he has on many occasions heretofore rendered to us, to our great satisfaction, and will hereafter render." We have been able to survey incidents in the life of Wenyngton for over twenty years, and it may not unfairly be assumed that at the date of the grant he was between 50 and 60 years of age. Wenyngton, then, it may confidently be asserted, instead of being what we ordinarily mean by a pirate, was exactly the opposite. Responsible public positions he occupied, commissions he bore — royal commissions — at various times during the period of twenty years under two monarchs and many statesmen. It may be that sometimes through an excess of zeal he exceeded his orders, but the fact that on each occasion he shortly after- wards found his offence condoned and substantially recognized by way of a fresh Commission from the Crown, substantiated his claim to our respect, if not our admiration. To call him a pirate in the ordinary sense is quite as absurd as to call Drake a pirate ; each of them was officially trusted with money, and obviously, so far from diverting that money to his own use, each of them formed an official channel for the Royal treasure to reach the King, and in this connection the fact I have just mentioned, that Edward IV gave him a grant, is peculiarly significant, because Edward IV, beyond all other monarchs, had the loyal support of wealthy London, that is to say, he was trusted by the capitalists. If, then, we seek to apply the axiom that men of action must be judged by the standard of men of action, we may claim on behalf of Wenyngton that not only has he been judged by the standard of men of action, but by men of action themselves, for the latest con- temporary tribute to his character and conduct consists in this signal method of recognizing his merits. Adventurers AH 57 Adventurers All. [By courtesy of Mr. Holbrook Jaclcson. editor of "To-day."] August fifteen-seventy-three, Thunder of guns in Pl\ mouth Sound, Drake is home from the Golden Sea, Back from the Isles of Wonder ; And this is the song that the loud guns sing, Fresh from their wide adventuring, " Who'll sail with us the whole world round And chase the Don for plunder ? " Sea-king ne'er lacked followers long, Devonshire lads are first to go. Stout hearts throb as the booming song Heralds the grim sea-rover ; " Oh, who will away with my hardy crew In quest of lands where dreams come true ? My culverin and gav cross-bow Have sung the wide world over ! " Drake has found a mariner's bed (Devonshire lads are like to rove), Safe the sea keeps England's dead Who roamed the oceans seven ; And ever the wind over drift and tang Sings as of old the cannon sang When Drake came beating up the cove, "Who sails to-day from Devon ? " Percy Hasclden. 58 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 Notes and Gleanings. A Devonian Centenarian. One hundred years is a span of life which is granted to only a very small number of persons, and smaller still is the number of whom it can be said that they have enjoyed so long a life. There is, however, still living at Harrow-on-the-Hill a lady who was born near Plymouth on September 17th, 1816, and who can look back over a happy Hfe quietly and usefully spent, whose mental faculties are still active, whose interest in present- day affairs is still fairly keen, whose memory is clear and well stored, and whose physical powers, although, of course, considerably abated, are yet sufficiently serviceable to enable her not only to sit in her garden, but also to take short walks along the public roadway. Miss Bessie Wotton came from Devonshire when quite a child. Her father had a relative who was a partner in a firm which at that time leased the toll gates where contributions were levied on all traffic which passed along the chief thorough- fares, and Mr. Wotton was placed in charge of one of these gates situated near the historic Tyburn. Preferring the quieter life of the country, he was after a few months transferred to the gate situated in the London Road, Harrow, at the junction of two roads on the crest of Sudbury Hill, only a few yards from the spot where Miss Wotton is spending the evening of her life. Mr Wotton did not reside entirely at the toll house. He purchased a piece of ground and built a second residence in the village of Alperton, about three miles distant, and was in the habit of walking daily to and from his official and private residences, a journey which Miss Wotton also frequently made. Miss Wotton's recollection of these times is still very clear. The tolls were collected from the toll houses by one of the lessees (her father's relative), who went his rounds on horseback armed with loaded pistols for protection from the attentions of highwaymen. There were seats in the porch outside the door of the old toll house, and Miss Wotton remembers people sitting there and discussing the news of the day. Affi.xed to the side of the toll house was a large board showing the different rates payable for sheep and other animals, a riding horse, a cart, a carriage and pair, etc. On the abolition of the turn- pikes. Miss Wotton retired to the quaint old-fashioned cottage, ^ < \ < ?^ z >. Z I < ^ o ^ > - > Notes and Gleanings 59 with thick walls and recessed windows, which she now occupies, the \\-indow looking out over a small front lawn to the main London Road, along which rolls traffic very different from that of her carlv recollections. Miss Wotton has many times visited Devonshire, and, learning that her interviewer was a native of Tiverton, recalled the fact that as a young woman she spent a week in that town with the widow of a former rector. Having resided for so manv years in Harrow, she recollects all the head masters of Harrow School, from Dr. Drury downwards. Dr. Butler she remembers well, and she for a time lived with the wife of another head-master. Dr. Longley, who afterwards became Archbishop Longley. This ladv was a sister of the Earl of Damley. Miss Wotton has been identified with the religious life ot Harrow from childhood — first as a Sunday scholar and after- wards as a teacher, and with her brother was interested and assisted in the musical service of her church. Her sympathies are broad, and it has been a pleasure to her to give both to her own and other churches, Harrow Nonconformist bodies having had practical proof of her good wishes on se eral occasions. In her present residence she had for some years the popular writer for boys, Mr. R. M. Ballantvne, and his wife, as her next- door neighbours. She knew Charles Kingslev, and remembers many other notable men of a generation which has passed away. Before her interviewer left she showed him a book in which she had carefully pasted the telegram she received from the King congratulating her on the attainment of her hundredth birthday, and she referred to the very kind messages and visits she had received from a host of well-wishers. Upon my thank- ing her for receiving me, and expressing the hope that I had not tired her, she assured me that it was a pleasure for her o indulgo in these reminiscences, and I left her with the impres- sion of an intelligent lady, who was an excellent conversation- alist, with a mind well stored with interesting impressions and recollections gathered during a long life in which leisure had Ixien devoted to helpfulness. Her recollections were illustrated with several anecdotes, and the half hour I spent with her was an experience, a pleasure, and a privilege I would not willingly have missed. Francis A. Perry. Another Devonian Centenarian. Earlier in the year, on February 26th, another native of Devon attained her hundredth birthday. This was Mrs. Sarah Downing, who was bom in 1816 at Bcckland, in the parish of Hartland, and now lives with her daughter (Mrs. Harding) at 6o The Devonian Year Book, 191 7 Roath, Cardiff. Although she cannot get out of doors, she is able to move about without aid. Her only infirmities are deaf- ness and defective sight ; otherwise she is well and hearty, and bears but little indication of her years. Her father, Francis Cory, was a farm labourer in receipt of only five shillings a week wages, and yet he managed to bring up four children, one son and three daughters. " He was billeted out for the winter with one farmer or another." Sarah was baptized on March 24th, 1816, by the Rev. William Chanter, who himself Hved to the age of 92, and, when she was nine years old, she was bound parish apprentice at Brownsham farm until she was twenty-one. She remembers going up Newberry Hill on her way to church, and hearing the " beautifullest " bells ring from the old tower ; they were then new, having been recast in 1826. The only " carriage folks" who attended the church came from Hartland Abbev. On attaining her majority she removed to Woolley, in the adjoining parish of Morwenstow, and on March 26th, 1837, she was married by the eccentric vicar, the Rev. R. S. Hawker, to John Downing, a farm labourer of that parish. During the half-century and more that she lived in Morwenstow she was connected with the sect of dissenters then known as " Bible Christians," but now incorporated in the " United Methodist Church." Since the death of her husband, in 1890, she has lived in Cardiff with two of her children, but prior to that date she had never, so far as she recollects, travelled by railway, for her home was eight miles from the nearest railway station. Altogether she has had six children, three of whom are still alive. There are thirty-seven grandchildren, a very large number of great-grandchildren, and two or three great-great-grandchildren, making up five genera- tions— a truly remarkable family. A Third Devonian Centenarian. Even centenarians cannot live for ever, but the third on the list had reached his 103rd year when he passed away at Stone- house on Boxing-day. His name was Samuel Stidwill, and he was born in the north-west corner of the county, and lived up to the age of 75 or more at Brandiscomer, where he carried on the trade of carpenter and wheelwright. His industry and integrity won for him general respect, and he numbered among his trade customers some of the leading residents of the district. His father had carried on a similar business at Brandiscomer before him. The deceased and his wife, who died about 30 years ago, brought up a family of eleven children. The eldest daughter is now in her 81st year, and the youngest son about 60 years of age. Five of the children survive, including a son Notes and Gleanings 6i in Canada and another living in Plymouth. Four grandsons and two great-grandsons are serving in the army, two of them havng earned commissioned rank. To the last the deceased was possessed of all his faculties, and up to three weeks of his death took his walks alone. He was a non-smoker, and a great believer in hard work and the simple life. A Dartmouth V.C. Among the recipients of the Victoria Cross during the year 1916 is a Dartmouth man, Private Theodore William Henry Veale, of the Devonshire Regiment. He is the son of a builder living in that home of Devon's bravest sons, and is twenty-four years of age. According to the official account, the award was made " for most conspicuous bravery. Hearing that a wounded officer was lying out in front. Private Veale went out in search, and found him lying amidst growing com within fifty yards of the enemy. He dragged the officer to a shell hole, returned for water, and took it out. Finding he could not single-handed carry in the officer, he returned for assistance, and took out two volunteers. One of the party was killed when carrying the officer, and heavy fire necessitated leaving the officer in a shell hole. At dusk Private Veale went out again with volunteers to bring in the officer. Whilst doing this an enemy patrol was observed approaching. Private Veale at once went back and procured a Lewis gun, and with the fire of the gun he covered the party, and the officer was finally carried to safety. The courage and determination displa\'ed was of the highest order." In a recent letter home, Veale gave an account of the rescue. He stated that while he was in the trenches a cry for help was heard in front. A few minutes previously a man had been seen waving his hand, and it was thought that a German wanted to give himself up. On hearing the cry, however, he got out of the trench, went across the open under fire, and was surprised to find a wounded British officer close to the Germans. After describing the earlier part of his adventure, he said : — " I crawled back again and got two more men and a corporal to come out with a waterproof sheet, which we put him on. We got about 80 yards, and when going over a bit of a bridge they shot the corporal through the head. I made the officer comfort- able in a hole. I went back for a team and also for water. When evening came I led the way for our chaplain (Captain Duff) and Sergeant Smith. We reached him just before dark, and as we were about to carry him in we ' spotted ' the Germans creeping up. I, not thinking, stood up, ran like hell about 150 yards 62 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 to the trenches for my gun. I raced out again and covered him (the wounded officer) and the others while they got in with him." — The Times. Salcombe Lifeboat Disaster. On Friday, October 27th, 1916, an appaUing calamity befell the South Devon port of Salcombe. The lifeboat had been called out about six o'clock in the morning to render assistance to the schooner Western Lass, which was reported to be wrecked on Meg Rock, near Prawle Point. In spite of the furious gale that was raging and the tempestuous breakers on Salcombe Bar, the gallant crew of fifteen succeeded in getting out to sea, and in reaching the vessel that was in distress ; then, finding that the schooner's crew had been rescued by the rocket apparatus of Prawle, and that no further help was needed, they started on their return voyage, but in crossing the Bar their little craft was capsized, and all but two of their number were drowned. Most of them were married men, who leave not only their widows but also twelve very young children to mourn their loss. The victims were Samuel Distin (coxswain), Peter Foale, senior (second coxswain), and his two sons, Peter and WiUiam, Frank Cudd, John Cudd (a volunteer), Ashley Cook, Thomas Putt, Bert Wood, James Canham, Albert Distin, James Cove, and WiUiam Lamble. The survivors were William Johnson and Eddie Distin, the former of whom gives the follow- ing graphic account of the disaster : — " It was between six and seven o'clock when we had the summons to turn out, and the crew quickly assembling we were soon ready to start. There was never any hesitation about our ability to get over the Bar. We knew we could do that all right. We did. The boat, as a matter of fact, went out splendidly, though a Httle jumpily, because there was, no doubt about it, a very nasty sea. I have been going out in the lifeboat eighteen or nineteen years, and I don't remember any such weather. We had two reefs in the mainsail, a reef in the foresail, and a close-reefed mizzen. We went up around the Prawle, and when we got there we saw the vessel which was in distress — a two-masted schooner. We ventured inshore as far as we dared, and discovered that the crew could almost walk ashore, and were therefore not wanting any help from us. Finding we were not wanted we started to go back to Salcombe, and as there was no recall signal continued on our way. "As we sailed homeward the sea got worse, and we all got pretty wet from the heavy seas breaking over us. Some of the crew suggested as we neared Salcombe the advisabilit3' of not Notes and Gleanings 63 attempting to cross the Bar, but the majority had confidence that the Hfcboat would prove equal to carrying us over ; and as we were all, moreover, wet, had very little money in our pockets, and anxious to get home, now so near, the verdict was given in favour of returning over the Bar to Salcombe. We saw, of course, how badly the sea was breaking over the Bar, and realized that we should have need of all our seamanship to carry us over. The coxswain said ' She will go in ; she is bound to go in, never fear.' Twice we approached the Bar, and then the coxswain put her head away for the breakers. At last our opportunity seemed to come. We took in the sails and put out the drogue, and were in the act of unshipping the mast and getting the oars out for the pull in when a tremendous sea struck and capsized the boat. We clambered on to her bottom, but were twice washed off, and each time I managed to grab and help a chiun back. The coxswain looked to me and asked me what I thought of our chances, and I told him ' Not much.' Then we were all swept into the sea again, and I remembered nothing until I found myself on a rock some little distance from the shore, with Eddie Distin on another a few feet off. The waves broke over the rock and swished and swirled round it, but somehow I managed to hold on. Then the rescuers came, and of what happened subsequently I have onl\ the haziest recollection. My watch stopped at 11.20 a.m., so that must have been the time, I suppose, that we were thrown in the water." " Toll for the brave ! The brave that aje no more ! All sunk beneath the wave. Fast by their native shore ! " A Devon Man's Bravery at Sea. A brave exploit of a Devon man. Captain Leshe Webb, son of the well-known physician, Dr. Webb, of Exeter, was recorded in the Times of Dec. 6th, 1915. His ship, an auxiliary steamer, on her way home from India, ran among the German submarines soon after midnight in the middle of November. The Cunard steamship Carta and the liner Clan Macalister had been sent to the bottom, while another ship was also sunk at hand ; but Webb, with rare pluck and seamanship, came to the assistance of the boats, and was instrumental in saving the lives of 82 men from the submarined vessels. Twice he turned back and ran the gauntlet, splendidly served by his officers and crew. At Malta the Admiral sent for Captain Webb, and said, " You have done what not one man in a hundred would have done. I am proud to shake hands with you." 64 TJie Devonian Year Book, 1917 The Last of the Classical Tourists. " By the death at Oxford, on the 2nd of June, 1916, of the Rev. Henry Fanshawe Tozer, at the ripe age of 87, classical scholar- ship in England has lost one of its oldest representatives. " The only son of Captain, afterwards Admiral, Tozer, R.N., he was bom at Plymouth in 1829, went to Winchester in 1842, during the headmastership of Moberly, and matriculated at University College, Oxford, in 1847. He was for a year the pupil of Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, and passed on to Exeter College as a Devonshire Scholar in 1848, becoming a Devonshire Fellow in 1850. His Fellowship was vacated in 1868 by his marriage with Miss Satow, the sister of Sir Ernest Satow, but he was re-elected in 1882, and was later elected Honorary Fellow. " His experience of travel began after his election to a Fellow- ship, when he spent some months in Italy, Sicily, and Greece, in days when such expeditions were still attended with hardship in the two latter countries, and his reputation was first established by his ' Researches in the Highlands of Turkey,' published in 1869. This was followed by ' Lectures on the Geography of Greece ' in 1883, and later by the ' Primer of Classical Geography.' His next work was a new edition of Finlay's Greece, for which he devoted himself to the study of Byzantine history. He also wrote ' The Church and the Eastern JEmpire,' a masterly summary published in 1883, ' Turkish Armenia and Eastern Asia Minor ' (1881), and ' The Isles of the Egean ' (1890). He also edited selections from Strabo in 1893. All his work was characterized by accurate observation and sound knowledge. He may be deemed the last and most scientific of the Classical Tourists, the precursors of the excavator and archaeologist of the present day. " Mr. Tozer was Tutor of Exeter College for nearly forty years. No tutor was ever more devoted to the interests of his pupils. An excellent linguist, he was specially proficient in modem Greek and Italian, and was one of the first members of the Oxford Dante Society. He also published at the Clarendon Press an English Commentary on the Divma Commedia, as well as a prose translation of the same poem, both admirable pieces of work. Nature formed him to be a student and traveller, and he was fortunate in being able to follow the bent of his genius. He had survived most of his contemporaries, but never lost the power of making friends among younger men. He has an assured place among English writers on classical subjects in the 19th century, and will be gratefully remembered by all who knew him." — The Times. Notes and Gleanings 65 A Famous Ecclesiastical Sculptor. On January 5th, 1916, died Mr. Harry Hems, who for half a century had been one of the best known of Exeter's citizens, and had gained a world-wide reputation in connection with his craft as a sculptor. According to the Western Weekly News : " He was one of the most extraordinary men Exeter ever knew. The present generation know him by repute, and are perhaps inclined to look upon the anecdotes associated with his name as overdrawn, and, at any rate, savouring greatly of the doings of one who at a time when the art was little knowTi, forestalled his generation and realized the value of advertising. His friends will not deny — nor, could he speak, would he wish them to — his unalloyed joy in notoriety. He loved it ; and he used it for the purposes of his business in a perfectly legitimate way, feeding the public with the sensation they liked, and enjoying in the background the humour and the kudos of it. Under- lying this trait, however, was a genuine spirit of philanthropy, the skill of a great craftsman, the industry without which no amount of advertising can achieve its aim, a love of travel, and a capacity for assimilating and applying experience. Above all he possessed the gift of hmnour. Thousands of Exeter poor learned to love his name. He was a constant and ever- welcome visitor of the sick. Specimens of his craftsmanship find honoured places in some of the world's most famous fanes " He described himself as being " a cross between Whitechapel and Yorkshire." He was bom, presumably in Whitechapel, in 1842, and, when he was thirteen, his parents moved from Islington to Sheffield, his mother's native place. There he was apprenticed to Arthur Haybalt, a great wood-carver of his day, and attended the Sheffield School of Art. He excelled in athletics, and was one of the first to join the Volunteer move- ment. At the expiration of his apprenticeship, he went to London, and in 1866 he was sent as a journeyman sculptor to Exeter, to work on the Royal Albert Memorial Museum. On ^'merging from St. David's station he stumbled upon an old horseshoe, which he picked up " for luck," and afterwards had gilded and fixed in a place of honour in front of his business premises. Among his more noteworthy works may be mentioned the restoration of the high altar screen at St. Albans Abbey, and the embellishment of St. Louis Cathedral ; but there are other specimens at Brisbane, Chicago, and practically all over the world. At the great exhibitions at Philadelphia in 1876, Chicago 5 66 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 in 1893, Antwerp in 1894, he received medals and the highest possible awards ; and at other exhibitions he obtained numerous medals and distinctions. In his will he expressed the desire " that the ' Chicago ' rood beam shall be placed in the chancel of St. Sidwell's Church, and the following inscription placed thereon : — ' This Chicago beam was made by Harry Hems, sculptor, of this parish, who Uved and flourished here, 1869-19 , and died . having received the highest attainable honours awarded at the World's Fair, Chicago, 1893, and the gold medal at the International Exhibition, Antwerp, the following year, for the work.' " In addition to his work as a sculptor, he was a prolific writer to the technical and antiquarian papers. During a period of thirty or forty years it was said of him that he wrote more signed articles upon technical and general subjects than any single man living. In a letter written on May 22nd, 1909, he said : " I happen to possess over 33,000 press notices of myself, all bound up and indexed, and any one of them ready to be turned to at any moment (extending from Jan. 31st, 1868, down to five of to-day's date, added thereto this morning)." He was a devoted and valuable friend of the Exeter Hospitals, and it is said that he was the originator in England of the Hospital Saturday movement. Under the spur of his enthusi- asm and generosity, Christmas-day treats were annually given by him to old and broken-down citizens of Exeter. Stories of his practical jokes and of his genius for obtaining publicity are almost without number. One of the smartest of these exploits arose out of a dispute with the Income Tax Commissioners. Finally, distraint was levied, and the authori- ties were compelled to force an entrance into his premises. An auction was held, and Mr. Hems himself prepared a catalogue of the goods to be sold, including the crowbar with which an entrance was forced, his " faithful bulldog. Bob," " the twelve Apostles," and a number of " tombstones suitable for the graves of Income Tax Commissioners." Reports of the proceedings were reproduced in newspapers all over the world, and everybody laughed at the way in which Hems had made " the twelve Apostles " pay his Income Tax. Undoubtedly he rendered good service in his day to the restoration and beautification of our churches, and if he had no very modest sense of his own merits, his foible was a very harmless one, and was much more than redeemed by his genuine kindness of heart and liberaUty to his poorer neighbours. \ Notes and Gleanings 67 The Father of the British Army. We arc apt in these days to forget what we owe to that good old Devonian, George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, " the uncrowned King of England," who preferred to be only "Captain-General under Parliament of all the land forces in England, Scotland, and Ireland." And it is as " Father of the British Army " that he best deserves to be held in remembrance. " It was he," says Mr. Julian Corbett, " who, in the few regiments that were kept on foot to overawe the Sectaries, started its glorious tradi- tions. It was he who gave it its unequalled note of duty and devotion. It was he who once and for ever pronounced that it must be a thing apart from politics, and taught it that a soldier's greatest glory is to obey. In every characteristic of which it is proudest, or for which we love it best, glitters the stamp of its first commander's personality. Whether we see its officers rising in the hour of peril above the personal jealousies which have ruined so many of our neighbours' enterprises, or admire its dogged obstinacy, its cheerful discipline, and its chivalrous impatience of party strife ; or whether we glory in the strange contempt it has ever shown for its enemies, making a pastime of war — we have but to turn and see each finest trait reflected as in a mirror of life of the man who gave it breath. Strange, indeed, it is that a body in which esprit de corps has reached its noblest development, should have forgotten as it has the hero who begot it and guided its first halting steps along the splendid path it was to tread." And yet this man who refused the crown of England, who occupied a position of greater power and ascendancy than has ever been held by any Englishman, before or since, was but a plain bluff soldier, known as " honest George," laughed at by everybody for his homeliness and stupidity, his mean establish- ment, and his vulgar wife, but, in spite of this, loved and revered by King and people aUke, " the favourite of Pariiament, the dariing of the Houses." Not only did the people love and honour him, but also they beUeved and trusted in him. Even Pepys, who disliked him very much, was forced to admit, " I know not how, the blockhead Albemarle hath strange luck to be loved, though he be (and every man must know it) the heaviest man in the world, but stout and honest to his country." Many anecdotes are told about him, but the following is not, I think, generally known. It is told by the French ambas- sador in a letter to the King of France in 1663 : — " An amusing affair happened last week in this Court. The Earl of Oxford, one of the first noblemen of England, Knight 68 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 of the Garter and an officer of the Horse Guards, asked to dinner General Monk, the High Chamberlain of the Kingdom, and some few other Councillors of State. They were joined by a number of young men of quality. The entertainment rose to such a pitch that every person happened to be ome a party to quarrels, both as offended and offender; they came to blows, and tore each other's hair ; two of them drew their swords, which luckily had a cooling effect on the company. Each then went away according as he pleased. Those who followed the General wanted some more drink, and it was given them. They continued there till evening, and therefore wanted food. Having been warmed by their morning and afternoon doings, each resolved to see his companion a-ground. The General, who is obviously endowed with a strong head, struck a master stroke ; he presented to each a goblet of the deepest. Some swallowed the contents, and some not ; but all peaceably remained where they were till the following morning, without speaking to each other, though in the same room. Only the General went to Parliament as usual, with his mind and thoughts nothing impaired. " There was much laughter at this." (Jusserand, French Ambassador). The First Volunteer Corps. The following letter, which appeared in the Standard of March 28th, 1882, is not without interest at the present time : — " Sir, — A letter by * Emeritus ' in your issue of March 20th, to which my attention has been called, contains the true state- ment that the foundation stone of the Volunteer Force was laid long before 1859, and the writer goes on to say that it was fully six years previous to this that the Victoria Rifles first appeared in the Army List, and in the same year the 1st Devon Rifle Volunteers were also formed. I beg to claim priority for the Devonshire Regiment. The date of the first commissions in this corps was January 4, 1853, while the date of the earUest commissions in the Victorias was August 4, 1853. I have no wish to detract from the very great credit due to those patriotic men who raised the Victoria corps, but I wish to put it on record, that the 1st Devon Rifle Volunteers was the first regu- larly organized force raised in this country, and was in full work before a single officer of the Victorias held a commission. It stands first in the Army List, and its officers had the honour of passing first before her Majesty at the Volunteer Levee held some years ago. It has been stated that the 1st Devon Rifle Volunteers was merely a rifle club. I therefore beg to subjoin Notes and Gleanings 69 a few facts, with their dates, to clear awav this mistaken idea. I may state at the commencement that Dr. Bucknill was the originator and founder of the 1st Devon Volunteer Rifles. He first entertained the idea of raising a corps, and during the year 1852 worked at its organization. Dr. Bucknill proposes the formation of a Rifle Corps to the Lord Lieutenant of Devonshire, January 27, 1852. Sir George Grey's answer to the Lord Lieutenant's Memorial on the subject, February 16, 1852. Mr. Secretary Walpole lavs the offer of the corps before the Queen, who accepts, March 26, 1852. First muster in uniform, October 6, 1852. Nine officers received their commissions, January 4, 1853. Two first parades, January 12 and 13, 1853. Three companies inspected by General Sir Harry Smith, March 31, 1853. At the time when the founder of the 1st Volunteer Rifles wrote to the Lord Lieutenant of his county upon the subject, there was no Volunteer Rifle regiment in the island. Lord Palmerston, in a speech to the Commons, on being twitted with having looked coldly upon the Volunteer movement, replied, " Why, I was the minister who accepted the services of the 1st Devon Volunteer Rifles, the first Volunteer corps in England." I hope you will allow me space for this shot for the honour of Devonshire. It is always right, and is more especially right in these da\s of territorial Army schemes, to stand up for one's county, and I declare, in the face of all comers, that the first Volunteer Rifle ( orps or Regiment that ever was raised in England was the corps whose headquarters have been at Exeter since October, 1852, and that this regiment was raised by John Charles Bucknill, M.D., at that time physician of the Devon County Asylum, but now of Hillmorton Hall, Warwickshire. — I am, sir, your obedient servant, George Pycroft, Assistant- Surgeon, D.A.V., formerly on the Committee of the 1st D.V.R., 1852.— Kenton, March 26." The Apostle of the Germans. A pathetic, almost a tragic, interest is aroused by the appear- ance at the present time of the first published translation into English of the contemporary biography of Saint Boniface, Archbishop of Mainz and martyr. Boniface, whose original name was Winfrith, was born at Crediton about 675, and is generally known as the Apostle of the Germans. "The title is misapplied if taken to mean that he was the first to preach the Gospel to that people ; but as meaning that he did more than any other man to convert them to Christianity it is amply justified. But he was, besides, an ecclesiastical statesman who 70 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 helped to shape the fortunes of Europe at a critical period. Himself the finest representative oi the early zeal of the EngUsh Church in the pursuit of learning and in missionary enterprise, he was but one, though the greatest, of the many devoted EngHshmen who, in the eighth century, carried the Gospel message to the kindred races oversea. His origin and training naturally made him the faithful servant of the Roman See. It was by Rome that he was commissioned, first, as simple priest, then as Bishop, and afterwards as Archbishop and Papal Legate, to establish the Faith in Hesse and Thuringia ; and it was in the name of the Apostolic See that he founded bishoprics in Central Germany and Bavaria. So again, when the way was opened to him to co-operate with the Prankish princes in reform- ing the Gallican Church, then sunk in utter degradation, he became a link between the Papacy and the Carolingian House, and thus helped to create the alliance by which, at the end of the centur}^ the Empire was re-established in the West. Yet at heart Boniface was, first of all, a missionary ; and it was missionary zeal that sent him, when nearly eighty years old and at the height of earthly success, to a martyr's death at the hands of the Frisians. Such an end was the fitting crown of a noble career." " No single member of our race, perhaps, ever did so much for the German people. And in the centuries that have elapsed since his death mutual services have been interchanged between Englishmen and Germans that should have served to draw yet closer the tie first formed by the great Archbishop. But the misguided German ambitions of the last forty years have undone the work of eleven centuries, and the memory of an old-standing friendship has been blotted out on the blood-stained fields of France. Is it possible that that memory can ever be revived ? " — Times Literary Supplement. Drake's Epitaph. Perhaps no verse is more generally associated with Drake than the so-called epitaph given in Prince's " Worthies of Devon " : — " The waves became his winding sheet ; the waters were his tomb ; But, for his fame, the ocean sea was not sufficient room." Prince himself avowedly quotes from Risdon, but neither gives the name of the author, and, unfortimately, both were mistaken in applying the lines to Drake. They were really written by an Elizabethan poet, Richard Bamfield, and were Notes and Gleanittgs 71 by him applied to Hawkins. They occur in the preface of " The Encomion of Lady Pecunia : or, The Praise of Money," 1598 :— " I have given Pecunia the title of a woman, both for the termination of the word, and because (as women are) she is lov'd of men. The bravest voyages in the world have been made for gold : for it men have venterd (by sea) to the furthest parts of the earth : in the pursuit whereof England's Nestor and Neptune (Hawkins and Drake) lost their lives. Upon the deaths of the which two, of the first I writ thus : — " The waters were his winding sheete, the sea was made his toorae ; Yet for his fame the ocean sea was not sufficient roome." Of the latter this :— " England his hart ; his corps the waters have ; And that which raysed his fame, became his grave." Did Ralegh write Shakespeare's Sonnets? This startling query was raised in the Times Literarv Supplement of April 20th, 1916, by a letter from Mr. Robert Palk, who has tried to demonstrate that, should the Stratford Miracle be, as many believe, a myth, there is some case for Sir Walter Ralegh. It is impossible in a short note to give the evidence in detail, but it is thus summarized by the writer : From references in the Sonnets themselves, it appears that the author was in or about April, 1604, perhaps earlier, and, as there is no sonnet celebrating release, probably until 1609 at any rate, a prisoner condemned and disgraced for some capital offence. He had, until grizzled by age, dark curly hair, was lame through misadventure, and dressed sumptuously. Once, possibly in the first shock of his disgrace, he prepared to commit suicide by means of a knife, and desired that some one very dear to him should forget him after his death. He was devoted to Prince Henry (identified as the " lovely boy," to whom many of the Sonnets are addressed) who visited him in prison, while in return the prisoner wrote books for his young friend. In the past he had been a person of consequence, who laid great but unenduring " bases for eternity." After he had lost his high position and realized the failure of his plans for posterity — and so, presumably, after the commencement of his imprisonment — a trumped-up charge was brought against him, and he considered himself impeached. Now, there is only one character of the period whose life is known to have included all these elements, viz., Sir Walter Ralegh. His hair, until silvered by age, was dark and curly. > 72 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 and he was notorious for his magnificence in dress. He was lame : in 1596 he wrote that all he had got from the sack of Cadiz was a " lame leg and a deformed." As Captain of the Guard he held a high post at Court, his " extern " displa^-ing, in honour of his great mistress, a suit of silver armour. Upon his colon al enterprises he expended vast sums, but those " great bases for eternity " for long led to nothing but loss. In Julv, 1603, he was suddenly charged with high treason. Overwhelmed with the disgrace, he resolved to commit suicide, and tried to obtain, through his gaoler, a " long narrow knife " which, he said, " should be to stir his wine." FaiUng in that, he snatched up a knife when at table and stabbed himself, though not, as it proved, fatally. He had previously written to his wife announc ing his resolve, and declaring that his name was dishonoured. Such a series of coincidences is, at least, remarkable, and much material exists outside the Sonnets tending to confirm Ralegh's authorship. Further, it is acknowledged that Ralegh was no mean poet, although much of his poetry has unfortunately been lost. Drake as a Poet. Drake is well-known as a graphic and picturesque letter- writer, but it will surprise most people to be told that he could also, on occasion, write verse — and good verse, too — though we have only one sample by which to judge of his merit as a poet. This occurs at the beginning of Sir George Peckham's " True Report of the Late Discoveries of Newfoundland, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert," printed in 1583 : — " Sir Fraunces Drake, Knight, in commendacion of this Treatise. " Who seekes by worthie deedes to gaine renowne for hire, Whose hart, whose hand, whose purse is prest to purchase his desire ; If anie such there bee that thirsteth after Fame, Lo ! heere a meane to winne himself an everlasting name. " Who seekes by gaine and wealth t'advaunce his house and blood, Whose care is great, whose toile no lesse. whose hope is all for good ; If anie one there be that covetts such a trade, Lo ! heere the plot for common wealth and private gain is made. Notes and Gleanings 73 " He that for vertue's sake will venture farrc and neere, Whose zeale is strong, whose practice trueth, whose faith is void of feere : If any such there beC; inflamed with hoHe care, Heere may he finde a readie meane his purpose to declare. " So that for each degree, this Treatise dooth unfolde The path to fame, the proof of zcale, and way to purchase gold." The First Local Newspaper. For many years Dr. Bnishfield's account of the early Exeter newspaper press remained unchallenged. According to this, the first Exeter paper was The Exeter Mercury : or, Wee ly Intelligence oj News, which was started on Fndav, September 24th, 1714, and was printed bv Philip Bishop, at his printing office in St. Peter's Churchyard, This was followed about a year later bv The Protestant Mercury : or, the Exeter Post-Boy with News Foreign and Domestick, printed by Jos. Bliss, at his New Printing House near the London Inn, without East Gate. However, it now appears that Bliss had published an earHer series, for Mr. J. B. Williams has unearthed in the British Museum a solitary copy (the only one known) of Jos. Bliss's Exeter Post- Boy, containing an Impartial Collection of the most Material News, both Foreign and Domestic:, dated Friday, Mav 4th, 1711, No. 211, printed bv Joseph Bliss, at the Exchange Coffee House, in St. Peter's Church-Yard. This paper must, therefore, have started in April, 1707, and Mr. Williams supposed there must have been still an earlier one, for a Dr. Tanner, writing on August 1st, 1706, says : "I am told they pnnt also a weekly paper at Exeter." However this mav be, the onlv earlier provincial papers known are Norwich Post, 170L Bristol Post-Boy, 1702, and The Gazette (Norwich), 1706. Bliss's Exeter Post-Boy is a curious little sheet, two pages only, about foolscap size. At the top left-hand corner is a rough wood-block full-length portrait of Oueen Anne and at the oppos te comer the arms ol Exeter, with motto, "Semper Fidelis." The first page contains the congratulatory speech of William Bromley, Esq., Speaker of the House of Commons, to the Right Hon. Robert Harley, Esq., Chancellor of the Exchequer upon his escape and recovery from the barbarous and villainous attempt made upon him by Sieur de Guiscard, a French papist. This is followed by Harley' s answer, and then some items of foreign and home news, ending with nearh' a column of local advertisements. 74 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 Old Mother Hubbard again. In the Devonian Year Book for 1915 appeared a quaint appeal for funds for the restoration of the Tower of Yealmpton Church, signed by " Old Mother Hubbard " herself. The appeal was made on the ground that the famous nursery rhyme was written at Kitley in that parish, by a lady named Sarah Catherine Martin, but no other particulars were given about the authoress. It will be interesting, therefore, to note that the lady was the daughter of Sir Henry Martin, Bart., of Locking, in the County of Berkshire, M.P. for Southampton, and Comptroller of His Majesty's Navy and an Elder Brother of the Trinity House. She was bom in January, 1768, and was about 37 years of age when, on a visit to her sister, who was the wife of John PoUexfen Bastard, of Kitley, she wrote the story of the old lady and her dog. When about seventeen years of age, Miss Martin was placed in a position which must have caused her great embarrassment. For many years her father was naval commissioner of Ports- mouth, and while stationed there, Prince William Henry (after- wards King William IV.) arrived in H.M.S. Hehe, on which he served as lieutenant. He became not only a frequent visitor, but rather an inmate of the commissioner's house, with the result that he fell violently in love with, and offered his hand and heart in marriage to, Miss Sarah. She was young, hand- some, exceedingly attractive and interesting in her manners, with an excellent understanding and a well-cultivated mind. She felt the compliment of such professions of attachment, but she felt also that the spark which had hghted up this hitherto latent feehng must be instantly extinguished. The Prince's passion was no mere passing fancy. He continued to express his affection in letters to her father, and in one of these he says : " I love her from the bottom of my heart, and only wish I had been in that situation of life to have married her. My best wishes and prayers shall be always offered up to heaven for her welfare." What the lady's feeUngs were we have no means of judging, but, suffice it to say, she was never married. She died on December Hth, 1826, and was biuied with her parents in the Martin family vault in the now disused church- yard of St. Nicholas, at Loughton, in the County of Essex. It is curious that a family residing in Berkshire should select as their last resting-place one so far distant as Loughton, with which they appear never to have been associated. — Z. Moon, F.R.Hist.S., in The Essex Review, July, 1916. Notes attd Gleanings 75 Dorset Envious of our Worthies. The feeling of county jealousy breaks out in the most unexpected places. The first example is culled from " The Life of Thomas Pitt," by Sir Cornelius Neale Dalton, K.C.M.G., C.B., M.A., D.C.L., Sometime Scholar of Trinity College, Cambridge. We are not aware whether the learned author is a Dorset man. or a member of the Society of Dorset Men in London, but the pusillanimous motto of this Society — " Who's afear'd ? " — (for surely no person would ask such a question unless he himself were shaking in his shoes) might account for the sentiment. However, he may rest assured that Devon would certainly not be anxious to claim such a poor hero as Thomas Pitt, who, in spite of all Sir Cornelius Dalton has to say, will still be best remembered as the purchaser of the Pitt diamond. This is how the book starts off : " Devon has always taken herself and her worthies more seriously than her more modest, but no less lovable sister Dorset has presumed to do. Devon men are not wont to forget men of their county who have distinguished themselves in history. But it is to be feared that the propor- tion of the inhabitants of Dorset is small who remember, if they have ever heard, that the Great Commoner and his son, the two most illustrious English statesmen of the eighteenth century, sprang directly from one of the oldest Dorset families. If Thomas Pitt had been a Devon man and not a Dorset man, the chances are that his claims to distinction would long ago have received fuller recognition from his fellow county men than they are ever likely now to do. And yet not only was he the most masterly and successful of all the Englishmen who in his day and generation were laying the foundations of the supremacy of his country in India, but he was also the forefather of our two greatest prime ministers. Throughout a long and adventurous life he laboriously and persistently amassed wealth, which he invested in such a manner as to secure for his descend- ants ready access to Parliament and political influence." Sir Cornelius's statement reminds one of the well-known description of a far greater man, the philosopher Robert Boyle, as " father of modem chemistry and brother of the Earl of Cork." A county that at the suggestion of a writer of fiction, arrogates to itself the ancient kingdom of Wessex, can hardly claim " modesty " as one of its characteristic virtues, and a man who, while occupying the position of a paid servant of a great trading company, acquires for his own use a diamond for £24,000 and afterwards sells it for £125,000, which Sir Cornelius does not consider " an inordinate profit," can hardly 76 The Devonian Year Book, 191 7 be deemed the possessor of a nice sense of honour, however much he may be extolled as a successful money-grubber. Sir Cornelius has also written " The Life of Captain Kidd." Breconshire cum Radnor Envious of our Scenery. The next example is from a book entitled "Clear Waters," by A. G. Bradley, who writes as follows : — " ' The bulk of North Wales, together with the English Lake Country, are of course incomparable in this island south of the Scottish Highlands. Thev stand alone. But next to these I would have you know that Breconshire, coupled inevitably with Radnor, so much are they interlocked, ranks easily next.' " ' I thought Dev — ' '"Yes, of course you did, because its extremely articulate and patriotic sons have been booming it in admirable and picturesque prose and verse for fifty years. And railroads, London journalists, and tourists have responded to the boom. With a public that for the most part knows nothing of its own country, this has been easily developed into a sort of cult.' " Devonshire as a whole is a beautiful and lovable county, but considerable sHces of it are undeniably commonplace of aspect, even to the verge of ugliness. Now Breconshire cum Radnor does not, I really think, contain a dull or commonplace square mile. ... A voracious novel-reader of cynical tempera- ment calculated the other day that forty per cent of recent novels, directly or indirectly touching country life, and written mainly, of course, by people who live within the London orbit, laid the scene, or the rural portions of it, in Devonshire or Cornwall. And furthermore, amid idyUic thatch-roofed villages, which are relatively scarce in those parts, and embellished with apple-faced maids, whereas the modern Devon peasant-girl in the south, at any rate, is conspicuously inclined to anaemia. The jaded novel-reader must be getting rather tired of Devon and Cornwall." And again, " Do not let Devonians of their own complacency, which in this particular is immense, run away with the notion that their streams are as beautiful as those of Wales, because they are not by a long way, though they in their turn incom- parably excel in beauty those of any other English rivers south of Derbyshire. . . . Away from the two great moors and their skirts, the beauty of inland Devon lies almost wholly in its deep, winding valleys. Save perhaps in the south-east, the Honiton portion of the county and a few others, look almost where vou will, from any inland hill-top, you will see httle but The Call yy a succession of bare, humpy hills criss-crossed with rectangular lines of bank fences, and everywhere patched with square tillage fields. A distant back|;round of moor redeems in a measure those long, rolling, chequered ridges, neither wild nor wooded, that nothing but a hardy superstition could absolve from the reproach of monotony if not of actual ugliness. Dreary out- looks are these bevond dispute, vet not dreary enough to touch the imagination with a redeeming sense of mystery." It is a curious fact that Devonshire is not envious of any other county, either as regards its worthies or its scenery. The Call. {By special permission of the Author.) Dear is the heart of the city. Its hurry and glare — But I long for the breath of the moorland, The full free air. I love the gleam of the home-lights At close of day, But I long to feel the night-wind Take its wide way. There is joy in the throng and the traffic, The clamorous street ; But I dream of the down and the upland, The sea's strong beat. There is time for the pulse of action, The stir and thrill : But oh for the mighty converse Of beach and hill. There is time for the tumult and striving; The smoke- filled sky ; The clif? and the heather are calling, The sea-birds cry. Arthur L. Salmon. ("Songs of Wind and Wave " — Blackwood). 78 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 The Opening of The Bristol and Exeter Railway. Wednesday, the 1st of May, 1844, was a red-letter day in the history of Devon, for on that day the first railway was opened to Exeter amid scenes of unprecedented rejoicing. This was the Bristol and Exeter Railway, which, though constructed by a separate company, was leased to the Great Western Railway, whose directors fondly imagined that by this means they had secured a monopoly in the south-west of England, for the London and South Western Railway had not then advanced farther west than Salisbury, and did not, indeed, reach Exeter until 1860. The first train on the opening day left Bristol at 9.20 a.m., and, by constant accessions on the road, at length amounted to 23 carriages, drawn by two of the Great Western Company's powerful engines, and it reached Exeter about a quarter to one. At a moderate computation it was supposed there could not be less than from 1,000 to 2,000 persons in the train. The engines were tastefully decorated, and the people seemed to enjoy the event at Bristol, and the whole length of the road, nearly as much as they did at Exeter, and along the new part of the line. At various points on the road, flags bearing different devices, all indicative of cordial welcome and gratification, were displayed. In Exeter the shops were shut, all business suspended, and the whole population literally turned out in their " Sunday best " to witness the arrival of the trains. The hill near Exeter, com- manding a view of the railway, was indeed covered with people, and presented an animating scene. A second special train, with the Great Western directors and some friends, left London at 7.35 a.m., and overtook the other many miles before it reached Exeter, or it is expected it would have been at Exeter, 193f miles, by about 12.10 p.m. The same special train, in returning, left Exeter at 5.17 p.m., and would have been in London at a few minutes after 10, had it not come too close upon the Slough short train. This was looked upon as a marvellous achievement, and, it was thought, had clearly demonstrated the practicability of doing the entire distance, either way, in four and a half hours, or perhaps four hours on an emergency. Lord Ebrington (the present Earl The Opening of the Bristol and Exeter Railway 79 Fortescue's father), in his speech at the banquet, remarked, as an instance of what could be achieved by railways, that he was in the House of Commons that morning at half-past one, and found himself in Exeter a little after twelve — a statement that evoked loud cheers. Although this shows that the engines were capable of running at a high speed, it may be noted that the third-class trains running through from Paddington to Taunton then occupied sixteen hours on the journey, which is now accomplished by a somewhat shorter route in two and a half hours — the journey to Exeter taking half an hour longer. " The railway between Exeter and London has been a great boon to me," said Bishop Phillpotts to his son, " for by it not only do I save time, but I can now travel to town with the utmost comfort for a £5 note ; whereas formerly, by sleeping a night in Bath, and posting it the whole way, it cost me £50, and much fatigue on every journey." A handsome cold dinner was provided for the visitors, partly at the expense of the Bristol and Exeter Company, and partly at that of the Corporation of Exeter, and incidentally it may be noted that the provisions included forty-five dozen of wines of the richest description, amongst which were eighteen dozen of splendid sparkling champagne. The lessees of the line, the Great Western, very generously furnished the means of transit, gratuitously, to the Bristol and Exeter shareholders, of which, of course, a great number of them availed themselves. " We like these little attentions so well," says the writer in Herapaih's Journal, from which I am quoting, " that if we were shareholders, we think we should vote them an additional term to their lease for it." At two o'clock the party sat down to dinner, consisting, we should think, of near 1,000 individuals. " Of these there was a goodly sprinkhng of the Devon ladies, some very pretty indeed, and some — that is, if ladies can be otherwise than very pretty — rather less so." In his excitement the writer omits to name the chairman, but he was no doubt the Mayor of Exeter, for another writer tells us that " the mayor and civic dignitaries presided in state, together with the city regaUa." Among the company were the Right Hon. Earl Fortescue (Lord Lieut, of Devon), Lord Ebrington, M.P., Sir George Grey, M.P., Henry Cartwright, Esq. (High Sheriff of Devon), the Hon. Lord Courtenav, M.P., Sir T. D. Acland, Bart., M.P., L. W. Buck, Esq., M.P., Sir W. H. Tonkin, Knt., E. Divett, Esq., M.P., F. N. Rogers, Esq. (Recorder of Exeter), the Mayor of Bristol, the High Sheriff of Bristol, C. Russell, Esq., M.P. (Chairman of the G.W.R.), Lieut.-Col. Ellis, C.B., Major Selwyn, Captain 8o The Devonian Year Book, 1917 James, F. Ricketts (Chairman of B. & E.R.), I. K. Brunei (Engineer), P. Miller, M.D., C. A, Saunders (Secretary of the G.W.R.), C. B. Fripp, and J. B. Badham (Secretary of the B. & E.R.). The speeches were of the usual eulogistic character. Earl Fortescue said that on no occasion had his official relation with the County afforded him more heartfelt satisfaction than in its having been the means of procuring for him their invitation to witness the triiunph of enterprise and industry and of skill in the successful consummation of one of the greatest public works which that or any other countrv in the world could boast. The Chairman of the Companv said the genius, skill, and intellectual powers of their engineer, Mr. Brunei, were duly appreciated by all who knew him, and the most magnificent railway in the world was his testimonial. The Great Western Chairman stated that, as Englishmen, they must feel a just pride in the completion of this great national work. It had been said that the most gigantic monuments of the ancient world never could have been raised by the hands of freemen, but, in refutation of that dogma, he would point to the railways, which were more extensive, more stupendous, more varied, more sur- passing as specimens of human ingenuitv, more wonderful as triumphs of science, more fruitful of the great benefits and blessings of civilization, than the hugest piles ever reared by enforced labour or extorted wealth. (Tremendous cheers.) The popular sentiment about this wonderful example of modem civilization is well expressed in the following dialect account,* published on the occasion of the visit of Jan Chaw- bacon and his wife Moll, to see the opening : — '• Lor, Janny ! Lor, Janny ! Wativver es that, A-umin' along lik' a 'oss upon wheels ? He's zo bright as yex buttons, an' black as yer 'at, An* jist 'arky, Janny, an' yur 'ow 'a squeals ! " "Dash my buttons, Moll, I'll be darn'd eef I know; Us was fules ta com' yur an' ta urn into danger. Let's be off, 'a spets vire, lor ! du let us go, An' 'a 'olds up 'es 'aid lik' a guze tu a stranger." " I be a bit galli'd, but let us bide yur ; An' 'ark 'ow 'a puffs, an' 'a caufs, an' 'a blows ; He ed'n onlike th' ole cart- 'oss last yur — Brauken- winded ; an' 'eet on 3- zee 'ow 'a goes ! " For a copy of which I am indebted to Mr. Chas. H. Laycock. — Editor. The opening of the Bristol and Exeter Railway 8i " He urns ufxjn ladders, \vi' they things jist lik' wheels, Or 'urdles, or palin's, putt down 'pon the groun' ; Hut why du 'em let 'em stray out o' the viel's ? 'Tcs a wonder they don't clap 'm inta the poun'." " 'A can't be alive, Jan, I don't zim 'a can.' ■ 1 bain't sure o' that, Moll, vor jist luke 'ee 'ow 'A braithes lik' a 'oss, or a znivell'd ole man ; An' 'ark 'ow he's bust out a-caufin', good now.' " " ' 'A nivver cude dra' all they waggins, d'ee zee, Eef 'a liv'd upon vatches, or turmits, or 'ay ; Why, they waggins be vull'd up wi' people, they be. An' du 'ee but luke 'ow they 'm laafin' away ! ' " " ' An' luke ta they childern a-umin' about, Wi' their mouths vuU o' gingerbraid, there by the shaws An' luke ta the scores o' fine ladies tum'd out, An' gen'lemen, all in their bes' zinday cloa.se.* '■ ■ An' luke to this 'ouze med o' can vast zo zmurt. An' the dinner zot out wi' zich bustle ^n' fuss ; But us brort a squab-pie, thee'st know, in the curt, An' a keg o' gude cider, zo that's nort ta us.' " * I tell 'ee 'ot 'tes, Moll, this-yur is my mind. The worl's a-go maze, zo sure as you'm born, 'Tes zo true a.s I'm livin', an' that they will vind, Wi' their 'osses 'pon wheels that don't live upon corn.* " ' I wud'n go 'ome-'long 'umbye ta the farm, Be'ind zich a critter, wen all's zaid an' din ; Us 'ave travell'd score miles, but nivver com' t' 'arm, Vor there's nort lik' a market-curt under the zin.' " By Severn Sea. Ah western winds and waters mild ! Others your vaporous languors chide ; They have not loved you from a child. Nor grown to strength your shore beside. Ye speak of youth and hope to me. Ye airs, ye floods of Severn Sea ! T. H. Warren. 6 82 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 The Saxon Conquest of Devon. By J. J. ALEXANDER, M.A., J.P. (Head Master of Tavistock Grammar School.) Part I.-658 to 739. The story of the Saxon occupation of Britain is in many respects obscure. It is, however, generally agreed that the Teutonic conquest of the island, mere coast raids being ignored, did not begin before 440 a.d. It is also generally conceded that by the death of Athelstan in 940 a.d., Devon was completely Saxon. Between these two dates is a period of live hundred years, but it will be found that we can locate most, if not all, of the conquest of the county within one-third of that period, reckoning from the battle of Peonna in 658 to the battle of Gafulford in 825. If we take the year 658 as our starting-point, it will be advis- able first to consider what sort of people lived in Devon at that date. There were in the main two groups of nationalities. The older group consisted of the earlier Celtic tribes, usually called Goidels, together with the surviving descendants of the New Stone men or Ivernians. This Goidelo-Ivemian group resembled the people who then inhabited Ireland, Scotland, and the Isle of Man. The newer group consisted of the later Celts, known as Brythons and Belgians, who had been driven westward by the wave of Saxon domination. There may have been imiong them a few people of Roman descent, but that descent was so remote as to be almost negligible. This Romano-British group were akin to the ancestors of the modem Welsh nation. If these Brythonic or British refugees retained very Uttle Roman blood among them, they did at least retain some traces of Roman civihzation. This superior ci\'ilization, coupled with their greater numbers and possibly also with a greater industrial aptitude, enabled them to impose their language upon the Goidels among whom they settled. It is probable that a linguist, if he could have visited the Western peninsula in the seventh century, would have found a struggle going on between the two Celtic tongues, of which the Brythonic com- petitor survived imder the name of Cornish until modem times. The Saxon Conquest of Devon 83 From the doleful narrative of the British historian, Gildas, who wrote about 54S, it would appear that Cornwall and a portion at least of Devon, then known as Dumnonia, were under the rule of a Celtic monarch named Constant ine, and that another monarch named Aurclius Conan may have ruled over Somerset, Dorset, and perhaps East Devon. Gildas' account is provok- ingly obscure, but if the inference as to a Celtic kingdom east of Dumnonia is correct, certainly it could not have long sur- vived the assaults of Cenwealh, who succeeded about 641 to the throne of Wessex. The kingdom over which Cenwealh ruled at his accession included Hampshire and the upper reaches of the Thames from Berkshire and Oxfordshire through East and North Wilts as far as the Bristol Avon. The growth of the Mercian kingdom under Penda restricted his power on the north, and had the effect of impressing on the Wessex people the need for military organization. About this time we are able to trace the first signs of their highly successful system of shire administration. There is one region in which the boundaries of Cenwealh's kingdom have never been clearly defined. It will be borne in mind that the Jutes and Saxons at their first coming were skilful navigators, and it is by no means improbable that their early coast settlements may have extended considerably to the west of the Isle of Wight. But even if we admit the possi- bility of these coastal occupations, we must also regard it as extremely probable that whatever settlements they made were connected or in communication with the rest of their territory. I^'or we should reflect that the Teutonic annexations before Cenwealh's time must have been essentially of a hostile nature, hostile in race, hostile in religion, hostile in fact from every point of view. We can conceive of an enclave of Britons, natives who, perhaps in the later stages of the conquest, were granted the right to live in a mountainous district surrounded by Saxon territory ; but an enclave of Saxons in a British territory is a much more difficult conception. Such an enclave, if it even temporarily existed, either would soon have been exterminated or would have fought its way insistently to reunion with its parent kingdom. We can therefore conceive, without any settled conviction on the point, that Cenwealh's kingdom may have included a strip of land extending along the Dorset coast as far as Exmouth, any further extension being for topographical reasons rather outside possibility. The best thing to be said for this conception is that it is favoured by the analysis of Domesday Hundreds, which indicates the East Budleigh area to be the most highly Saxonized portion of Devon. 84 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 Cenwealh had adopted Christianity as the official religion of the Wessex court, but was far from being a docile son of the Church, and it is not apparent that his religious professions modified to any extent the lust for strife and conquest which he had inherited from his predecessors. With the exception of Ine, none of the kings of Wessex during the seventh and eighth centuries appear to have been conspicuously humane to their enemies. In his earlier years Cenwealh had suffered defeat at the hands of Penda, but war had broken out between the latter and the Northumbrians, and in 652 Cenwealh was free to devote his attention to the West Britons. His first fight was at Bradford- on-Avon, and six years later a victory at Peonna (Penselwood) gave him West Wiltshire, East and Central Somerset, and probably the greater part of Dorset, This victory in fact carried with it the downfall of the East Celtic kingdom, if one then existed ; or the lopping off of the eastern territories of Dumnonia, if it had previously embraced the whole of the West British possessions. Here then we are able to shake ourselves free from the second kingdom difficulty, and to set about drawing a frontier line between Cenwealh and his adversary of Dumnonia (or Dyfnaint, as we now must call it, for the Brythonic refugees have con- verted mn into fn, which they pronounce vn). Following the Hne of the Parret through Somerset, we move along the western boundary of Dorset to the Axe. The only doubt we encounter is whether to include the strip of Devon coast between the Axe and the Exe. Cenwealh certainly possessed the strength and the disposition to conquer this, if it was not already occupied. The conquest was again interrupted by Wulfhere, the son of Penda, who with the aid of the South Saxons harassed Cenwealh on the east. No further progress is recorded till 682, when, according to the Chronicles, Cent wine, a new king of Wessex, " pursued the Brytwalas to the sea." These Brytwalas cannot have been the inhabitants of Wales, because Wessex was at this time cut off from Wales by Mercia. One of our early historians, Florence of Worcester, definitely states that Centwinc drove the West Britons to the sea. Somerset historians have chosen to regard this as a West Somerset conffict, but one cannot help thinking that here we have at last the Saxons in Devon, and the conquest of East Devon as far as Exeter, perhaps even farther. The next king but one, the wise and statesmanlike Ine, resumed the work of organization. In the early years of his reign a code of laws was pubhshed, from which it appears that The Saxon Conquest of Devon 85 he had a considerable British population within his dominions. About this time Somerset and Dorset may have been consti- tuted shires. We may go one step farther in this speculation. In the life of Winfrith, perhaps better known as Boniface, the apostle of Germany, it is stated that he was bom of Saxon parents in Devon about 680, and educated at an Exeter monastery. Even if we do not accept as a certainty the tradition which gives Crediton as the place of his birth, it is still highly probable that in his boyhood Exeter was a Saxon town. Now a king like Ine would not leave a large territory like East Devon, which may under his rule have included one-third of the present county, unprovided with some form of government, and it may therefore be suggested that the conquered lands west of the Axe and including Exeter were given the name of Defnan- scire, " the portion cut off from Dyfnaint." Dyfnaint, or West Wales, as we may now call it, still main- tained its independence.* Its capital is said to have been Celliwig, between the Tamar and the Lynher, probably near the modem Callington. Regarding this as a central position for the capital of the little British kingdom, one would be inclined to think that the extent of its territory east of the Tamar did not greatly exceed the area of Cornwall. We do not know many facts about the kings who succeeded Constantine. Tradition has been busy in providing names for them, but the only well-authenticated monarch of the dynasty is Geraint, Ine's contemporary, whose name appears both in the Chronicles and in the letters of Aldhelm. In 705 a new Episcopal See was established at Sherborne, a strong evidence that the constitution of Dorsetshire and Somersetshire had been completed, and an indication to us of the probability of further westward expansion, since the seat of the bishopric was only twenty miles from the Devon border. Aldhelm was the first bishop. At that time there were disputes going on between the British and Roman Churches about the correct date of Easter Sunday, and other controversial matters. Feeling had run so high that the British priests refused to join their Roman brethren in worship, or even to take food with them. Geraint, in response to a letter from Aldhelm, used his influence to bring about a reconciliation. Aldhelm died in 709. and in the following year a war broke out between Geraint and Ine, who was assisted by his kinsman Nun, king of Sussex. We do not know how long this war lasted, or how far Ine was successful, but an entry in the 86 The Devonian Year Book, 191 7 Chronicles of date 722 enables us to say that either about this time, or perhaps earlier in his reign, he had built the fortress of Taunton to secure his border. Some troubles with his own kinsfolk prevented Ine from extending his conquests farther west, and when in 725 he resigned his crown and retired to Rome, he left to his successor Athelhard the difficult task of repressing civil dissensions. The first eight years of Athelhard's reign were somewhat disastrous, for the king of Mercia, Ethelbald, taking advantage of his domestic troubles, invaded his territory and reduced him to a state of vassalage. During the last six years of his reign his subjection to the masterful Mercian obliged him to lead forces against the Welsh at the bidding of the latter. But there is no good reason to suppose that there was any yielding of ground on the Western border. Quite the contrary may have been the case ; military prestige was in those days vital to a monarch's security of tenure and very probably Athelhard, having lost heavily in his conflict with the Mercians, would seek to regain his prestige at the expense of his weaker British neighbours ; in addition to which the pressure on the northern border of Wessex may have forced some of the West Saxons elsewhere in search of new habitations. History, ancient and modem, is full of examples in which nations, driven back on one frontier, have expanded on another. Some twenty-five years ago there was discovered among the Crawford Collection of manuscripts relating to Crediton a charter of Athelhard dated in 739, the last year of his reign. This recites a grant by him to the monastery of Crediton of 20 hides of land in that place, and it is important as definitely establishing the fact that his kingdom extended well into Mid- Devon and as strengthening the supposition that he had some encounters with the West Welsh, for the blood spilt in which he was desirous of making atonement. We may take it then that by 739 the Saxon dominions included that portion of Devon which is now served by the South- Western railway line running between Axminster and Yeoford, perhaps also the por- tion between Exeter and Dartmouth on the Great Western line. The narrative of the conquest so far is largely based on supposition, as any narrative with so httle authentic material to support it must of necessity be, and it is not quite in accord with the previously published accounts of the conquest. But these accounts have been tainted I y the tendency of sixteenth century antiquaries to translate local traditions into established facts, and by misinterpretations of the entries in the Chronicles and other earlv histories. The Saxon Conquest of Devon 87 And not the least valuable result of the discovery of Athel- hard's charter is the reproof which it administers to the older generation of West-country historians. Their methods of compilation had led them to the conclusion that no Saxon conquest of any part of Devon prior to 750 was at all probable. The tradition of Winfrith's birth at Crediton and early education at Exeter was explained by them as due to the settlement of a few Saxon colonists in the midst of a British territory. In the face of the charter there is a pathetic attempt to cling still to this untenable theory, and to enlarge the small body of colonists so as to include the whole valley of the Greedy and some adjoin- ing districts, an enclave which, as has been pointed out, would soon have either collapsed or burst its barriers in one or another of the oft-recurring conflicts between Saxon and Briton. It is surely far better to reject once for all the unsatisfactory older attempts, and to reconstruct the narrative of the Saxon con- quest of Devon in accordance with the best results of recent research. Part II.— 739 to 825. Shortly after the granting of the Crediton charter, perhaps in the same year, Athelhard died, and was succeeded by his kinsman Cuthred. The latter, a more vigorous and successful type of monarch, had some strenuous experiences of fighting. In 743 we find him in alliance with Ethelbald against the British, and it has been suggested that on this occasion the Mercians and West Saxons wer^ fighting in the western penin- sula, which Ethelbald wished to colonize with Mercians ; but there is no clear evidence to confirm the suggestion, whereas it is indisputable that some years before Ethelbald had obliged Cuthred's predecessor to serve under him against the Britons across the Severn, and we know that Ethelbald's suzerainty was recognized by the West Saxons as late as 744. Under Cuthred's rule the kingdom of Wessex regained its umty and independence. Ethelbald's supremacy was ended at the battle of Burford in 752, and in the next year the victorious Wessex king also inflicted a defeat on the Britons of the west, who seemingly had been taking advantage of his preoccupation with the Mercians to harass his western border. The way was now clear for the conquest of North Devon. Cuthred's victorious career was cut short by his death in 754, after a short but not inglorious reign of about fifteen years. Having endured a year of turmoil under an incapable tyrant named Sigebert, the West Saxon Council elected Cynewulf to the throne, and the fighting against the West Britons was 88 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 soon resumed. This time an active and successful campaign ensued, in which many hard battles weie fought. The Britons of North Devon and North Cornwall were driven out or exter- minated, and their lands were occupied by Saxon colonists. The prevalence of the terminations " cot " and " worthy " in the place-names of the northern parishes on both sides of the Tamar, points to the extensive and sweeping nature of the re-population, and Cynewulf himself, in a grant made about 766 to Wells, confesses to the truculent character of the conquest. Those who profess to detect in the place- names some evidence of a Midland element in North Devon, and thus to assign the North Devon conquest to the supposed joint campaign of Mercians and West Saxons in 743, may be placated by a suggestion that among the North Devon colonists it is quite possible there may have been a number of Wessex fugitives from the Thames valley, where, during the reigns of Ethelbald and his successor Offa, the pressure of Mercia was frequent and severe. In 779 Offa gained an important victor}' over the West Saxons at Bensington, in Oxfordshire. Cynewulf, having reigned about thirty-one years, was assassinated in 786 by Sigebert's brother, Cynehard, who was himself also slain on the occasion. The narrative of the crime states that Cynehard was buried at Axminster. With this statement before them all the local historians are in agree- ment that East Devon was now part of the Saxon dominions, but the older school are inclined to credit Cynewulf with the possession of the eastern part only, and there is a further differ- ence of opinion as to how much of the conquest is to be attributed to Cuthred and Cjniewulf respectively. All things considered, the probabilities are that the actual acquisition of territory took place mainly under Cynewulf, and that his gains included the whole of North Devon (the Exmoor region of which may have retained some British inhabitants under Saxon rule). North Cornwall as far as Padstow, and possibly the Tamar valley ; Dartmoor and the South Hams perhaps still remained British territory. The directions of Cynewulfs conquests, expressed in terms of railway routes, appear to have been along the lines proceeding from Yeoford to Ilfracombe and Padstow respectively, and including the coast region north- west of those lines. The next king of Wessex, Bertric, was too busily occupied in securing his throne against his youthful rival, Egbert, and in guarding his coasts against a new enemy, the Danes, to think of attempting fresh conquests. We have only one small bit of evidence, and that not a very helpful one, as to the extent The Saxon Conquest of Devon 89 of his territory in the West. In a grant of land by him under date 801, the witnesses include seven " principes," who were probably heads of shires. Three of them we can ascertain to have been the respective " aldermen " of Berks, Hants, and Wilts. Kent and Sussex, and the counties north of the Thames, were certainly outside Bertric's dominions; Surrey probably was also. The other four Aldermen or " principes " must then be assigned to Dorset, Somerset, and two other shires, which, if we omit Surrey, were both in the West. The most probable solution for the two missing shires is to take Devonshire as one, and Triconshire, the region which included North Cornwall, and may then have also included Cynewulf's conquest in North Devon, as the other. The expression " Defnanshire," which, as has been suggested, was probably first employed by Ine, must have been in its early use a flexible term, which could only receive a fixed meaning when the Saxon conquest had definitely advanced beyond the line of the Tamar. The last stage of the conquest brings us to the time of Egbert, who succeeded Bertric early in 802, and reigned till the summer of 839. Egbert began his reign with two distinct advantages, an undisputed succession and a country which, except for one Danish raid, had enjoyed internal peace during sixteen years. But the external aspect was disquieting. Mercia, though by her overbearing acts she had earned the hatred of the smaller English kingdoms, was still powerful and alert. A great empire had been formed on the Continent under Charlemagne, which might in the near future seek to add England to its dominions. There was also the Danish menace, but that in the sequel proved to Egbert's advantage, for it was still more a menace to the English of the north and east, and the Danish possession of sea-power impeded any westward extension of Charlemagne's empire. Lastly, there were the Britons in Cornwall. Trained in the court of Charlemagne, where he had for several years resided as an exile, Egbert cherished ambitions of founding a powerful kingdom. But he had to walk warily at the outset. We hear little of him for ten years, but we may be sure that he employed his time profitably in the internal organization of his kingdom. Profiting doubtless by the experience of his predecessors Ine and Cuthred, he seems to have determined that the little Celtic state on his western borders should not be allowed to retain an independence which might hamper him in his northward movements. So in 812 he set up a claim of suzerainty over the Cornish, just as his mentor, Charlemagne, had done a short time before over the Britons of Armorica across the Channel. The Cornish resisted. 90 The Devonian Year Book, 191 7 and Egbert in enforcement of the claim " harried West Wales from eastward to westward." In or about the year 815, begin- ning with what may still have remained of British Devon, the sparsely populated Dartmoor and South Hams, he marched across the Tamar to Land's End, conquering as he went. The effect of this invasion was, apparently, to complete and con- solidate the conquest of Devon, to annex South-east Cornwall under the name of Wellshire, of which three estates — Pawton, Callington, and Lawhitton — were granted to the see of Sher- borne, and to reduce the rest of Cornwall to a state of vassalage. It may be asked what makes us think that the conquest of South Devon was later than that of North Devon. There were no local records in those days, nor for centuries after (except the references in old charters and ecclesiastical missives to acts of piety such as Athelhard's Crediton grant and Egbert's Sherborne grant), and we cannot tell the exact fate of any })articular district ; but a glance at a very old county map will suggest one reason. The hundreds, or districts, into which Devon was for certain administrative purposes divided by the Saxons, are of varying sizes and shapes in the east and north, some of them being comparatively quite small. Of the six lying west of the Dart, four, Cadelintona (Coleridge), Dippe- forda (Stanborough), Alleriga (Ermington), and Plintona (Plympton), are nearly uniform in size, and though their boun- daries are not quite regular, they may be roughly regarded as parallel strips of land extending from the Dart to the south- west coast. The other two, Walchentona (Roborough), and Listona (Lifton with Tavistock), are larger than these, but the additional size is made up of somewhat inaccessible moorland. Now the partly geometrical regularity and greater average size of these six hundreds seem to show what we know to be the case in a country like the United States, where the older divi- sions are usually small and irregular, and the newer ones large and regular in pattern. One incUnes to the conclusion that these South Devon divisions were made very soon after the country was conquered and before it was colonized to any large extent by Saxons, whereas in the other portions of the county the divisions simply followed the Hues of tribal settlements. About ten years after, in 825, when Egbert was bringing to a close the long struggle between Wessex and Mercia, the West Welsh revolted, and advancing to recover their lost territory, they encountered a force of Devonian Saxons at Gafulford. This place may have been Galford, two miles west of Lydford, or one of the fords crossing the Tamar, though some writers have suggested Camelford in North Cornwall. No result of The Saxon Cotujuest of Devon 91 this battle is given, but we may take it that the Devonians were successful under Egbert's direction (he is known to have been at Crediton during the August of 825) ; it is a striking evidence of the Saxon advance, that the men of Devon and the men of Cornwall were now opposed to each other. The Cornish in 838 made one more effort to regain their independence. Allying themselves with a large force of Danish invaders, they again revolted. Egbert in person led an army against them, and fought with them at Kingston Down, near Calstock, where he put to flight both the Cornish and the Danes. This was his last battle, for in the next year he died. Before his death he had the satisfaction of extinguishing the last vestiges of Cornish independence, his victory being followed by the submission of the Cornish bishop, Kenstec of Dinurrin. to the ecclesiastical authority of Ceolnoth, Archbishop of Canterbury. There were of course still some Britons in Devon, for Egbert never resorted to a policy of extermination, but they were not strong enough to cause any anxiety. Cornwall, reduced to subjection and partly occupied by Saxons, was no longer formidable as a fighting force. From the time of Egbert onward Devon appears in the Chronicles as a Saxon shire, with a Saxon alderman, and is invariably treated as an integral part of Wessex. The story of a subsequent conquest of western Devon and Cornwall by Athelstan has no foundation in any trustworthy source. Athelstan came to the West as an administrator, not as a conqueror, and the battles which he is said to have fought are the freakish fancies of late medieval and modem chroniclers. So far then as we know, the Saxon conquest of this countv was not begun before 658, and was completed by 825. With the scanty supply of sound material that we possess, it is not possible to construct a very substantial narrative, but we can at any rate obtain in inteUigible though imperfect outhne — and even that is surely a thing well worth having — the story of how our Saxon ancestors came into Devon. 02 The Devonian Year Book, 191 7 Some Recent Devonshire Literature. Compiled by H. Tapley-Soper, City Librarian, Exeter. {This list aims at including all books by Devonians, by residents in Devon, and books about Devon. The compiler will be grateful if readers will inform him of any omissions, in order that they may be included in next year's list. Publishers are invited to send to the compiler copies of books for notice in future issues of the Year Book.) Bruce, J. H. W. Knight-. " Dartmoor Days with the Forest Hunt." (Murray, 6/-.) 1916. Carpenter, W. Boyd (Bp.). " Further Pages of My Life." (WilHams & Norgate, 10/6 net.) 1916. Chase, Beatrice. " Gorse Blossoms from Dartmoor" [poems]. (Longman, 1/-.) 1916. Chope, R. Pearse. " Farthest from Railways [Hartlandi : An Unknown Corner of Devon." (Wright & Sons, Bristol, 1/-.) 1916. Coleridge, Stephen. "Vivisection." (Lane, 5/- net.) 1916. Coleridge, Stephen. " An Evening in my Library among the Enghsh Poets." (Lane, 3/6.) 1916. CoUings, Jesse. " The Great War : Its Lessons and its Warn- ings." (The Rural World Publishing Co., 2/- net.) 1916. Cook, Theodore. " Kaiser Krupp and Kultur." (Murray, 1/- net.) 1915. Cook, Theodore. " Kultur and Catastrophe." (Murray, 1/- net). 1915. Cresswell, Beatrix F. " Edwardian Inventories for the County and City of Exeter." (Alcuin Club Collections, vol. xx., A. R. Mowbray & Co., 10/6.) 1916. "Davy's Devon Herd Book," vol. 39. (Mounter, Taunton, 3/- net.) 1916. Drake, Maurice and Wilfred. " Saints and Their Emblems." (Werner Laurie, 42/-.) 1916. Durham, W. E. " Summer Holidays in the Alps." (T. Fisher Unwin, 15/-.) 1916. Escott, T. H. S. " Great Victorians : Memories and Person- aUties." (Fisher Unwin, 12/- net.) 1916. Exeter Diocesan Kalendar and Clergy List. (Besley & Copp, Exeter, 1/6). 1916. Some Recent Devonshire Literature 93 Exeter Diocesan Finance Year Book. (Townsend, Exeter, 1 /-.) 1916. ICxeter, Report on the Records of the City of. (Historical Manuscripts Commission, 2/3.) 1916. Ferrier, J. Todd. " The Logia : or, Sayings of the Master." (Order of the Cross, Paignton.) 1915. "From Dartmouth to the Dardanelles: A Midshipman's Log.' (Heinemann, 1/-.) 1916. Gribble, Francis " In Luxembourg in War Time." (Headley, 5/- net.) 1916. Gribble, Francis. " Women in War." (Sampson Low, 7/6 net.) 1916. Hamilton, Lord Frederick. " Some Holiday Adventures of Mr. P. J. Davenant in the Year 1915." (Nash, 3/6 net.) 1916. Hole, W. G. " Men of Devon, and Other Poems." (Cecil Palmer and Hayward, 1/6 net.) 1916. Harris, E. F. " French for the Front : A Short Cut to the French Language in Rhyme." (Marlborough & Co., Ply- mouth, 3d. net). 1915. [Kingdon, F. H.] " History of St. Bridget's, Bridgerule, 1888- 1913." (Ben Oke, North Devon Printing Works, Holsworthy.) 1913 {Pamphlet). Kingsley, Charles, and " Lucas Malet." " The Tutor's Stor}*." (Smith, Elder & Co., 6/-.) 1916. McCarthy, J. Huntly. " In Spacious Times." (Hurst & Blackett, 6/-.) 1916. Mount Edgecumbe, The Earl of. " King's English." (Simpkin, Marshall, 3/- net.) 1916. • " Notes on the Priory of St. Nicholas at Exeter." (At the Priory, 6d.) 1916. Oxenham, John. " My Lady of the Moor." (Longmans, 6/-.) 1916. Phillpotts, Eden. " Dehght." (Palmer & Hayward, 3/6 net.) 1916. Phillpotts, Eden. " Faith Tresilion." (Ward, Lock, 6/-.) 1916. Phillpotts, Eden. " The Giri and the Faun." (6/-). 1916. Phillpotts, Eden. " The Green Alleys." (Heinemann, 6/-.) 1916. Phillpotts, Eden. " Human Boy and the War." (Methuen, 6/-.) 1916. Phillpotts, Adelaide Eden. " Illyrion, and Other Poems." (Palmer & Hayward, 1/6.) 1916. " Rita." " The Iron Stair : A Romance of Dartmoor." (Putnam, 6/-.) 1916. 94 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 Robertson, George W. " The Life of Saint Boniface, by Willi- bald," translated into English for the first time. (Humphrey Milford, 5/- net.) 1916. Robinson, W. Fothergill. " The Harvesting, and Other Poems." (Ersken Macdonald, 1/-.) 1916. Steuart, Douglas Stuart Spens-. " Metalliferous Deposits of Cornwall and Devon." (J. Parry & Co., 3/6 net.) " Stags Head." " Old Torquay." (Author: Mayfield, Seaton. 1/-.) 1916. Taylor, Thomas. " Celtic Christianity of Cornwall." (Longmans, 3/6.) 1916. Temp e, William. " Mens Creatrix : An Essay." (Macmillan, 7/6 net.) Thornton, W. H. " Devonshire Scripts and Stories." (Towns- end, Exeter, 1/6.) 1915. Tozer, Edward J. F. " South Devon Hunt." (Morton WooUey, Teignmouth, 21/-.) 1916. Trevena, John. " The Captain's Furniture." (Mills & Boon, 6/-.) 1916. T'Serclaes, Baroness, and Mairi Chisholm. " Cellar-house of Pervyse." (Black, 6/- net.) 1916. Ward, Estelle Frances. " Christopher Monk, Duke of Albe- marle." (Murray, 12/-.) 1915. Willcofks, M. P. " The Eyes ot the Bhnd." (Hutchinson, 6/-.) Williams. B. H. " Ancient West Country Families and Their Armorial Bearings," vol. i. (T. A. D. Bridger, Penzance, 6/-.) 1916. Williamson, C. N., and A. M. " Secret History." Williamson, C. N., and A. M. " The Lightning Conductress." (Methuen, 5/- net.) 1916. Williamson, C. N., and A. M. " The Shop Girl." (Methuen. 6/-.) 1916. Williamson, C. N., and. AM. " This Woman to this Man." Affiliated Societies 95 Affiliated Societies. BARUMITES IN LONDON. Founded 1893. President : Hubert Bath, Esq. Hon. Secretary : F. Gabriel, Roborough, 17, Park Avenue South. Crouch End, N. Object : To promote social gatherings and good-fellowship. Subscription : is. per annum. Qualification : Connection with Barnstaple or its neighbourhood. Limited to men. Meetings : Annual dinner in London. LONDON BIDEFORDIAN SOCIETY. Founded 1914. President : S. R. Chope, Esq., Mayor of Bideford. Vice-Presidents : The Right Hon. the Earl of Halsbury, P.C. ; C. S. Carnegie, Esq., J. P.; W. T. Charlewood, Esq.; R. Pearse Chope, Esq., B.A. ; W. Crosbie Coles, Esq. ; T. Cutland, Esq. ; Charles Garvice, Esq., F.R.S.L. ; Dr. J. Heard ; Rev. T. Newton Leeke ; Capt. McNeill Martin ; VV. F. Mountjov, Esq. ; J. Omer, Esq. ; C. S. Parker, Esq. ; R. Puddicombe, Esq. ; H. N. G. Stucley, Esq., J. P., C.A. Hon. Treasurer : A. Hayne-Evans. Hon. Secretaries : George H. Heywood and F. R. Cann, 336, Holloway Road, N. Objects : To strengthen the bond of friendship and to keep in touch with those from " the Little White Town on the Hill." Qualification : Persons connected with Bideford and district by birth, marriage, descent, or former residence. Subscription : Gentlemen, 2s. 6d. per annum ; ladies, is. 6d. Meetings : Annual dinner in London and other social gatherings during the winter months. Owing to the continued hostilities, the programme for the past season was considerably curtailed. Most of our young men have answered the call of their Country, amongst them being our late Hon. Secretary, Mr. Stanley J. Bowen, and our late Hon. Treasurer, Mr. F. J. Sanguine, and now Mr. F. R. Cann, who was elected as joint Hon. Secretary Avith Mr. George H. Heywood, is also serving in France. A successful whist drive was held on Feb. 12th ; and on May 18th a most interesting lantern lecture on the history of Bideford, with special reference to Kingsley's Westward Ho ! was given by R. Pearse Chope, Esq., B..\., at Anderton's Hotel, and was much appreciated, the chair being taken by R. Puddicombe, Esq. The great concert held at the Holborn Restaurant on Nov. 17th, to provide funds for the visitation of wounded Devonians in London hospitals, was well attended by Bidefordians, who contributed also ;^6 4s. by way of donations to the cause. We finish our second year with a balance of over £i(i in hand, which we consider satisfactory under present circumstances. 96 The Devonian Year Book 1917, THE EXETER CLUB. (London and District Branch.) Founded 1880. President : J. J. Harris, Esq. Vice-President : H. M. Etherington, Esq. Hon. Secretary and Treasurer : Harold D. Powe, 7b, Peterborough Villas, Fulham. S.W. Assistant Hon. Secretary : H. P. Kelly. Press Correspondent : A. S. Adams. Objects : To promote friendly and social intercourse ; to maintain the status of the Exeter Training College for schoolmasters, and to give opportunities for inter-communication for mutual assistance. Qualification : Training at St. Luke's College, Exeter. Subscription : 2s. 6d. per annum. Meetings : Monthly, in addition to annual dinner and Bohemian concert. In connection with this Club are the old Exonians' Cricket Club, with the same Hon. Secretary, and the Exonian Lodge, No. 3415, the Secretary of which is F. J. Thomson, 31, Angell Road, Brixton, S.W. THE OLD EXONIAN CLUB. (London Section.) Founded 1904. President : Sir Henry S. Hartnoll. Vice-Presidents : W. A. Cunningham, Esq., M.A. ; Rev. A. A. David, D.D. ; E. T. England, Esq., M.A. ; J. H. Fisher, Esq., F.R.C.S. ; Charles Scott, Esq., J. P. Hon. Secretary : Lieut. A. Goff ; pro tew. : H. Wreford-Glanvill, I, Royal Exchange Avenue, E.C. Objects : To renew acquaintance between Old Exonians living in London, and to arrange dinners and other entertainments. Qualification : Education at the Exeter School. Subscription : 3s. 6d. per annum. Meetings : Annual dinner in London, and other gatherings from time to time. The School Magazine (free to members) is issued each terra. THE OLD OTTREGIANS' SOCIETY. (" Ottregians in London.") Founded 1898. President : The Right Hon. The Lord Coleridge. Vice-Presidents : The Right Hon. Sir John H. Kennaway, Bart., C.B. ; The Hon. Stephen Coleridge ; The Hon. Gilbert Coleridge ; The Hon. Geoffrey Duke Coleridge. Chairman : Edward J. Barrett. Vice-Chairman : Tom Clarke. Assistant Secretaries : John Digby and Harold Drawer. Hon. Secretary and Treasurer: Sidney H. Godfrey, 38, Chiswick Lane, Chiswick, W. Objects: To renew old acquaintances; to strengthen the bond of friend- ship ; to give advice and assistance to friendless Ottregians ; to discuss home topics, and to publish home news. Affiliated Societies 97 Qualification : Natives of the p>ostaI district of Ottery St. Mary, and persons who have lived for any length of time in the town. Subscription : 2s. 6d. per annum ; ladies, is. 6d. Meetings : Once in eight weeks at the Ottregian Room, The Cabin, Strand, W.C., and once a year at Kew Gardens, an annual concert at the Cripplegate Institute Hall, and a special train on Whit- Mondays to Ottery St. Mary. A Benevolent Fund. A journal (free to members), containing news of Ottery St. Mary, and of Ottery people all over the world. Notwithstanding the war, the meetings of members have been held throughout the year and have been largely attended. A series of whist drives have been held at Chiswick, with excellent results. The patriotism of Ottregians is shown by over five hundred serving with the Army and Navy. The Society's finances are. as usual, in an excellent condition, and the Benevolent Fund has been of real use. The meetings haye been characterized by a spirit of great brotherliness. THREE TOWNS ASSOCIATION (Plymouth. Stonehouse, and Devonport) in London. Founded 1897. President : W, H. Pawlev. Esq. Vice-Presidents : Major The Hon. Waldorf Astor, M.P. ; A. Shirley liENN, Esq., M.P. ; Sir Clement Kinloch-Cooke, M.P. ; Sir John Jackson, M.P ; J. A. Hawke, Esq., K.C. (Recorder of Plymouth) ; The Right Hon. H. E. Duke, K.C, M.P., PC. ; Dr. Blake Odgers K.C. (Recorder of Bristol) ; The Mayor of Plymouth ; Sir George Radford, M.P. ; H. H. Vivian, Esq., J. P. ; Captain A. E. Spender, J.P. : W. J. McCoRMACK, Esq., J. P. ; Rev. A. J. Waldron ; W. FowELL, Esq. ; Frank I. Lyons, Esq. ; W. T. Madge, Esq. Hon. Treasurer : W. M. Birch am. • Hon. Recreation Secretary : Staff-Sergt. F. C. Warren. Hon. General Secretary : F. C. Gurry. 93, Peterborough Rd, Fulham, S.W. Object : The promotion of social and intellectual intercourse among the members and associates. Qualification : Connection with the Three Towns by birth or residence. Subscription : Gentlemen 3s. 6d. per annum, ladies is. per annum. Meetings : Annual dinner, children's party, dances, smokers, whist drives. Bohemian concerts, summer outing. Headquarters : St. Bride Institute, Bride Lane, Ludgate Circus, E.C. Taking all circumstances into consideration, the position of the Associa- tion is very satisfactory. As was to be expected, attendances at some of our meetings of last season were below the average, but the fact that at these meetings the sum of more than £1^ was subscribed in aid of the Y.M.C.A. Huts Fund and other benevolent agencies dealing with our fighting forces, fully justifies our policy of ' carrying on " as far as possible. Our Annual Dinner, dances, and summer outing are for the present omitted from our programme. We have taken an active part in the County Associations' Scheme for visl+ing wounded soldiers in London hospitals. A committee of ladies, under the energetic direction of Mrs. Pawley, has been formed, and many wounded Three Townsmen have been 7 98 The Devonian Year Book, i^iy visited in hospital. The Benevolent Fund, ably managed by Mr. C. H. Warren, has had very few calls made upon it during the past season. The Committee are greatly indebted to Mr. J. Donald, who has kindly undertaken the work of Recreation Secretary in the absence on active service of Staff- Sergeant F. C. Warren. The successful working of the Association under the difficult conditions arising out of the great War affords good grounds for confidence regarding its prosperity when peace shall have been victoriously restored. THE TIVERTONIAN ASSOCIATION. Founded 1909. President : C. Carew, Esq., M.P. Vice-Presidents : Sir George Kekewich, K.C.B. ; Sir Robert Newman Bart., D.L., J. P. ; Colonel E. T. Clifford, VD ; Sir Ian M. Heath COAT Amory, Bart., J. P. ; Rev. Martin Anstey, M.A., B.D. Rev. W. p. Besley, M.A. ; Rev. S. J. Childs-Clarke, M.A. G. E. CocKRAM, Esq. ; John Coles, Esq., J. P. ; F. Chobb-Finch Esq. ; Thos. H. Ford, Esq., J. P. ; The Mayor of Tiverton (A. T Gregory, Esq.) ; E. V. Huxtable, Esq. ; S. G. Jarman, Esq. Lewis Mackenzie, Esq. ; H. Mudford, Esq., J. P. ; E. J. Snell, Esq. JohnThorne, Esq., J. P. ; W. Thorne, Esq. ; F. G. Wright, Esq. Hon. Treasurer and Assistant Secretary : E. T. Clarke. Hon. Secretary: W. Passmore, ioi, Elspeth Rd., Clapham Common, S.W. Representative in Tiverton : H. Hippisley. Objects : To promote friendly intercourse amongst Tivertonians ; to assist those in need ; and to advise and influence young men starting on a commercial or professional career. Qualification : Persons connected with the Tiverton Parliamentary Division by birth, descent, marriage, or former residence. Subscription: Ordinary Members (Ladies or Gentlemen), 2s. per annum; Hon. Members — Gentlemen, los., Ladies, 5s. Meetings : Concerts, whist drives, dances, and annual dinner during the winter months. The Association has been affiliated to St. Bride Institute. Membership over 4 "50. The principal functions, viz., the annual dinner, dance, concert, and excursion, were again abandoned in consequence of the War, but a series of whist drives was held which were well patronized, and served the purpose the committee had in view of affording members opportunities of meeting each other and keeping alive their interest in the Association. Six members of the committee (including our energetic Hon. Treasurer and Assistant Secretary) and many other members of the Association have been on military service, or taking their part in special constabulary, V.A.D., or volunteer work. Wounded Tivertonians in London Hospitals have been visited by members, and the Hon. Secretary will always be glad to have notification of any Tivertonian soldier or sailor who may be located in hospital in the London district. At the annual meeting, C. Carew, Esq., M.P., was unanimously elected President in succession to the late Lieut, the Hon. Lionel Walrond, M.P., who lost his life from the effects of a chill contracted while on active service in France. Arrangements have been made for continuing during the present season on the same lines as last year. Affiliated Societies 99 WEST BUCKLAND SCHOOL OLD BOYS' ASSOCIATION. (London Branch.) Founded 1899. President : Alderman Thomas Parry, J. P. (late Chairman of the Mon- mouthshire County Council). Vice-Presidents : G. William Hill, Esq., M.D., B.Sc. ; Prof. T. B. A TJWT T 1^ T ^^ VV Chairman :' Prof. T. A. Hearson, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.N.A.. F.C.I.P.A. Hon. Secretary : F. H. Shelley, 15, Bishopsgate, E.C. Objects : To keep Old Boys in touch with the School and with each other ; to promote gatherings among Old Boys for pleasure and sport ; and to further the interests of the School generally. Qualification : Education at West Buckland School. Subscription : Life membership, half a guinea. Meetings : Annual dinner in London, and other social gatherings during the winter months. The School Magazine (2s. per annum) is issued each term, containing news of Old Boys all over the world. No meetings were held during the season 1915-6, owing to the large number of Old Boys on active service. Of these, Capt. V. C. Martyn, R.A.M.C., and Ijeut. C. L. Callendar have won the MiUtary Cross. A Roll of Honour is being kept of all Old Boys serving their country in various ways, and the Head Master is anxious to make it as accurate and complete as possible. Old Boys are requested to forward to him full names and particulars of rank, etc. The membership is steadily increasing, and now numbers 430. C. Wheeler, who acted as Hon. Secretary for many years, has been gazetted Major, and T. P. Puddicombe, R.A.M.C. Lieut. -Colonel. The following have lost their lives on active service : H. J. Dixon (Somerset Light Infantry), H. G. Elliott (Devons), A. Farrier (South Wales Borderers), R. S. Handford (Rifle Brigade), J. C. Johnson (Warwicks), G. P. Mortimer (County of London Yeomanry), E. Smith (Royal West Kents), E. G. Symons (Royal North Devon Hussars), S. Trull (Yorks. and Lanes. Regt.), T. H. Watts (Middlesex), G. H. J. D. White (Coldstream Guards). We regret also to report the deaths of Engineer-Captain W. D. Chope, R.N., and J. A. Chope, M.R.A.S.E., (brothers of the Editor of the Devonian Year Book), and of John Hewish and John Snell, each of whom was formerly Head Prefect of the School. SOCIETY OF DEVONIANS IN BRISTOL. Founded 1891. President : W. J. South wood, Esq. Vice-President : A. Beer, Esq. Hon. Treasurer : A. Dodge. Hon. Secretary : H. Garland, 180, Redland Road, Bristol. Objects : To promote friendly intercourse amongst Devonians in Bristol by social gatherings, and to assist benevolent or charitable objects, with a special regard to those in which Devonians are interested. Qualification : Natives, and others connected with Devon. Subscription : 5s. per annum ; ladies, 2s. 6d. Meetings : Annual dinner, and concerts, etc., from time to time. The Society possesses a Presidential Badge, each Past-President con- tributing a link for a chain. 100 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 The Committee have been prevented by the shadow of the Great War from arranging the usual social gatherings during the past year, but they are pleased to report that the benevolent purposes of the Society have received a due share of attention. In considering the objects to which assistance should be given, special regard has been had to the patriotic funds, particularly those connected with the old County and the city of our adoption. Since the outbreak of the war donations have been made to the Bristol Branch of the Red Cross Society, the Devonshire Patriotic Fund, the Mayoress of Exeter's Fund for providing refreshments and comforts to soldiers passing through that city, the Prisoners of War Fund, the Lord Mayor of Bristol's Hospital Sunday Fund, and the Salcombe Lifeboat Disaster Fund. With regard to the last-named, the support of the Society was also given to A, circular prepared by Mr. W. J. Southwood (Salcombe), Vice-President, appealing for contributions to the fund for affording rehef to the wives and families of the thirteen men who lost their lives in nobly answering the call of duty. It is gratifying to record that, as a result of this appeal, a cheque for £30 10s. has been forwarded to the Chairman of the Local Relief Committee. In addition to the above, the Society was enabled by means of contri- butions received from members, together with a sum of about £■] voted out of the funds, to enterta n 170 wounded soldiers at the Zoological Gardens in September last. This occasion was honoured with the presence of the Lord Mayor of Bristol, Dr. Barclay Baron, Past President of the Society, who, after the tea, addressed words of gratitude and cheer to the guests. A feature with which the men were especially pleased was the distribution to each of a tastefully-designed souvenir programme. In referring to the ordinary cases of temporary relief to Devonians in distress, it is pleasing to note that there were only seven apphcations for assistance during the year, this being the lowest number in any of the twenty-five years that the Society has now been estabUshed. The financial condition is still satisfactory, though the funds have been somewhat depleted by the grants already mentioned. The balance in hand amounts to ;£52 15s. 3d., and of this £^s i8s. iid. is appropriated to the Benevolent Fund. The Comm ttee deeply regret the loss by death of Mr. A. Cridland and Mr. F. Newcombe, both of whom were members of many years' standing. There has been an appreciable increase in membership during the year, and in view of the fraternal objects of the Society and the beneficent purposes of which it can be made the medium, it is earnestly hoped that all will continue their efforts to induce other Devonians to become members. CARDIFF DEVONSHIRE SOCIETY. Founded 1906. President : W. T. Svmonds, Esq., J. P. Vice-Presidents : Hon. Stephen Coleridge ; Sir Harry T. Eve ; Rt. Hon. George Lambert, M.P. ; Sir Robert Newman, Bart. ; Jas. Radley, Esq. Chairman : Sir Wm. Grossman. Hon. Treasurer : A. Akenhead. Hon. Secretaries : E. W. Benjamin and John Evans, 99, St. Mary Street, Cardiff. Objects : To bring Devonians in Cardiff more closely together, to foster the traditio ns of the County, and to raise a fund to afford temporary reUef to necessitous and deserving Devonians. Qualification : Birth or descent. Subscription : 5s. per annum. Meetings : Annual dinner. Affiliated Societies loi THE ASSOCIATION OF WEST COUNTRYMEN IN FOLKESTONE. Founded 1913. President : W. H. Routly, Esq. (Holsworthy). Vice-Presidents : T. Boundy, Esq. (Tiverton) ; D'Arcy Clayton, Esq. (South Molton). Hon. Treasurer : H. Chapple (Chittlehampton). Hon. Secretary : W. E. Cross (Exeter), 91, Sandgate Road, Folkestone. Objects : Social intercourse, entertainments, drives and excursions, and assisting benevolent and charitable funds. Qualifications : Birth or descent : Devon, Cornwall, or Somerset. Subscription : Gentlemen, 2s. 6d. ; I-adies, is. The year's record has been very satisfactory considering the prevailing war conditions. Several very successful whist drives were held during the winter of 1915-6, including one in connection with the annual meeting, when the Association was shown to be prosperous both financially and numerically. Enjoyable excursions have taken place during the summer, notably those to Mersham (when nearly 70 were present) and to Barham. Special mention must be made of the visit to the Canadian convalescent camp at Monk's Horton, when our President and m mbers went out laden with prizes for the specially-organized sports, and with other gifts for the '■ boys " ; this was greatly appreciated, as the camp is too far away from town to be favoured with many entertainments of this kind. Further activities in the future were arranged at the last meeting, including the sending of Christmas parcels to all members serving with the Colours, to remind them in tangible form of West-Country cheer. LEICESTER AND SOUTH MIDLANDS DEVON AND CORNWALL ASSOCIATION. Founded 1900. President : E. G. Tardrew, Esq. Vice-Presidents : H. Bl'rdett, Esq.j.C. J. Hopkins, Esq.; F. C. Pulsford Esq.; J. TiTLEY, sen., Esq. Hon. Treasurer : W, A. Clarke. Joint Hon. Secretaries : F. W. Honey and J. Titley, jun., 26, Lower Hastings Street, Leicester. Objects : To promote social intercourse between Devonians and Comish- men resident in the district, and the study and cultivation of the folklore of the two counties. Qualification : Birth, p>arentage, or residence for 20 years in Devon or Cornwall. Subscription : as. 6d. per annum. Meetings : Annual dinner. DEVONIANS IN LIVERPOOL AND DISTRICT. Founded 1895. President : Henry Smith, Esq. (Dartmouth). Vice-Presidents : Thomas Beer, Esq. (Exeter) ; John Jones, Esq. (Plymouth) ; E. F. Stanley, Esq. (Dartmouth) ; Capt. A. B. Toms (Plymouth) ; Lieut. T. W. Warren, R.N.R. (Plymouth) ; John R. Watkins, Esq. (Plymouth). Hon. Treasurer : Joseph Furze (Tavistock). Hon. Secretary : G. A. Brooking (Brixham), 7, James Street, Liverpool. 102 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 Object : Social intercourse. Qualification : Birth, parentage on either side, residence, or marriage. Subscription : 2s. 6d. per annum. Meetings : Annual dinner, social gatherings, whist drives, children's parties, etc. PORTSMOUTH DEVONIAN SOCIETY. President : Lieut. H. E. Lidiard, R.N.S.M. Vice-Presidents : J. Carpenter, Esq. ; W. Dart, Esq. ; J. W. Gieve, Esq. ; R. K. Niner, Esq. ; P. G. D. Winter, Esq. Hon. Treasurer : E. G. Stephens. Entertainment Secretary : W. J. Davies. Hon. Secretary : W. G. Collins, 35, Lyndhurst Road, North End, Ports- mouth. Objects : To bring together Devonians residing in Portsmouth and district, to form a common county bond of friendship, and to assist as far as possible those in need. Qualifications : Birth, parentage, ten years' residence, or marriage. Meetings : Annual Dinner, whist drives, dances, concerts, outings, excur- sions, etc. The President's Chain of Office, bearing the arms of Devon and Ports- mouth, the nucleus of which was the gift of J. Carpenter, Esq. (Tiverton), has a link added to it by the President of each year, bearing his name. READING AND DISTRICT DEVON AND CORNISH ASSOCIATION. Founded 1895. President : Rev. G. F. Coleridge. R.D., M.A. Vice-Presidents : E. Bowden, Esq. ; J. Bucknell, Esq. ; H. Chown, Esq.; J. Ellis, Esq.; Rev. Canon W. W. Fowler, M.A., D.Sc. ; R. Hall, Esq.; J. Harris, Esq.; J. Morse, Esq.; G. E. B. Rogers. Esq. ; J. H. Rowe, Esq. ; H. O. Serpell, Esq. ; G. Shorland, Esq. ; P. W. Teague, Esq. ; W. J. Toye, Esq., M.A. ; and Dr. J. Hopkins Walters. Chairman of Committee : Rev. Canon W. W. Fowler, M.A., D.Sc. Hon. Treasurer : Councillor A. I. Maker. Hon. Auditor : T. R. Kittow. Hon. Secretaries : Clement Tregay, 17, Donnington Road, Reading ; F. H. Yellen, 47, Market Place, Reading. Objects : To maintain the interest of members in the old Counties ; to foster the wholesome clannish characteristics of Devonians and Cornishmen ; and to encourage friendly intercourse among members. Qualification : Birth or descent. Subscription : is. per annum (minimum). Meetings : Annual dinner, annual river trip, social gatherings, whist drives, dances, etc. SWANSEA DEVONIAN SOCIETY. Founded 1894. President : T. R. de Gay, Esq. Vice-Presidents : S. Daniel, Esq. ; J. Dyer. Esq. ; W. A. Ford, Esq. ; J. B. Gill. Esq. ; T. W. Hews, Esq. ; W. R. Jefford, Esq. ; C. H. Newcombe, Esq. ; C. T. Passmore, Esq. ; H. Salter, Esq. Affiliated Societies 103 Chairman : H. Salter, Esq. Hon. Secretaries : S. T. Drew and F. Lane. Objects : To promote fraternal feelings, social intercourse and entertain- ment ; to purchase books on the history of Devon, and to render assistance in case of need. Qualification : Birth or descent. Subscription : is. per annum. Meetings : Social gatherings at intervals, summer excursion in August, annual dinner in November. DEVONIAN SOCIETY IN CALCUTTA. Founded 1901. President : ]. Cottle, Esq. Vice-President : Dr. H. I edler. Hon. Secretary and Treasurer : R. P. Adams. 3, Lee Road, Calcutta. Objects : To promote a common County bond of friendship, and to render aid to Devonians in India. Qualification : Birth or long residence. Subscription : Rs. 12 per annum. Meetings : Annual dinner and ball, generally in January. THE DEVONIAN SOCIETY OF RHODESIA. Pairons : Sir Lewis Michell, C.V.O. ; R. T. Coryndon, E^q., C.M.G. President : Dr. J. Dyke Acland. Vice-Presidents : E. Basch, Esq. ; W. Bridgman, Esq. ; J. W. Maynb, Esq. ; V. A. New, Esq. Hon. Secretary and Treasurer : C. F. Osmond, P.O. Box 165, Bulawayo, Rhodesia. Objects : To encourage and promote social intercourse and good fellow- ship ; to advance the interests of Devonians in Rhodesia, and to co-operate with kindred socictie*; and to help Devonians in distress. Qualification : Birth, parentage, or seven years' residence. Subscription : los. 6d. per annum, or 5 guineas for life membership. THE MONTREAL DEVONIAN SOCIETY. Founded 1914. President : Prof. Charles E. Moyse (Torquay), B.A., LL.D., Vice- Principal and Dean of the Faculty of Arts, McGill University. Vice-Presidents : W. H. Blackaller, Esq. (Crediton) ; F. H. Devenish, Esq. (Exeter) ; Lieut.-Col. L. Edye (Hathefleigh) ; W. Hubber, Esq. (Crediton) ; W. Livermore, Esq. (Woodbury) ; C. W. Parkin, Esq. (Barnstaple) ; E. W. T. Raddon, Esq. (Exmouth). Treasurer : Geo. Harrison (Torquay). Assistant Secretary : Greville C. Hems (Exeter). Auditors : R. Pickford (Plymouth) ; H. S. T. Piper (Plymouth). Committee : J. J. Benning (Barnstaple) ; W. Lock (Woodbury) ; Jas. Mock (Ufracombe) ; R. Pickford (Plymouth) ; Geo. Pillage (Torquay) ; H. C. Stuart (Devonport). Secretary : Geo. H. Warren (Torquay), 37a, Troy Avenue, Verdun, Montreal. 104 ^'^^ Devonian Year Book, 1917 Objects : To renew old acquaintances, to fonn new ones, and with those who hold a common interest and are bound by mutual ties; to per- petuate the traditions, literature, folklore, etc., of Devon ; to foster the study of these locally ; and to promote the spirit of fraternity among our fellow-countrymen in Canada as it exists among them at home. Qualifications : Natives of Devon, their immediate descendants, or (subject to the approval of the Committee) former residents in Devon. Subscription : One dollar. Meetings : The First Wednesday in each month, at St. George's Hall, 5, Mansfield St. DEVONIAN SOCIETY OF OTTAWA. Founded 1912. President : Lieut. -Col. S. Maynard Rogers. Vice-Presidents : Commander P. C. W. Howe, R.N. ; Hon. W. H. Hoyle, M.P. ; Hon. F. D. Monk, M.P. ; Rev. G. P. Woollcombe. Chairman : W. E. Hooper, Esq. Hon. Secretary and Treasurer : A. J. Mudge, 505, Cooper St., Ottawa, Ont. Objects : To promote a spirit of fraternity amongst Devonians in Ottawa and district, by means of social intercourse ; to foster a continued love of the County ; and to advance and protect the interests of Devonians generally. Qualification : Birth, descent, marriage. Subscription : One dollar per annum. Meetings : The third Monday in each month at Moreland Hall, Comer Fourth Avenue and Bank Street. THE TORONTO DEVONIAN SOCIETY. Founded 1907. President : C. Lee Hutchings, Esq. Vice-President : J. H. Hayden, Esq. Hon. Treasurer : W. White. Assistant Secretary : F. M'Lean. Hon. Secretary : W. Skelton, ioi, Leslie Street, Toronto, E. Objects : To renew old acquaintances and to form new ones with those who hold a common interest ; to foster a knowledge of the traditions, literature, folklore, etc., of Devonshire ; and to promote the spirit of fraternity among Devonians in Canada. Qualification : Birth or descent. Subscription : One dollar per annum. Meetings : The second and fourth Thursdays of each month, in the Sons of England Hall, Richmond Street East, the meetings to be alter- nately of a business and social character. DEVON, CORNWALL, AND SOMERSET SOCIETY OF MANITOBA. Founded 1907. Hon. President : J. Hooper, Esq. President : W. A. Dyer, Esq. President Ladies' Auxiliary : Mrs. Pile. Vice-Presidents : W. J. Vicary, Esq. (Devon) ; F. J. Buckingham, Esq. (Cornwall) ; H. G. Palmer, Esq. (Somerset). Treasurer : A. H. Daw. Affiliated Societies 105 Hon. Secretary : F. C. Stone, 386, Kennedy Street, Winnipeg, Manitoba. Objects : To renew old acquaintances, to form new ones with those who hold a common interest and are bound by mutual ties ; to perpetuate the traditions, literature, folklore, etc., of Devon ; to foster the study of these locally and of the County at large ; and to promote the spirit of fraternity amongst our fellow-countrymen abroad as it exists among them at home. Qualifications : Devonian men and women, and others connected with the County. Subscription : One dollar for men ; ladies exempt. Meetings : Monthly, time and place fixed by Committee. VICTORIA DEVONIANS, B.C. Founded 1912. President : Hon Edgar Dewdney. Chairmav : Henry Martyn, Esq. (Devonport). Vice-Chairmen : Alan Dumbleton, Esq. ; Joseph H. List, Esq. (Barn- staple). Recorder : H. Pxke (Torquay). Hon. Auditor : W. Curtis Sampson (South Molton). Joint Hon. Secretaries and Treasurers : Fred. J. Henson (Tiverton), S. Henson (Tiverton), Box 1208, Victoria, B.C. Objects : (i) To promote friendly intercourse amongst Devonians residing in Victoria and district, by means of meetings and special re-unions, and by keeping in communication with Devonians at home and elsewhere. (2) To foster a knowledge of the history, folklore, litera- ture, music, arts and antiquities of the county of Devon. (3) To carry out from time to time approved schemes for the benefit of Devonians residing at home and in Victoria and district. Qualifications : Birth, descent, marriage, or residence of more than five years in Devon. NEW ZEALAND DEVONIAN SOCIETY. Founded 1912. President : W. U. Timewell, Esq. Vice-Presidents : Miss Heath ; D. Teed, Esq, Chairman : B. Reeves, Esq. Committee : Mrs. Brendon, Mrs. Tozer, Messrs. Brendon, Cranch, W. W. Gliddon-Richardson, and Tozer. Hon. Treasurer : C. Newland. Hon. Secretary (pro tem;) : Robt. Tozer, "Moirville," Wynyard Street. Auckland, N.Z. io6 The Devonian Year Book, 191 7 Devonian Societies not Affiliated. {With Names and Addresses of Secretaries.) (A) At Home. Bath and District Devonian Society. — A. T. Harris. Bexhill and District West-Country Association. — F. B. Temple, Bexhill. Birmingham and Midland Devonian Society. — T. W. Hussey, 21 First Avenue, Selly Park, Birmingham. Bournemouth and District West-Country Association. — E. S. Rosevear, 100, Alma Road, Bournemouth. West-Country Association, Eastbourne. — W. Percy Glanfield and E. Akery, Albemarle Hotel, Eastbourne. The Association of West-Countrymen in Hampshire. — F. A. Grant, 37, Padwell Road, The Avenue, Southampton. Hull Devonian Society. — F. C. Wood, Spring Bank, Hull. Devonian Society in Manchester and District. — J. A. Bustard, 4, Mauldeth Road, Withington, Manchester. Devon and Cornwall Society, Newport (Mon.) and District. — J. Cowling, 3, Annesley Road, Maindec, Newport (Mon.). Northamptonshire West-Country Association. — W. ChafEe, North- ampton. Reigate and Redhill and District Devon and Cornwall Associa- tion.— Henry Libby, " Cromer," Ringwood Avenue, Redhill. Rochester, Chatham, Gillingham, and District Devon and Corn- wall Association. — W. J. Manicom. Devon, Cornwall, and West-Country Association for the County OF Surrey. — W. J. Davis, Lulworth, Guildford. Society of West-Countrymen in West Kent (Tunbridge Wells, Tonbridge and District). — O. B. Geake, 48, Dudley Road, Tunbridge Wells. Devonians in Weston-super-Mare. — T. J. Kerslake, Alexandra Parade, Weston-super-Mare. Weymouth and District Devonian Society, — Mr. Billingsly, Wey- mouth. Devonians in the Isle of Wight. — W. Ormsby Rymer, 33a, Holyrood Street, Newport, I.W. Devonians and Cornishmen in Worcestershire. — W. J. Pearce and C. D. Willis, Berroiv's Worcester Journal Office, Worcester. (B) Abroad. West of England Association of Cape Town. — A. F. Steer, P.O. Box 1 169, Cape Town. Cornwall and Devon Association of Durban and District. — W. H. Trevaskis, 263, Clark Road, Durban. West of England Association in Edmonton, Alberta. — E. G. Rendell, 236, Jasper Avenue, W., Edmonton, Alberta, Canada. Hong-Kong Devonian Society. — P. Jacks, Hong-Kong. Cornwall and Devon Association of New South Wales. — James Jenkin, St. Day, Wilberforce Avenue, Rose Bay, Sydney, N.S.W. Rules of the London Devonian Association 107 Rules of the London Devonian Association. 1. Name. — The name of the Society shall be " The London Devonian Association." 2. Objects. — The objects of the Society shall be : — (a) To encourage the spirit ot local patriotism — " that righteous and God-given feeling which is the root of all true patriotism, valour, civilization " — the spirit that animated the great Devonian heroes who defeated the Spanish Armada and laid the foundations of the British Empire. (6) To form a central organization in London to promote Devonian interests, and to keep Devonians throughout the world in communication with their fellows at home and abroad. (c) To promote friendly intercourse amongst De- vonians residing in London and district, by means of meetings and social re-unions. {d) To foster a knowledge of the History, Folklore, Literature, Music, Art, and Antiquities of the County, {e) To carry out from time to time approved schemes for the benefit of Devonians residing in London or elsewhere. 3. Constitution. — The Society shall consist of Life and Ordinary Members and Associates.* 4. Qualification. — Any person residing in London or district who is connected with the County of Devon by birth, descent, marriage, or former residence, shall be eligible for membership, but such person shall be nominated by a Member and the nomination submitted to the Committee, who shall at their first Meeting after receipt of the nomina- tion by the Hon. Secretary, decide by vote as to the accept- ance or otherwise of the nomination. 5. Subscription. — ^The annual subscription to the Society shall be 5/- for gentlemen, and 2/6 for ladies and those under 21 years of age. Members of other recognized Devonian * All Dsvonlani (whether by birth, descent, marriage, or residence) not at present residing In London or district are eligible as Associates. The subscription is ? 6 per annum, or two guineas for life, and each Associate receives a copy of the Year Book. io8 The Devonian Year Book, igiy Associations in Lx)ndon shall be admitted as Members on the nomination of their representatives on the Committee at an annual subscription of 2/6. The subscription for Life Membership shall be two guineas for gentlemen and one guinea for ladies. Subscriptions will be payable on election and each subsequent 30th September. The name of any Member whose subscription is in arrear for six months may be removed from the list of Members at the discretion of the Committee. 6. Officers. — The Officers of the Society shall be a President, Chairman, Hon. Secretary, Hon. Subscription Secretary, and Hon. Treasurer, all of whom shall be elected at the Annual Meeting. 7. Management. — The management of the Society shall be vested in a Committee, consisting of the President, Chair- man, Hon, Secretary, Hon. Assistant Secretary, Hon. Treasurer, and fifteen other Members, and a representative elected by each of the other Devonian Associations in London, such representatives to be Members of the Society. 8. Meetings of Committee. — The Committee shall meet at least once a quarter. Seven to form a quorum. 9. Chairman of Committee. — The Committee at their first Meeting after the Annual Meeting shall elect a Chairman and a Deputy-Chairman from Members of the Association. 10. Power of Committee. — ^The Committee shall be empowered to decide all matters not dealt with in these rules, subject to an appeal to a General Meeting. 11. Auditors. — Two Members, who are not Members of the Committee, shall be elected at each Annual Meeting to audit the Accounts of the Society. 12. Annual General Meeting. — The Annual General Meeting shall be held in the month of October, when all Officers, five Members of the Committee, and Auditors shall retire, but be ehgible for re-election. The business of the Annual General Meeting shall be the election of Officers, five Committee men, and two Auditors ; presentation of Annual Report and Balance Sheet for the year ending 30th September ; and any other business, due notice of which has been given to the Hon. Secretary, according to the Rules. Rules of the London Devonian Association 109 13. Special General Meeting. — A Special General Meeting shall be summoned by the Hon. Secretary within fourteen days by a resolution of the Committee, or within twenty- one days of the receipt of a requisition signed by 30 Mem- bers of the Society, such requisition to state definitely the business to be considered. 14. Notice of Meeting. — Seven days' notice shall be given of all General Meetings of the Society, the date of postmark to be taken as the date of circular. 15. Alteration of Rules. — No alteration or addition to these Rules shall be made except at the Annual Meeting (when due notice of such alteration or addition must have been sent to the Hon. Secretary on or before 23rd September) or at a Special General Meeting. A copy of the profX)sed alteration or addition shall be sent to Members with notice of Meeting. The Association is affiliated to the Conference of English County Societies in London, whose headquarters are at Cannon- Street Hotel, E.C. Oak shields, with the arms of the Association painted in proper colours, may be obtained from Messrs. Southwoods, 96, Regent Street, W. Price, with motto, 6s., without motto, 4s. 6d. Badges, with the arms in enamel and gilt, price 4s. 3d., or brooches, price 3s. 3d., may be obtained from Mr. W. J. Carroll, 33, Walbrook, E.C. Gold brooches, price 25s. A few copies of the Devonian Year Books for 1910, 1911, 1912, 1913, 1914, 1915, and 1916, remain in stock. Price 2s. 6d., by post 2s. lOd. Application should be made to Mr. Francis A. Perry, 4, Kirchen RoaJ, West Ealing, W. > 110 The Devonian Year Book, igiy List of Members and Associates. An asterisk (*) indicates Life Member. A double dagger (J) indicates Associate. ♦Abell, Prof. T. B. (Exmouth), M.I.N.A., Ashleigh, Greenbank Drive, Liverpool. ♦Abell, Prof. Westcott Stile (Exmouth), M.I.N.A., ii. Wedderburn Road, Hampstead, N.W. Committee. Acland, Captain J. W. (Columb-John), 25, Colville Square, W. Acland, Theodore Dyke (Columb-John), M.D., 19, Bryanston Square, W. Vice-President. Adams, A. A. (Werrington), F.C.A., Frankfield, Stanhope Road, Homsey Lane, N. JAdams, Maxwell (Wolborough), 13, South Parade, Southsea. JAdams, R. A. (Bideford), Chingswell Street, Bideford. f Adams, R. P. {Calcutta Soc). JAdams, — (Plymouth), 3, George Lane, Folkestone. {Folkestone Assoc.) ^Alexander, J. J., M.A., J. P., The Grammar School, Tavistock, S. Devon. JAmery, J. S. (Ashburton), " Druid," Ashburton, Devon. Andrews, Mrs. (Tiverton,) 855, Fulham Road, S.W. Andrews, Mrs. Lilian (Plymouth), 3, Old Cavendish Street, Cavendish Square, W. JAnning, W. (Starcross), J. P., Hatherleigh, Maindee, Newport, Hon. jAshton, S. H. (Beaford), Blaney, King William's Town, South Africa, Astor, Major the Hon. Waldorf (Plymouth), M. P., Chveden, Taplow. Vice- President. Bailey, E. E. (Lynton), 29, Elmfield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. Bailey, Mrs. (Lynton), 29, Elmfield Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. Baily, J. (Teignmouth), 144, Harborough Road, Streatham, S.W. Baker, Richard (Filleigh), Coventry Restaurant, Rupert Street, W. Barnes, Lieut. R. Stewart (Yealmpton), 45, Finsbury Square, E.C. Hon. Assistant Secretary. Barnes, Mrs. (Brixham), 9, Russell Road, Crouch End, N. Bastin, T. W. (Paignton), Messrs. Bastin, Merrvfield, and Cracknell, Great Castle Street. W. JBates, J. H. {Calcutta Soc). Battishill, Miss Marion (Plymouth), 14, Holmewood Road, S. Norwood, S.E. *Beare, J. H. (Holbeton), 88, Sistova Road, Balham, S.W. Beare, Mrs. (Holbeton), 88, Sistova Road, Balham, S.W. Beer, Miss D. Vernon (Bideford), 67, Lanercost Road, Tulse Hill, S.W. Bell, Miss Annie (Kingsbridge), 58, Humber Road, Blackheath, S.E. Bell, Morrison-. See Morrison-Bell. Belsey, Herbert H. (Barnstaple), 32, South Eaton Place, S.W. Benn, A. Shirley (Plymouth), M.P., 18, Bolton Gardens, S.W. Vice- President. Bennetc, Samuel (Devonport), 6, Hemington Avenue, Friem Bamet, N. List of Members and Associates in Besley, Canon W. P. (Barnstaple). M.A., 9, Amen Court, St. Paul's. E.C. Vice-President. Bickerton, E. H. (Stonchouse). 7, Bushey Hill Road, Camberwell, S.E. Bidgood, G. S. (Tiverton), 8, Homsey Lane Gardens, Highgate, N. Bidgood, Mrs., 8. Homsey Lane Gardens. Highgate. N. Bidgood, R. (Tiverton), 20, Beaconsfield Road, New Soulhgate, N. Bird, Wm.. (Shaldon), 58, Devonshire Road, Harrow. IMackmorc, R, 10 Lancaster Gardens, West Eahng, W. Blackmorc, W. (Uffculme), 129, Queen's Road, Wimbledon, S.W. Bond, Mrs. Douglas (Tavistock), 22, Surrey Street, Victoria Embank- ment, W.C. *Bourne, C. W. (Ilfracombe), 19, Fairlawn Road, Wimbledon, S.W. Bowden. A. T. (North Tawton), 76, Newgate Street, E.C. Bowen, Stanley J. (Bideford), 10, St. Paul's Avenue, Cricklewood, N.W. Committee. JBoyce, Archdeacon (Tiverton), St. Paul's Rectory, Cleveland Street, "Sydney, N.S.W. Bragg. S. (Exeter), 8, Atherstone Terrace, Gloucester Road, S.W. *Brendon, — (Broadwood). Brighton Road. Remuera, Auckland. {New Zealand Assoc). Bridgeman, G. E. (Ugborough), 8. Lavender Sweep, Clapham Common, S.W. Bridgeman, S. J. S. (Ugborough). 8, Lavender Sweep. Clapham Common, S.W. Brimicombe, M. H. (Totnes), 22, Norfolk Street, Dalston, N.E. Brodie, C. H. (Exeter), F.R.I. B.A., 77, Park Lane, Croydon. Bromfield, T. (Exeter Club). 31, Ashbumham Grove, Greenwich. Bromham, Addison J. (Barnstaple), Westward Ho, Wimbledon Common. ♦Brooks, C. (Plymouth), 2, The Grange, Maitland Park, N.W. Brown, A. S. (Sidbury), 61, Hubert Grove, Landor Road, Stockwell, S.E. Brown, Miss E. M. (descent), i, Loraine Place, HoUoway Road, N. Brown, Mrs. A. S. (Sidbury), 61, Hubert Grove, Landor Road, Stockwell. S.E. J Brown, Henry T. S. (Plymouth), tj, Newton Street, Ottawa, Canada. (Ottawa Soc). J Browning. Walter, Buyford, Morchard Bishop, North Devon. JBryant, E. D. (descent), 8, Florence Street, Ottawa, Canada. {Ottawa Soc.) Bryant, Mrs. E. M. (Torquay), 31, Palace Road, Crouch End, N. Bryant, H. W. (Devonport), 31, Palace Road, Crouch End, N. Bryant, S. W. (Plymouth), 174. Grove Road. Clapham Park. S.W. ^Buckingham. F. J., 709, Elhce Avenue, Winnipeg. (Manitoba Soc.) ♦Burlace, J. B. (Brixham). F.R.G.S., F.Z.S., 38. Corfton Road. Ealing, W. Vice-President ; Committee. •Bum. Colonel C. R. (Torquay). M.P.. A.D.C.. 48, Cadogan Place, W. Burrows, B. (Honiton), 67, Peterborough Road, Fulham, S.W. Burton. E. Cave- (Exeter), 46, Kenilworth Road, Penge, S.E. ^Burton. H. (Newton Ablsot). 144, Oxford Road. Reading. (Reading Assoc). Buse, A. G. (Shebbear), 16. Stamford Street. S.E. JButland, W. (Dittisham), 101, Clive Road, Fratton, Portsmouth. (Ports- mouth Soc). Byme, K. J. J. (Kingsteignton), " The Elms," Orange Hill, Edgware. Middlesex. Campbell, R. J. P. (Exeter), 15, St. Margaret s Road. Plumstead. Cann. C. E. (Barnstaple). Holt House, iiast End Road. Church End, Finchley, N 112 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 Cann, G. H. (Northam), 35, Grosvenor Avenue, East Sheen Cann, Mrs. F. H. (Northam), 35, Grosvenor Avenue, East Sheen. Cann, J. O. (Brixham), i84,"Euston Road, N.W. Carnell, John (Ottery St. Mary), 83, Phillimore Mews, High Street, Kensington. Carroll, C. (Torquay), 48, Manor Road, Stoke Newington, N. ♦Carter, G. E. L. (Exmouth), B.A., I.C.S., Municipal Commissioner, Hyderabad, Sind, India. JCarter, Miss Ellen G. (Hartland), Hartland, North Devon. Carter, Mrs. Li ian (Exeter), 86, St. James's Road, Barnsbury, N. Caunter, L. G. (Exeter), Eversholt Lodge, New Barnet. JCawley, R. (Sidmouth), 17, Manor Road, Folkestone. Champion, Norman W. (Shaldon), 8, Holmewood Gardens, Brixton Hill, S.W. Committee. Champion, W. (Shaldon), 8, Holmewood Gardens, Brixton Hill. S.W. JChanter, Rev. J. F., M.A., F.S.A. (Barnstaple), Marlands, Exmouth, Devon. JChapman, J. (Plymouth), 8, New Street, Boston. JChapple, W. E. Pitfield (Axminster), The Shrubbery, Axminster, Devon. JChapple, H. (Chittlehampton), 90, Sandgate Road, Folkestone. {Folke- stone Assoc.) JCharlewood, W. T. (Bideford), Springfield, Bideford. Chettleburgh, Maurice (Plympton), 29, Napier Avenue, Hurlingham, S.W. Chettleburgh, Mrs. (Plympton), 29, Napier Avenue, Hurlingham, S.W. JChope, H. F. (Hartland), 12, Whiteley Wood Road, Ranmoor, Sheffield. JChope, Mrs. M. H. (Hartland), 41, View Terrace, Aberdeen. ^Chope, R. Pearse (Hartland), B.A., Patent Office, 25, Southampton 13uildings, W.C. Deputy-Chairman. JChope, S. R. (Bideford), Beverley, Bideford. JChope, W. H. (Bideford), 13, High Street, Bideford. JChubb, R. W. (Calcutta Soc). Churchward, Miss Doris (Torquay), 409, Oxford Street, W. JChurchward, E. T. (Torquay), 2, Elgin Terrace, Torquay. Churchward, Miss M. (Torquay), 409, Oxford Street, W. Churston, Rt. Hon. Lord (Brixham), C.V.O., Lupton, Brixham. Vice- President. Clark, W. H. D. (Plymouth), Patent Office, 25, Southampton BuUdiiigs, W.C. Clarke, E. (Exeter Club), 14, Claude Road, Upton Park, E. Clarke, H. L. (Torrington), London & South- Western Bank, Wanstead, Essex. Clarke, John (Honiton), 45, Marloes Road, Kensington, W. Clarke, Miss E. E. (descent), 41, Church Road, Bnxton, S.W. Clarke, T. (Ottery St. Mary), 41, Church Road, Brixton, S.W. ^Clayton, D'Arcy (Southmolton), 3, Beachborough Villas, Folkestone. (Folkestone Assoc.) Clifiord, Colonel E. T. (Exeter), VD, 6, Cranley Gardens, S.W. Vice- President; Chairman of Association. Coad, R. Lawson (Ilfracombe), 27 and 28, Old Jewry, E.C. JCoates, Lieut. -Col. Herbert (vVest Town), VD, 7, St. Stephen's Avenue, Bristol. (Bristol Soc). Cole, N. (Salcombe), 45, Allerton Road, Lordship Park, Stoke Newing- ton, N. Cole, Mrs. N. (Salcombe), 45, Allerton Road, Lordship Park, Stoke Newington, N. Cole, S. J. (Hartland), M.R.C.S., Hampden Residential Club. Phoenix Street, N.W. List of Members and Associates IZ3 JColeridgc, Rev. G. F. (Cadbury), M.A., R.D., The Vicarage, Crowthorne. Berks. {Reading Assoc.). •Coles, John (Tiverton), J.P., 4, Kensington Park Gardens, \V. Vice-President. Coles. W. Crosbie (Bideford), 23. Esmond Gardens, Bedford Park. W. CoUings, J. A. (Plymouth), 273. Uxbridge Road, W. JCoUins, W. G. (Devonport), 82, London Avenue, North End, Portsmouth (Portsmouth Soc.) Colwill, C. (North Petherwin), Pentire, Coombe Koad, Croydon. Commin, E. G. (Exeter), 94, Upper Tulse Hill, S.W. Commin, Mrs. E. G. (Exeter), 94, Upper Tulse Hill, S.W. Commin, F. J. (Exeter), 96, Upper Tulse Hill, S.W. Commin, Mrs. F. J. (Exeter), 90, Upper Tulse Hill, S.W. Commin, Miss A. L. (Exeter), 96, Upper Tulse Hill, S.W. Commin, Miss M. O. (Exeter), 96, Upper Tulse Hill, S.W, Cx>mmin, R. G. (Exeter), 96, Upper Tulse Hill, S.W. Congdon. A. R. (Hartland) 187a Brompton Road, S.W. Coombes, C. S. (Devonport), Patent Office, 25, Southampton Buildings, W.C. Copp, A. E. G. (Barnstaple), 31, South Park Road, Wimbledon, S.W. Cork, F. (Appledore). 18, Wood Street. E.G. Cornish, J. F. (Tiverton), 42. Sevmour Street, Euston, N.W. Cornwall. Sir Edwin A. (Lapford), M.P., L.C.C., 3, Whitehall Court, S.W. Vice-President. ♦Cory, Sir Clifford J., Bart. (Bideford), M.P., 98, Mount Street, W. Vice-President. JCottle, J. (Calcutta Soc). ICouch, Mrs. A. W. (Brixham), 16, Palace Avenue, Paignton. JCouch, E. (Brixham), 16, Palace Avenue, Paignton. Couch, G. W. (Exeter), Vernon Lodge, Carshalton. Courtney, Mrs. (Barnstaple), The Library House, Minett Librarj', Knatchbull Road. Camberwell, S.E. Cox. F., 74, Lansdowne Road, Qapham Park, S.W. Cox, Miss Florence (Devonport), i, Loraine Place, HoUoway Road, N. Cox, Mrs. F., 74, Lansdowne Road, Clapham Park, S.W. Coysh, R. H. (Dartmouth), 17, Delafield Road, Old Charlton, S.E. Craigie, D. C, 38, Wilton Place, S.W. JCranch, — (West Alvington), 2, Vincent Street, Auckland. (New Zealand Assoc). Cray, M. G. A. (Exeter Club), 6, St. John's Mansions, Clapton Square, N.E. JCrocker, H. M. (Calcutta Soc). *Crossman, H. ^L (Bideford), 4, Donnington Road. Reading. (Reading Assoc). JCruse, Miss B. A. (Torquay), 22, Woodville Road, Torquay. JCumming, Stephen A. (Torquay), " The Corbyn," Wheatridge Lane, Cockington, Torquay. •Cummings, V. J., c/o Devonian Society, Victoria, British Columbia. Cutcliffe, J. (Dawlish), National Provincial Bank, 15, Bishopsgate. E.C. JDavey, F. E. R. (Exeter), 13, Cranbrook Road, Redland, Bristol. Davey, Franklin (Devonport), " Homestead," Onslow Road, Richmond Hill, S.W. Davey, G. W. (Sampford Spiney), 16, John Street, Bedford Row, W.C. Committee. ^Davies. W. J. (Brixham), 16, Hercules Street. Mile End, Portsmouth. (Portsmouth Assoc). 8 114 ^^^ Devonian Year Book, 1917 JDaw, A. H., 502, Victor Street, Winnipeg. (Manitoba Soc.) JDe la Bere, Rev, J. (Woolfardisworthy), Woolsery Rectory, Morchard Bishop, Devon. JDe la Bere, Rev. S. H. (Woolfardisworthy), Woolsery Rectory, Morchard Bishop, Devon. ♦Distin, Allsan L. G, (Paignton), 11, Melrose Terrace, Shepherd's Bush Road. W. ♦Distin, Howard (Paignton), M.B., Holtwhite House, Enfield. JDodge, Albert (Teignmouth), Elmgrove Road, Cotham, Bristol. {Bristol Soc). Dodridge, A. E. (Devonport), " Moulin, "Cromwell Road, Beckenham, S.E. Dodridge, Mrs. (Devonport), " Moulin," Cromwell Road, Beckenham, S.E. J Doe, G. M. (Torrington), Enfield, Torrington, North Devon. J Doe, G. W. A. (Torrington), Enfield, Torrington, North Devon. JDolton, J. A. (Calcutta Soc). Donald, J. (Devonport), " Westleigh," Whytecliffe Road, Purley, Surrey. J Drake, Major W. Hedley, Bryn Willow, Polsham Park, Paignton, Devon. Drake, J. (Yealmpton), Grange Works, Grange Road, Willesden Green N.W. JDrew, S. T. (Barnstaple), Public Library, Swansea. (Swansea Soc.) Duke, H. E. (Plymouth), K.C., M.P., i. Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C. Vice-President. Dunn, A. E. (Exeter), 70, Victoria Street, S.W. Vice-President. Dunn, F. W. (South Molton), 8, Westmount Road, Eltham, Kent. JDunn, J. H. (Bidetord), Crolts, Lea Park, Ilfracombe. JDyer, W. A., 200, Nassau Street, Winnipeg. (Manitoba Soc) Earl, T. S. (Devonport), 30, Marlow Road, East Ham, Eastmond, J. E. Rawle (Tiverton), 44, Charing Cross, S.W. Easton, H. T. (Exeter), Union of London and Smiths Bank, Lombard Street, E.C. Vice-President. ♦Ebden, W. R. Hern, 43, Caledon Road, East Ham, E. |Edwards, L. (Calcutta Soc). JEdye, Lieut.-Colonel L. (Hatherleigh), Stanley Couit, Stanley Street, Montreal, Canada. Ellis, Miss G. M. (descent), i, Lena Gardens, West Kensington Park, W. JEUis, James (Bideford), 391, London Road, Reading. (Reading Assoc) JEllis, Mrs. S. T. (Devonport), 11, Maiden Lane, Stamford, Lmcs. Elston, F. W. H. (Exmouth). 6, Cann Hall Road, Leytonstone, N.E. Elston, Miss M. (Plymouth), 6, Cann Hall Road, Leytonstone, N.E. Endicott, Miss Hetty (Axminster), 102, Winstanley Road, Clapham Com- mon, S.W. Eustace, A. J., 26, Langdale Road, Thornton Heath. Eustace, Mrs. (Torquay), 26, Langdale Road, Thornton Heath. Evans, Mrs. (Plymouth), 41, Louisville Road, Balham, S.W. Evans, Miss (Ottery St. Mary), 47, The Chase, Clapham Common, S.W. Evans, G. T. (Ottery St. Mary), 47, The Chase, Clapham Common, S.W. ♦Eveleigh, Miss Helen (Exeter), 4, Cadogan Gardens, S.W. Everett, W. J. (Plymouth), 28, Wray Crescent, Tollington Park, N. Everett, Mrs., 28, Wray Crescent, Tollington Park, N. Farrant, H. G. (Hemlock), J. P., 3, Paper Buildings, Temple, E.C. JFast, Mrs. (Plymouth), Manukan Rd., Epsom, Auckland. (New Zealand Assoc) Ltst of Members and Associates 115 JFenn, E. H. (Plymouth), Commercial Hotel, King William's Town, South Africa. Fitzgerald, Miss M. (Sidraouth), The Coffee Pot Caf^, 68, Basinghall Street, E. C. Foale, Miss A. G. (descent), 29, Aldridge Road Villas, Westbourne Park, W Foale, P. (Blackawton), 29, Aldridge Road Villas, Westbourne Park, W. Forbes, Mrs. J. (Torquay), i. D.lafie.d Road. Old Charlton. S.E. Ford, Clift (Plymouth), 17. High Street, Willesden Junction. N.W. Ford, J. (Plymouth), 49, Nicol Road, Harlesden, N.W. Fortescue, Rt. Hon. Earl (Filleigh), K.C.B., A.D.C., Lord Lieutenant of Devon, Castle Hill, South Molton, N. Devon. First President. Foster. H. Blake (Exeter). 81. Manchuria Road. S.W, Jl o\. Bartholomew (Sidmouth), Carberry Tower, Musselburgh, N.B. Fraser, Ernest (Exeter), 32, Hatton Garden, E.C. JFnendsnip, J. (Torrington), 41, Logan Road, Bishopston, Bristol. {Bristol Soc.) JFulford, J. U.. Southcott, Bideford. Fulford, J. W. (Northam). 34, Strathearn Road, Wimbledon Park, S.W. Fulford, Mrs. (Northam), 34, Strathearn Road, Wimbledon Park, S.W. J Furze, Joseph (Tavistock), 3. York Avenue, Sefton Park, Liverpool. (Liverpool Soc.) *Calsworthy, John, Wingstone, Manaton, Devon. Vice-President. Gamble, Rev. Canon 1.. R. (Barnstaple), M.A., St. John's Rectory, Westminster, a.W. Vice President. JGHri.ind, H. (Barnstaple), 4, Rediand Hill, Bristol. (Bristol Soc.) JGay, Thomas (Salcombe), 26, George Street, Swansea. (Swansea Soc.) Geen, H. (Okehampton), la, Middle Temple Lane, E.C. Committee. Geen, Mrs. H. (Okehampton). la. Middle Temple Lane. E.C. Gib on, Thos. (Appletio.e), o, Moore Park Road, Fulham, S.W. Gill, Allen (Devonport), F.R.A.M., 5, Lincoln House, Dartmouth Park Hill, N.W, Vice-President. Gillham, H. (Burlescombe), 222, Central Market, E.C. Gillham, Mrs., 90, Blenheim Gardens, Cricklewood, N.W. GlanviU, H. Wretord- (Kxeler), 35, Strawberry Hill Road, Twickenham. Glanville, J. Pascoe (Plymouth), 57, Heme Hill, S.E. Gloyne, Martin (Tavistock), i, St. Paul's Avenue, Cricklewood, N.W. JGoaman, W. 1 ., Anchoraj^e, Bideiord Godlrey, Mrs. F. A. (descent), Homeville, Merton Avenue, Chiswick, W. Godfrey, S. H. (Ottery St. Mary), Homeville, Merton Avenue, Chiswick, W. Gooding, C. E. (lixmouth), 13b, Hanover Road, Willesden, N.W. Goodman, W. H. (Devonport), 160, Ardgowan Road, Catford, S.E. JGo\ ier, W. T. (North Molton). 26. Canterbury Road. Southsea. (Ports- mouth Assoc.) Grainger, H. (Torquay). 266, Walworth Road. S.E. Grant, Miss B. M. (Torrington), 5, Argyle Street, Oxford Street, W. Grant, Mrs. (Stoke Fleming), 2, St. Mary's Road, North Kensington, W. Greenhouse, Mrs. F. (descent), 9, Lynmouth Road, Stamford Hill, N. Grigg, R. (Exmouth), 113, Victoria Road, Old Charlton, S.E. Grills, W. E. (Holsworthy), 80, Wilton Road, Muswell Hill, N. Gulliford, W. (Exeter), 28, Danby Street, Peckham, S.E. JGumey, Rev. Walter B. (Bratton Clgvelly). Poughill Rectory. Crediton, N. Devon. Hall, A. B. (Sidmouth), Red Roofs, Slades Hill, Enfield, N. ii6 The Devonian Year Book, 3917 Halsbury, Rt. Hon. the Earl of (Parkham), P.C., 4, Ennismore Gar- dens, W. President. Hambly, T. H. (Newton Abbot), 65. Napier Road, West Ham, E. Hambly, Mrs. M. E. (Newton Abbot), 65, Napier Road, West Ham, E. Hammick, Miss Daisy (Stoke Gabriet), 47, Trinity Road, Wimbledon, S.W. Hancock, Miss A. M. (Barnstaple), 78, Bishop's Road, Bayswater, W. Hancock, H. H. M. (Barnstaple), 56, Devereux Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. Committee. Hancock, Mrs. (Barnstaple), 56, Devereux Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. Handford, W. (Barnstaple), Barum, Orche Hill Avenue, Gerrards Cross. Hannaford, Charles, 47, Sandringham Buildings, W.C. Hannaford, Robert, 59, King Street, Camden Town, N.W. J Harding, W. (Parracombe), Landore, Swansea. {Swansea Soc.) J Harris, Miss Bertha A. (Parracombe), Bodley Cottage, Parracombe, R.S.O., N. Devon. Harris, Mrs. Blanche (Plymouth), 96, Croxted Road, West Dulwich, S.E. Harris, Frank (Exeter), L.C.C. School, Orange Street, Southwark, S.E. Harris, Gilbert, (Plymouth), 6, Kelmscott Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. Hon. Auditor. Harris, Mrs. Gilbert (Plymouth), 6, Kelmscott Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. Harvey, Miss B. (Bridford), 855, Fulham Road, S.W. *Harvey, H. Fairfax, " Elidor," Rodwell, Weymouth. JHarvey, Mrs. H. Fairfax-, " EUdor," Rodwell, Weymouth. Haslop, Mrs. (Bideford), 5, Wyndham Street, Bryanston Square, W. Hatch, J. C. (Stonehouse) , 87, South Lambeth Road, S.W. Hawken, William (Bideford), 39, Somerton Road, Cricklewood, N.W. J Hawkins, J. (Teignmouth), Summerliill Park, Bathurst, Cape Colony, S. Africa. Haycraft, H. C. (Totnes), Patent Office, 25, Southampton Buildings, W.C. ♦Hayman, E., " Glendaragh," 82, Doyle Gardens, Harlesden, N.W. Haynes, J. T. (Hartland), J. P., 22, Knollys Road, Streatham, S.W. Heard, Dr. J., 25, Woodwarde Road, East Dulwich, S.E. JHeard, W. E. (Northam), J. P., Winchester House, Newport. Mon. Hearson, C. E. (Barnstaple), 5, Templar Street, Myatt's Park, S.E. Hearson, Prof. T. A. (Barnstaple), M.Inst. C.E., 14-15, Southampton Buildings, W.C. Hearson, Mrs. (Horrabridge), 81, Ridgemount Gardens, Gower St., W.C. Hearson, W. E. (Barnstaple), " Meadowbank," Kippington, Sevenoaks, Kent. JHeath, Miss (Plymouth), " Tregantle," Woodside Road, Mount Eden, Auckland. {New Zealand Assoc.) Heddon, W. F. (Topsham), 23, Coolhurst Road, Crouch End, N. HeUier, Miss F. (Ottery), Staffordshire House, Store Street, W.C. JHellings, R. Merlin (Tiverton), 3, Nugent Street, Auckland. {New Zealand Assoc.) JHenning, Rev. J., Cockington Vicarage, Torquay. •Henson, S , P.O. Box 1248, Victoria, British Columbia. {Victoria, B.C., Devonian Soc.) |Hern, S. Glanwern, Christchurch, Newport, Mon. Hesse, Mrs. N. (Tiverton), 2, Satanita Road, Westchff, Southend. JHews, T. G. (Tiverton), 8, Clarendon Road, Sketty, Swansea. {Swansea Soc. ) Heywood, F. M. (Bideford), 44, Rosenthal Road, Catford, S.E. Heywood, G. H. (Bideford), 336, HoUoway Road, N. He5rwood, Mrs. Isabel (Bideford), 336, Holloway Road, N. List of Members and Associates 117 Heywood, Percy (Bideford), 3, Brigstock Road, Thornton Heath. Hill, H. VV. (Exeter), 14, Highlever Road, North Kensington, W. Hill, J. A. (Holcombe Rogus), C.A., 19a, Coleman Street. E.C. Hen, A uditor. :Hill. J. Ball- {Calcutta Soc.) JHine, H. C. (Exeter), 20, Kensington Road, North End, Portsmouth. {Portsmouth Soc.) Hobbs, Frank (MoUand), 119, Upf>er Richmond Road, Putney. Hockaday, F. (Dawlish), 82, Geraldine Road, Wandsworth, S.W. JHodder, P. C. (Aveton Gitford), 19, Chitty Road, East Southsea. (Ports- mouth Soc.) *Hodge, F. (Heavitree), The Homestead, Bishop's Avenue, East Finchley.N. JHolman, J. Bertram (Bideford), 10, High Street, Tunbridge Wells. J Holmes, A. H. (Parracombe), Bodley Cottage, Parracombe, R.S.O., N. Devon. •Hooper, A. Shelton, J. P., Hong-Kong. {Hong-Kong Soc.) * Hooper, J., 195, Nassau Street, Winnipeg. {Manitoba Soc.) Hooper, Joseph (Bridestowe), 195, Widmore Road, Bromley, Kent. Hooper, Mrs. (Bridestowe), 195, Widmore Road, Bromley, Kent. Hooper, W. (Christow). 52, Northfield Avenue, Ealing, W. J Hooper, W. E. (Devonport), 43, Strathcona Street, Ottawa, Canada. {Ottawa Soc.) •Hooppell, Rev. J. L. E. (Aveton Gifford), St. Peter's Vicarage, Hoxton Square, N. Hopkins, Mr., 6i, Great Ormond Street, W.C. Hopkins, Mrs., 61, Great Ormond Street, W.C. JHopper, A. E., Queen Anne's Chambers, Barnstaple, Devon. ♦Hore, W. J. B. (Dawhsh), Hotel Continental, Gibraltar. Horton, A. J. (Morleigh), 35, Cranston Road, Forest Hill, S.E. Howie, Mrs. J, R. C. (Tiverton), 36, Pep5rs Road, Raynes Park, S.W. *Howland, Harman J. (Plymouth), 52. St. James's Square. Holland Park, W. •Hughes, T. Cann (Hittisleigh), M.A., F.S.A., 78, Church Street, Lancaster. Vice-President. Hunt, Mr. (Torquay), 16, Broadway, Ealing, W. Hunt, W. G. (Torquay), 14, Fairmount Road, Brixton Hill, S.W. Hunter, Mrs. J. Pomerov, 5, Shaftesbury Villas, Kensington, W. Hurley, J. W. (Ottery St. Mary), 80, Eardley Road, Streatham, S.W. Hutchings, C. F. H. (Exeter), 10, Old Devonshire Road, Balham, S.W. Hutchings, Miss Louie (Torquay), 205, Shirland Road, W. JHuxham, W. H., Springfield Terrace, Bideford. laman, Miss MeUna (Stoke Gabriel), " Sherbourne," Longley Rd., Tooting, S.W. Inman, W. (Stoke Gabriel), " Sherbourne," Longley Road, Tooting, S.W. Committee. Inman, Mrs. W. (Stoke Gabriel)," Sherbourne," Longley Rd., Tooting, S.W. Jackson, Sir John (Plymouth), M.P., Pounds, near Plymouth. Vice- President. •James, Richard (Broadclyst) , 17, Bread Street, E.C. •Jarvis, Mrs. (Devonport), Thorpe House, 4, Airedale Avenue, Chiswick, W. IJeflferies, C. (Wellington, Som.), 32, Bouverie Square, Folkestone. {Folkestone Assoc.) JJeffery, Frank C. (Exeter), Rockdale, West Park Drive, Westclifi-on-Sea. JJeffery, Mrs. M. L., Rockdale, West Park Drive, Westclif?-on-Sea. n8 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 Johns, F. P. (Devonport), Patent Oflftce, 25, Southampton Buildings, W.C. JJones, John (Plymouth), 301. Edge Lane, Liverpool. {Liverpool Sac.) Jones, Miss M. E., 51, Shawfield Street, Chelsea, S.W. Jordan, Miss M. U. (Exeter), 5, Kensington Gardens Square, Bayswater. \V. •Josland, F. (Chawleigh), " Claremont," St. John's Road, Sidcup, Kent. JKekewich, Captain A. St. John Mackintosh (Exminster), Devonshire Regiment, Exeter. Kekewich, C. Granville (Exminster), 2, Suffolk Lane, E.C. Kekewich, Sir G. W. (Peamore), K.C.B., D.C.L., St. Albans, Feltham. Middlesex. Vice-President. Kelly, A. (Belstone), 60. Brayburne Avenue, Clapham, S.W Kelly, Mrs. E. (Northlew), 66 Brayburne Avenue, Clapham, S.W. Kent, Mrs. (Barnstaple), 16, Oxford Road, Chiswick, W. Kerswell, J. C. (Plymouth), 4, Uplands Terrace, Swansea. {Swansea Soc.) Kiell, J. (Barnstaple), 19, Stapleton Road, Upper Tooting, S.W. Kiell, Mrs. (Barnstaple), 19, Stapleton Road. Upper Tooting, S.W. Kingcombe. H. F. (Yealmpton), 10, Cato Road, Clapham Road, S.W. JKingcome, C. (Calcutta Soc). Kinsey, F. M. (West Buckland School), Florence Villa, 16, Harrow View, Wealdstone. JKnight, — (Wells, Som.), 9, Cheriton Place, Folkestone. {Folkestone Assoc.) JKnill, H. I. (Barnstaple), 32, Rhondda Street, Swansea. {Swansea Soc.) Laing, Mrs. H. B., 4, Heath Hurst Road, Hampstead, N.W. Lake, R. C. (Plymouth). Lambert, Right Hon. George (Spreyton), M.P., 34, Grosvenor Road, Westminster, S.W. Vice-President. ^Lancaster, W. J., J. P., " Santa Margherita," Torquay. Lane. John (West Putford), " Bodley Head," Vigo Street, W. Vice- President. Lang, H. W. (Stonehouse), 7, Bayer Street, Golden Lane, E.C. *Lang, W. H. (Ottery St. Mary), 19, Coleraine Road, Westcombe Park, S.E. Larkworthy, H. S. (Kinton), 171, Hartfield Road, Wimbledon. ♦Larkworthy, J. W, (Meeth), Bucklands, Nether Street, North Finchley. Committee. ♦Larkworthy, Mrs. J. W., Bucklands, Nether Street. North Finchley. Lascelles, W. H. (Exeter), 28, Barclay Road, Croydon. Lavers, W. (Yealmpton), 3, Paddenswick Road, Hammersmith, W. Lawday, Miss K. (Kingsnympton), 45, Cambridge Terrace, Hyde Park, W. Lawrence, R. L. (CuUompton), i & 2, Russia Row, Milk Street, E.C. Lawrence, R. Reginald (CuUompton), i & 2, Russia Row, E.C. JLaycock, C. H., Cross Street, Moretonhampstead, Devon. Leat, J. (Exeter), B.A., Stoke Road, Slough. JLee, F. Abbotsville, Bideford. Lethbridge, Alan. Lethbridge, C, 24, Great St. Helens, E.C. Lethbridge, Sir Roper, K.C.I.E., Exboume Manor, Exboume R.S.O., North Devon. Vice-President. JLidiard, Lieut. H. E. (Stonehouse), R.N.S.M. 50, Campbell Road. Southsea. {Portsmouth Assoc.) Lock, W. G. (Instow), 5, Copthall Buildings, E.C. Lopes, Sir H. Y-B., Bart. (Maristow), Roborough, Devon. Vice-President, Lovell, H. F. (Chulmleigh), 49, Agamemnon Road, West Hamnstead, N.W. List of Members and Associates 114 Lovell, J. (Ottery St. Mary), 161, Eardley Road, Streatham, S.W. Loveridge, G. A.. 3, Alma Square, St. John's Wood, W. {Luff, Rev. Edgar A., M.A., Hartland Vicarage, N. Devon. Luxton, J. (Coleridge), 184, Essex Road, N. •Lyons, Frank L (Stonehouse), 15, Old Cavendish Street, W. Maeers, W. H. (Sidmouth), 49, Lillieshall Road, Clapham, S.W. McCormack, Lieut. W. J. (Plymouth), J.P., " Dunkeld," Slough, Bucks. Committee. {Maker. A. J. (Chillaton). " Chillaton." Tilehurst Rd.. Reading. {Reading Assoc.) •Manning, H. R. (Brixton), 274, Portobello Road, W. Manning, Mrs. (Newton Abbot), 57, Napier Road, West Ham. Manning, Miss R. (Holsworthy), 2, Langler Road, Willesden, N.W. Manning, Miss C. .\. (Holsworthy), 2, Langler Road, Willesden, N.W. •Markham, Lady (Arlington), 21, Eccleston-square, S.W. Vice-Presiaent. Martin, John M. (Hatherleigh), 6, Denbigh Gardens, Richmond-on- Thames. ♦Marzetti. Leslie, 120, Great Portland Street, W. Matthews. H. B. (Devonport), 14. Chesham Street, Brighton. Maunder, W. H. (Staverton), 7, Somerfield Road, Finsbury Park, N. •Metherell, R. (Hartland). Elmscott, Winchmore Hill, N. Middleton, J. H., 10, Beverley Gardens, Barnes Common, S.W. Mildmay, F. B. (Flete). M.P.. Flete, Ivybridge, Devon. Vice-President, Mildren. A. V. (Beer), 2. ColweU Road, East Dulwich, S.E. {Milford, F. P. {Calcutta Soc.) Millar, Mrs. A. J. (Burrington), 5, Denbigh Road, Bayswater, W, Milton. J. (Ide, near Exeter), 72. Grove Park, Denmark Hill, S.E. Morey, Mrs. (Plymouth), 41, Louisville Road, Balham, S.W. •Morris, R. Burnet (South Molton), 24, Bramham Gardens, S.W. Morrison-Bell, Major A. CUve. M.P.. Harpford House. Ottery St. Mary. Vice-President. Morrison-Bell, Captain E. F., M.P., Pitt House. Chudleigh. Vice- President. •.Mortimer. Harold Percival (South Molton), J.P., Crofton Lodge, Kinglsey, Cheshire. Moss, Miss E. M. (Plymouth), 1, Adela Avenue, New Maiden, Surrey. Mount Edgcumbe, Rt. Hon. the Earl of, P.C, G.C.V.O., VD, Winter Villa, Stonehouse. Vice-President. •Moyse. Prof. C. E. (Torquay). LL.D., McGill University, Montreal, Canada. (Montreal Soc.) JMudge, Arthur J. (Plymouth), 505, Cooper Street, Ottawa, Canada. (Ottawa Soc.) Mutten, A. W. (Devonport), Hillside, Mount Pleasant Lane, Upper Clapton. N.E. Mutten. Mrs. A. W. (Devonport), Hillside, Mount Pleasant Lane, Upper Clapton, N.E. {Newcombe, C. H. K. (Braunton), 21, Mirador Crescent, Swansea. ♦Niner, R. K. (Torquay), 12. Palmerston Road. Southsea. (Portsmouth Soc.) Noakes. F, W. (Totnes), 48. Broadwater Road, Tottenham. N. Norrish, A. J. H. (Bideford), Kisber, Queen's Avenue, Church End, Finchley, N. Northcote, J. C. (Torquay), Wilton Lodge, Kingston Hill, Surrey. {North Devon Athen.xum, Barnstaple. 120 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 Oakley, R. O. (Beer), Patent Office, Southampton Buildings, W.C. Oakley, Mrs. F. E. (Ottery St. Mary), 54, Sydney Road, Homsey, N. Offord, W. (Exeter), 72, Church Road, Willesden, N.W. JOliver. W. H. (Westleigh), " Inglenook," Albert Road, Caversham, near Reading. (Reading Assoc.) Olliff. Mrs. Amy (Bideford), 21, Chartfield Avenue, Putney Hill, S.W. Osborne, H. Camille (Brendon), 4, Cambridge Gardens, Seven Kings, Essex. JOsmond, C. F., P.O. Box 165, Bulawayo, South Africa. JOwen, W. A. (Shaldon), King William's Town, South Africa. Owen, W. D. (Axmouth), The Poplars, Somerset Road, Brentford. JPallett, Alfred R. (Devonport), 627, McLaren Street, Ottawa, Canada. (Ottawa Soc.) JPalmer, F. W. Morton, M.A., M.D. (Teignmouth), 13, Orchard Gardens, Teignmouth. JPalmer, H. G. 727, Elgin Avenue, Winnipeg. (Manitoba Soc.) Parkyn, H. (Okehampton), 413, Oxford Street, W. Parr, G. H., 319, Trinity Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W, Parr, Mrs., 319, Trinity Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. *Parr, R. J. (Torquay), 40, Leicester Square, W.C. Vice-President. ♦Parr, Mrs. (Torquay), 40, Leicester Square, W.C. Passmore, W, (Tiverton), loi, Elspeth Road, Clapham Common, S.W. Paterson, Miss Edith (Honiton), lO, Kingsgate Mansions, Red Lion Square, W.C. Paterson, Mrs. R. M. (descent), 50, Barrington Road, Brixton, S.W. Paul, J. I. (Braunton), Signal School, Crystal Palace, Sydenham, S.E. Pawley, Mrs. (Plymouth), 98, Ramsden Road, Balham, S.W. Peace, J. W. Graham, 61, Dynevor Road, High St., Stoke Newington, N. JPearce, J. Cyprian (Kingsbridge), now in Indian Army. JPedler, Mrs. Carter-, Reeve Castle, Bow, N. Devon. JPedler, Dr. H. (Calcutta Soc). Peek, Sir Wilfrid, Bart., Rousdon, Devon. Vice-President. Peek, Rev. Richard (Drewsteignton), M.A., St. Magnus the Martyr, Lower Thames Street, E.C. Vice-President. Peek, R. W. (Torquay), 7, Freshford Street, Earlsfield, S.W. Peerrrian, A. Purnell (Torquay), 38, Northwold Road, Clapton, N.E. JPengelley, J. E. (Exeter), The White House, Fakenham, Norfolk. Penny, A. J. (Ottery St. Mary), 118, Cromwell Road, Wimbledon. Perry, F. A. (Tiverton), 4, Kirchen Road, West Ealing, W. Committee' Peter, Charles (Bradninch), 31, Sydney Grove, Hendon, N.W. Philp, C. R. S. (Plymouth), the Livesey Library, Old Kent Road, S.E PhUp, Mrs. E. L. (Plymouth), 26, Crystal Palace Road, S.E. Philp, D. B. (Devonport), 44, Homefield Road, Chiswick, W. Pliillpotts, Eden (Exeter), Eltham, Torquay. Vice-President. Pickard, H. (Beaford), The Laurels, Wallbutton Road, Brockley, S.E. Pike, G. G. (descent), 51, Carlton House, Lower Regent Street, S.W. Pike, Mrs., " Exonia," 37, Holmewood Gardens, Brixton Hill, S.W. Pike, W. A. (Exeter), 37, Holmewood Gardens, Brixton Hill, S.W. *Pilditch, Phihp E. (Plymouth), J. P., L.C.C., Old Bond Street House, 6, 7 and 8, Old Bond Street, W. Vice-President. JPile, Mrs., 285, Bannerman Avenue, Winnipeg. (Manitoba Soc.) Pillman, J. C. (Plymouth), J. P., The Cottage, Foots Cray, Kent. Vice- President. Pinkham, Colonel C. (Plympton), J.P., C.C, Linden Lodge, Winchester Avenue, Brondesbury, N.W. Vice-President; Chairman of Committee. Lisi of Members and Associates 121 Finn, F. G. (Sidmouth), 764, Fulham Road, S.W. Finn, Mrs. (Flympton St. Maurice), 764, Fulham Road, S.W. Focock, R. W. (descent), 51. Radnor Road, Harrow, W. JFollard, J. D. [Calcutta Soc.) Fope, W. S., Alderman (Sidmouth), Baring Lodge, High Road, Lee. Fopham, W. V. M. (West Buckland School), Blomfield House, 85, London Wall, E.G. JForter, C. J. (Barnstaple), 54. Beresford Rd., Reading. (Reading Assoc.) Fotbury, T R. (Sidmouth), M.A., 53, Flatts Lane, Hampstead, N.W. Powe, G. W. (Cadbury), 44, Cres>wick Road, Acton, W. Powe, H. D. (Plymouth), 7b, Peterborough Villas, Fulham, S.W. Pride, A, E. (Thorverton), Woodland, Horn Lane, Woodford Green. J Prior, A. (Calcutta Soc.) Pudifin, Miss K. (Flympton), 6, Gann Hall Road, Leytonstone, N.E. Pullman, James, 8, Eastern Road, Wood Green, N. Pyatt, Miss H. (Plymouth), West Lodge, 10, Park Hill, Clapham, S.W. ♦Quick, Francis, 78, Gillespie Road, Highbury, N. Quick, N. (Tavistock), 552, High Road, Tottenham, N. Radford, Sir G. H. (Plymouth), M.F.. Chiswick House, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey. Vice- President. * Radford, Lady (Lydford), Chiswick House, Ditton Hill, Surbiton, Surrey. Randolph, Lieut. H. B. (Plymouth), " Redlands," Famborough Road, South Famborough, Hants. *Ransford, — (Clevedon, Som.), Westdene. Juhan Road. Folkestone. (Folkestone Assoc.) JRedwood, W. (Tiverton), 55, Arley Hill, Bristol. JReed, C. (Bideford), Torridge, The Parade, Merthyr Tydvil. Reed, J. C. (Morchard Bishop), 81, Tavistock Crescent, Westboume Park, W. Reed, Mrs. (Morchard Bishop), 'JSi, Tavistock Crescent, Westboume Park, W. J Reeve. B. (Stonehouse). Brighton Road, Reumera, Auckland. (New Zealand Assoc.) ♦Rich, W. J. (Tywardreath), " St. Fillans," St. Peter's Hill. Caversham, Reading. (Reading Assoc.) Richards, J. (Lynton), 46, Ivanhoe Road, Camberwell, S.E. J Richardson, W. Gliddon-, Hobson Bay Road, Farnell. New Zealand. (New Zealand Assoc.) * Rider, T. (Plymouth), Sandhurst, Goldsmith Avenue, Southsea. (Ports- mouth Soc.) * Roberts, Rev. R. O. (Barnstaple), The Rectory, East Downe, Barnstaple. Robertson, The Right Rev. Archibald, D.D., late Lord Bishop of Exeter. Vice-President. Rogers, Herbert (descent), Brondesbury House, 221, Willesden Lane. N.W. *Rogers, W. H. (Bideford), J. P.. Orleigh Court. Bideford, N. Devon. JRoutly, W. H. (Holsworthy), 2. Radnor Park Avenue, Folkestone, (Folkestone Assoc.) Rowe, W. (Flympton), Tithe Farm. South Harrow. Middlesex. Rule, J.. 42, Russell Square. W.C. Rule, Mrs. (Babbacombe), 42, Russell Square, W.C. Ryall. J. (Totnes), 94, Jerningham Road, New Cross, S.E. Committer. 122 The Devonian Year Book, 1917 St. Cyres, Rt. Hon. Viscount (Pynes), 84, Eaton Square, S.W. Vice- President. Salter, Mrs. A. J. (Axminster), 62, West Smithfield, E.C. JSalter, Henry (Plymtree), 30, Villiers Street, Swansea {Swansea Soc.) Salter, W. (CuUompton), 25, Crescent Grove, Clapham Common, S.W. ♦Sanders, C. Buckley (Exeter), Bearsden, Caterham, Surrey. Sanguine, A. H. (Bideford), 148, Fleet Road, Hampstead, N.W. Sanguine, F. J. (Bideford), 148, Fleet Road, Hampstead, N.W. iSaunders, H. (Calcutta Soc.) jScott, T. C, Balfour, British Columbia. Searle, J. E., 28, Larkfield Road, Richmond, Surrey. *Seaton, Rt. Hon. Lord (Plympton), Beechwood, Plympton. Vice- President. Selley, H. R. (Topsham), 13, Wandle Road, Wandsworth Common, S.W. Sellick, Miss B., 28, Hamilton Terrace, St. John's Wood, N.W. Serjeant, Owen Russell (North Petherwin), The Link House, Stanmore, Middlesex. Sharland. A. (Barnstaple), 25, Charleville Circus, West Hill, Sydenham, S.E. Sharland, A. W. (Exeter), " Edgecumbe," Ashburton Road, E. Croydon. Shaw, E. Harved, 22, St. Paul's Churchyard, E.C. Shawyer, J. W. (Filleigh), 5, Hemington Avenue, Friem Barnet, N. Hon. Secretary. Shawyer, Mrs. J. W., 5, Hemington Avenue, Friem Barnet, N. Sheer, J. (North Petherwin), 13, King's College Road, N.W, Shelley, F. H. (Swimbridge), 52, Solway Road, Wood Green, N. J Shires, B. Priestley, 21, Lockyer Street, Plymouth. JShort, W. H. (Plymouth), 78, London Road, Reading. {Reading Assoc.) Simmons, Sydney (Okehampton), J. P., " Okehampton," Torrington Park, Friern Barnet, N. Vice-President. JSimpson, F. C, " Maypool," Churston Ferrers, R.S.O., Devon. Simpson, Leslie (Stonehouse) , Bank House, King St., Hammersmith, W. JSkelton, W. (Plymouth), loi, Leslie Street, Toronto, Canada. {Toronto Soc). JSkewes, J. C. (Bere Alston), Clare Street, Bristol. {Bristol Soc.) Skinner, G. E. (Parracombe), 56, Leyspring Road, Leytonstone. Skinner. S.M., Messrs, John Barker & Co., High Street, Kensington. Vice-President. Small, A. (Barnstaple), Taw View, Post Hill, Appledore, N. Devon. Smart, E. S. (Barnstaple), 16, Moor Lane, E.C. Smart, W. H. (Plymouth), 3, Trossachs Road, East Dulwich Grove, S.E. Committee. Smart, Mrs. W. H. (Plymouth), 3, Trossachs Road, East Dulwich Grove, S.E. JSmith, E. S. (Bideford), 32, Brisbane Road, Reading. {Reading Assoc.) jSmith, F. G. (Topsham), 6, Dovedale Road, Liverpool. {Liverpool Soc.) Smith, Granville (Dartmouth), Master of the Supreme Court, Royal Courts of Justice, W.C. JSmith, H. (Dartmouth), 20, Judge's Drive, Liverpool. {Liverpool Soc.) Smith, Miss M. (Colyton), Eagle Hotel, Farringdon Street, E.C. Smithers, A. E. (Stonehouse), 112, Newington Butts, S.E. Smithers, Mrs., 112, Newington Butts, S.E. Snell, C. Scott (Barnstaple), Gravesend House, Ridgeway, Wimbledon. Snell, Mrs. C. Scott (Budleigh), Gravesend House, Ridgeway, Wimbledon. Snell, E. J. (Bampton). 518, Oxford Street, W. List of Members and Associates 123 Snell, Frank (Bampton), " Bampton,"EtchinghamPark Rd., Finchlcy. Snell, J. (Axminster), Hanger Hill Farm, Ealing. •Snell, M. B. (Barnstaple), J. P., 5, Copthall Buildings, E.C. Vice-President. Snell, M. Bowden, ]unr. (Combemartin), 18, Broadwater Down, Tun- bridge Wells. Snodgrass. Archer A.. 7, Charterhouse Square, E.C, Snow, G. H. (Barnstaple), " Rosedean," 20, Heathfield South, Twickenham. JSnow. R. (Tavistork), 21, East Mount Road, York. Soames, D. (Exeter), 52, Manor Road, Brockley, S.E. Sobey, H. W. (Plympton), 44, Wellmeadow Road. Lewisham, S.E. Soper. H. Tapley- (Stoke Gabriel). Royal Albert Memorial Library. Exeter. Vice-President. Southwood, Miss Mildred (descent), Hazeldene, Prout Grove, Ncasden. N.W. +Sparkes, W. H. (Calcutta Soc.) Spear, Arthur (Plymouth), 61, Asylum Road, S.E. Spear, Sir John W. (Tavistork), M.P., Tavistock. Vice-President. Squire, H. Brinsmead (Torrington), London, County and Westminster Bank, 90. Wood Street, E.C. Hon. Treasurer. Squire, J. Mallet (Bideford), 36. Grasmere Road, Muswell Hill, N. JSquires, Lieut. J. (Barnstaple). R.M.A.. 15, Exeter Road. Southsea. (Portsmouth Assoc.) Stamper, C. W. (Tiverton), 4, 6 and 8, Dover Yard, Berkeley Street, W. {Stanley, E. F. (Dartmouth). 15. Alexandra Road, Waterloo. Liverpool. (Liverpool Assoc.) JStapIeton, G. (Calcutta Soc.) Statton, P. G. (Devonport). 123, Lavender Sweep, Clapham Common, S.W. Steed. A. W. (Devonport), 25. Clavering Road. Aldersbrook, Wanstead Park. Essex. Steer, Rev. W. H, Hornby (Woodleigh), M.A., 52, Avenue Road, Regent's Park, N.W. Steer, J. W. (Plymouth). " Wood Lee," 45, Raleigh Road, Homsey, X. JStentiford, C. D. (Ashburton), J. P., Stow Park Crescent, Newport, Mon. Stevens £<. T. iStewart'. Mrs. W. L. (Calcutta Soc.) JStone, F. C, 386, Kennedy Street, Winnipeg. (Manitoba Soc.) JStranger, R. E. (Holsworthy), P.O. Box 1025, Cape Town, South Africa, Streat, F. W. (Ottery St Mary), 125, I avender Hill, S.W. Stribling, J. Rowdon (Exeter), 50, High Street, Slough, Bucks. Strobach. Mrs. (Exeter). 7, Aybrook Street, Manchester Square, W. Studley, Frank (Tiverton), " Fairhaven," Cheam Common Hill, Worcester Park, Surrey. Summers, J. (Ottery St. Mary), 44, Grove Hill Road. Camberwell, S.E. Talbot, Miss Mabel A. (Hockworthy), 9, Clarendon Flats, Baldeston Street, W. Tamlin, W. E. (Plymouth), i. Park Avenue, Willesden Green, N.W, Tarring, F. W. (Holbeton), F.R.I.B.A., 26, Coolhurst Road, Crouch, End, N. {Taylor, A., West Buckland School, South Molton, North Devon. JTaylor, A, B. (Honiton), 30, Cross St.. Reading, (Reading Assoc.) Taylor, A. F. (St. Mary Church), Ingleside, Hanwell, W. Taylor, J. H. (Northam), The Lodge, Old Deer Park, Richmond. Surrey. Committee. Taylor, Mrs. C. (Bideford), The Lodge, Old Deer Park, Richmond, Surrey. Taylor, Joshua (Northam), 24. Maldon Road, Acton, W. 124 ^^ Devonian Year Book, 1917 Teague, Mrs. A. M. (Buckfastleigh), 87, High Road, Streatham, S.W. ♦Temple, Rev. W. (Exeter), M.A., St. James's Rectory, Piccadilly, W. Vice-President. Thomson, F. J. S. (Exeter), 31, Angell Road, Brixton, S.W. |Thom, Miss I. H. (Chagford), 23, Springwell Avenue, Harlesden, N.W. Timewell, W. U. (Kingsbridge), Devonport, Auckland. {New Zealand Assoc). JTitherley, A. (Exeter), Laurence Villa, Boston, Lines. Tolchard, W. D., 734, High Road, Leytonstone. Toley, A. (Stockland), The Grove, Han well. Toll, A. E. J. (Torquay), 22, St. Paul's Churchyard, E.C. Tolley, H. (Exeter), 17, Oakhurst Grove, East Dulwich, S.E. Tonkin, Miss Ada (Newton Abbot), 5, Upper Brook Street, W. *Tozer, Henry (Exeter), i, Durham House Street, Strand, W.C. Vice- President. Tozer, J. R. K. (Paignton), 3, Derby Villas, Derby Road, South Woodford. |Tozer, R. (Plymouth), Wynyard St., Auckland. {New Zealand Assoc). Train, J. W., Secretaries' Office, H.M. Customs and Excise, Lower Thames Street, E.C. :j:Tregay, C. (Roche, Cornwall), 17, Donnington Road, Reading. {Reading Assoc). JTreliving, Norman (Okehampton), Central Library, Leeds. Trobridge, F. (Newton St. Cyres), St. Cyres, Dryburgh Road. Putney, W. Trobridge, Mrs. (Newton St. Cyres), St. Cyres, Dryburgh Road, Putney, W. Truscott, W. J., (Teignmouth), 66, King's Road, Willesden, N.W. Truscott, Mrs., 66 King's Road, Willesden, N.W. *Tucker, Lieut. -General C. (Ashburton), Chalet St. Pierre, Biarritz. Tucker, E. R. (Morchard), 21, Ansdell Road, Peckham, S.E. Tucker, Mrs. E. R. (Morchard Bishop), 54, Alconbury Road, Upper Clapton, N.E. Tucker, G. H. L., 83, Ham Park Road, West Ham, E. Tucker, Miss Hilda M. (Buckfastleigh), 15, Cedars Road, Barnes Common, S.W. Turner, F. J., Ridgway House, Mill Hill. N.W. Turner, Mrs., Ridgway House, Mill Hill, N.W. Tyte, H. (Barnstaple), 121, Lansdowne Road, Seven Kings, Essex. Tyte, Miss A. L., 121, Lansdowne Road, Seven Kings, Essex. Tyte, Miss K. (Barnstaple), 7a, Morgan Mansions, HoUoway Road, N. *Upcott, Lieut.-Col. Sir Frederick Upcott (CuUompton) , K.C.V.O., C.S.L 227, St. James Court, Buckingham Gate, S.W. Vice-President. *Upcott, Lady (CuUompton), 227, St. James Court, Buckingham Gate, S.W. Upham, W. Reynell, 13, Constantine Road, Hampstead, N.W. *Veitch, Sir Harry J. (Exeter), 34, RedcliflFe Gardens, South Kensington, Vice-President. Vellacott, R. H. (Lynton), 13, Rectory Square, Stepney. E. Venn, W. H. (Whimple), M.A., St. Peter's College, Manor Road, Brockley, S.E. Vibert, F. H. (Totnes), Rock Villa, Sevenoaks. Vibert, Herbert (Totnes). 104, Fore Street. E.C. ^Vicary, W. J., 526, Alexandra Avenue, Winnipeg. {Manitoba Sac.) List of Members and Associates 125 Vivian, Henry (Cornwood), 6, Bloomsbury Square, W.C. Vice-President. JVivyan, E. J. (Devonport), 3, Stuart Road, Higher Tranmere, Birkenhead. {Liverpool Soc.) Veysey, G. H. Shapland (Chittlehampton), 15, Bishopsgate, E.C. JVickery, J. H. (Crediton), The Norlands, Clytha Park. Newport, Mon. JVodden, T. (Cullompton). Jaffa House, Cullompton. Devon. Waghom, Mrs. A. G. (Horrabridge), 50, Westcombe Park Road, Black- heath, S.E. Walden, Mrs. A. M. (Exmouth), 8, Parson's Green Lane, Fulham, S.W. Waldron, Rev. A. J. (Plymouth), St. Matthew's Vicarage, Brixton, S.W. Vice-President. "Walker, F. (Drewsteignton) , 68, Coleman Street, E.C. Walrond, Conrad M. (Cullompton), " Braeside," St. Catherine's Lane, Eastcote. Walrond, H. W. (Cullompton), London, County and Westminster Bank, Knightsbridge, S.W. ♦Walton, C. H. (Teignmouth), Devonia, 31, Sibella Road, Clapham, S.W. Ward, Mrs. (Plymouth), 29. Pitfield Road, Hoxton. N. Ward. W. J. (Plymouth), 29. Pitfield Road, Hoxton, N. Warran, F. (Tavistock), 82a, South Park Road, Wimbledon, S.W. JWatkins. J. R. (Plymouth), 5. Harrington St., Liverpool. (Liverpool Soc.) Webber, K. A. (Newton Abbot), 2, Dallin Road, Piumstead, S.E. Webber, W. J. N. (Plymouth), Aspen Cottage, Mitcham Junction, Surrey. Wellacott, W. (Morchard Bishop), 18, Arlington Road, West Ealing. W. *Wcndon, W. (Paignton), 9, Oxford Gardens, North Kensington, W. Western, J. R. (Cullompton), 12, Drayton Park, Highbury, N. *Wheeler, C. (llfracombe), " Norlands," Lyndhurst, Hants. White, A. (Diptford), 3, Aberdeen Court, Aberdeen Park, N. White, W. A. (Exeter), Crabtree, Riverside, Fulham, S.W. ♦Whiteway, E. (Coombeinteign), 14, New Union Street, Moorfields, E.C. Whitfield, J. (Bideford), 103, Altenburgh Gardens, Clapham Common, S.W. JWhitley, E. Forbes (Efford), Rho;^ Cottage, Newquay. Whitley H. Michell (Plymouth), M.Inst.C.E., Broadway Court, Broad- way, Westminster, S.W. Vice-President. JWidlake, E. (Combe Martm), Sunny Mount, Hanham, Bristol. {Bristol Soc.) Wild. A. C. T. (Beer). Belmont House. Peckham Rye, S.E. Wills, F. R. Gould- (Exeter), A.R.I.B.A., 31-33, High Holborn, W.C. jWindeatt, E. (Totnes), " Heckwood," Totnes, S. Devon. Wingate, G. H. (Plymouth), 29, Fairhold Road, Stoke Newington. N. Wingate, G. M. (Plymouth), 20, Denver Road, Amhurst Park, N. Wingate, L. A. (Plymouth), 66, Loveday Road, West Ealing, W. JWinget, W., Glen Almond. Cockington, Torquay. JWinter, Capt. P. G. D. (Torquay), 70, Elm Grove, Southsea. (Ports- mouth Soc.) *Wise, H. Harris (Plymouth), Mayfield, Woodland Park, Newport (Mon.). Witheridge, W. H. (Plymouth), 103, Dawes Road, Fulham, S.W. Wollocombe. J. R. (Lewdown). Stowford Cottage, Lewdown S.O., Devon. Wood, J. F. (Stonehouse) , 123, The Grove, Wandsworth, S.W. ^Woodward. A. F. (Tiverton), 3, Pelham Road, South Woodford, Essex. WooUey, W. B. (Torquay), 17, Windermere Road, Muswell Hill. N. WooUcombe, Rev. H. S. (Northlew), M.A. Vice-President. Wreford, C. W. (Exeter). 55, Dyne Road, Brondesbury. N.W. Wreford, Mrs. C. W. (Exeter), 55, Dyne Road, Brondesbury, N.W. 126 The Devonian Year Book, iqij JWrenford, Rev. H, St. John E., Clannaborough Rectory, Bow, N. Devon. Wright, F. G. (Tiverton), lo, Old Deer Park Gardens, Richmond. Com- mittee. Wright. W. J. (Bideford), i8. Wood Street. E.G. ♦Wyatt, F. B. (South Molton), South Molton, N. Devon. Yandle, Robert (Tiverton), 22, Carter Lane, E.G. Committee. JYellen. F. H. (Holcomb Rogus), 47, Market Place. Reading. {Reading Assoc.) Yeo, James (Barnstaple), Woodhurst, Warlingham, Surrey. Yeo, S. A. Spear (Exeter), 2, 4, and 6, St. John Street, EC. Zelley. J. H. (Exeter). 31, Radipole Road. Fulham. S.W. Members are earnestly requested to notify alterations of address, and place of association with Devonshire {in cases where this is omitted), to the Hon. Secretary, John W. Shawyer, 5, Hemington Avenue, Friern Barnet, London, N. 3923.17 JOHN WRIGHT AND SON'S LTD., PRINTERS AND PUBLISHERS, BRISTOL. W^ D&vc^i^ yq/iJi^ BOOK, 1918 PRICE 2«. 6d. net. DEVONIAN YEAR BOOK 1918 ) %/ ) 3 THE Devonian Year Book FOR THE YEAR 1918 (NINTH YEAR OF PUBLICATION) R. PEARSE CHORE, B.A. Unless truth's a lie, lad. You dream of Devon yet. — Henry Newbolt, PUBLISHED BY lonJ)on: THE LONDON DEVONIAN ASSOCIATION (JOHN W. SHAWYER. Hon. Sec.) Norwich House, 13, Southampton Street, Holborn, W.C. 1. SIMPKIN. MARSHALL, HAMILTON, KENT & CO. LTD. »ri6t0l : JOHN WRIGHT & SONS LTD.. STONE BRIDGE (M tht West of England and South WaUs). JOHN WRIGHT AND SONS LTD. 1-RINTKRS, BRISTOU N 2 9 1354 I r Contents. The London Devonian Association — Officers and Com- mittees - - - - - - 7 Visitation of the Wounded - - - - 10 The First Roll of Devon Worthies - - - 13 Two London Devonian Benefactors - - - 17 " Devon Land — A Song of Exile " - - - 23 Died for their Country - - - - - 26 Notes and Gleanings - - - - - 36 " Eastward Ho ! " - - - - - 53 New Light on Sir Richard Grenville - - - 55 The North Devon Railways and an Early Director - 69 A Dialect Letter - - - - - - 73 Some Recent Devonian Literature - - - 77 Affihated Societies - - - - - 79 Devonian Societies not Affihated - - - .-90 Rules of the London Devonian Association - - 91 List of Members and Associates - - - - 94 Officers and Committees The London Devonian Association. Officers and Committees. 1917-18. President : The Right Hon. the Earl of HALSBURY, P.C. Past Presidents : The Right Hon. Earl FORTESCUE, K.C.B., A.D.C., Lord -Lieutenant of Devon (1909-10). The Right Hon. Lord NORTHCOTE. G.C.M.G.. G.C.I.E., C.B. (1910-11). Vice-Presidents : The Right Hon. the Viscount ST. CYRES. The Right Rev. ARCHIBALD ROBERTSON, D.D., late Lord Bishop of Exeter. The Right Hon. Lord CHURSTON, M.V.O. The Right Hon. Lord SEATON. Major The Hon. WALDORF ASTOR, M.P. Plymouth. The Right Hon. H. E. DUKE, K.C., M.P., Exeter {Plymouth), Chief Secretary for Ireland. The Right Hon. GEORGE LAMBERT, P.C, M.P. South Molton (Spreyton) . Sir CLIFFORD J. CORY. Bart., M.P. (Bideford). Sir H. Y.-B. LOPES, Bart. (Roborough). Sir WILFRID PEEK, Bart. (Rousdon). Sir GEORGE W. KEKEWICH, K.C.B.. D.C.L. (Peamors). Lady MARKHAM (Arlington). Sir ROPER LETHBRIDGE, K.C.I.E., M.A., D.L., J.P. (Exbourne). Sir JOHN JACKSON. K.C.V.O., M.P. Devonport. Lt.-Col. Sir FREDK. UPCOTT, K.C.V.O.. C.S.I. (Cullompton). Sir EDWIN A. CORNWALL, M.P. (Lapford), Comptroller of the House- hold. Sir PHILIP E. PILDITCH, J.P., L.C.C. (Kingsbridge) . Sir JOHN W. SPEAR. M.P. Tavistock (Tavistock). Sir henry TOZER (Exeter). Sir harry J. VEITCH (Exeter). ROBERT J. PARR, Esq., O.B.E. (Torquay). Colonel CHARLES PINKHAM, M.B.E., J.P., Alderman of Middlesex C.C. (Plympton). Colonel E. T. CLIFFORD, VD (Exeter). Colonel F. B. MILDMAY, M.P. Totnes (Flete, Ivybriige). Major T. DYKE ACLAND, M.D., F.R.C.P. (Columb-John). Major A. C. MORRISON-BELL. M.P. Honiton (Harpford). Major E. F. MORRISON-BELL, M.P. Ashburton (Chudleigh). A. SHIRLEY BENN, Esq., M.P. Plymouth. Rev. W. p. BESLEY, M.A. (Barn aple), Minor Canon of St. Paul's. The Devonian Year Book, 1918 Vice-Presidents : — Continued. J. B. BURLACE, Esq., F.R.G.S., F.Z.S. {Brixhatn). JOHN COLES. Esq., J.P. {Tiverton). A. E. DUNN, Esq. {Exeter). H. T. EASTON. Esq. {Exeter). JOHN GALSWORTHY, Esq. {Manaton). Rev. H. R. GAMBLE, M.A. {Barnstaple), Canon of Westminster, Hon. Chaplain to the King. ALLEN GILL, Esq., F.R.A.M. {Devonport). T. CANN HUGHES, Esq., M.A., F.S.A. {Hittisleigh). JOHN LANE, Esq. {West Putford). Rev. RICHARD PEEK, M.A. {Drewsteignion) . EDEN PHILLPOTTS, Esq. {Exeter). J. C. PILLMAN, Esq., J-P. {Plymouth). SYDNEY SIMMONS, Esq.. J.P. {Okehampton). S. M. SKINNER, Esq. {Thorverton). MICHAEL B. SNELL, Esq.; J.P. {Barnstaple). H. TAPLEY-SOPER, Esq. {Stoke Gabriel). Rev. W. temple, M.A. {Exeter), Hon. Chaplain to the King. HENRY VIVIAN, Esq. {Cornwood). H. MICHELL WHITLEY, Esq., M.Inst.C.E. {Plymouth). Rev. H. S. WOOLLCOMBE, M.A. {Northlew). Chairman of the Association : Colonel E. T. CLIFFORD, VD {Exeter), Cranley Gardens. South Kensington, S.W.7. Committee : Chairman. Colonel Charles Pinkham, M.B.E., J. P., Alderman of Middlesex C.C. {Plympton), Linden Lodge, Winchester Avenue, Brondesbury, N.W.6. Deputy Chairman. R. Pearse Chope, B.A. {Hartland), Patent Office, 25, Southampton Buildings, W.C.2. Prof. W. S. Abell. M.I.N. A. {Exmouth), ix, Wedderburn Road, Hamp- stead, N.W.3. J. B. BuRLACE {Brixham), 38, Corfton Road, Ealing, W.5. Norman W. Champion {Shaldon)', 8, Holmewood Gardens. Brixton Hill, S.W.2. N. Cole {Salcombe), 45, Allerton Road, Lordship Park, Stoke Newing- ton, N.16. G. W. Davey {Sampford Spiney), 16. John Street, Bedford Row, W.C.i. J. Donald {Three Towns Assoc). " Westleigh," Whytecliffe Road, Purley, Surrey. H. Geen (Okehampton), la. Middle Temple Lane, E.C.4. S. H. Godfrey {Old Ottregians Soc), i, Hadley Gardens, Chiswick, W.4. H. H. M. Hancock {Barumites in London), 56, Devereux Road, Wands- worth Common, S.W.ii. G. H. Heywood {London Bidefordian Soc), 336, Holloway Road, N.7. W. Inman {Stoke Gabriel), Sherboume, Longley Road, Tooting, S.W.17. J. W. Larkworthy {Meeth), " Bucklands," Nether Street, North Finchley. Lieut. W. J. McCoRMACK, J.P. {Plymouth), Dunkeld, Slough, Bucks. F. A. Perjiy {Tiverton), 4, Kirchen Road, West Ealing, W.13. Officers and Committees John Ryall {Exeter Club), 94, Jemingham Road, New Cross, S.E.14. W. H. Smart {Plymouth), 3, Trossachs Road, East Dulwich Grove, S.E.22. J. H. Taylor (Northam), The Lodge, Old Deer Park, Richmond. F. G. Wright {Tiverton), 10, Old Deer Park Gardens, Richmond. Capt. Robert Yandle {Tiverlonian Assoc), 22. Carter Lane, E.C.4. Hon. Auditors. Gilbert Harris {Plymouth), 78, Wood Street, E.C.2. J, Arnold Hill, C.A. {Holcombe Rogus), 19a, Coleman Street, E.C.2. Hon. Treasurer. H. Brinsmead Squire {Torrington) , London County & Westminster Bank, Ltd., 90, Wood Street, E.C.2. Hon. Assistant Secretary. Lieut. R. Stewart Barnes {Yealmpton), 45, Finsbury Square, E.C.2. Hon. Secretary. John W. Shawyer {West Buckland School O.B.A.), Norwich House, 13, Southampton Street, Holborn, W.C.i. Benevolent Fund Sub-committee : G. W. Davey, H. H, M. Hancock, W. Inman, J. H. Taylor. Finance Sub-committee : J. B. Burlace, G. W. Davev, W. Inman, W. J. McCormack. Year Book Sub-committee : Prof. W. S. Abell, J. B. Burlace, H. Geen, F. A. Perry. Devon County Folk Visitation to our Wounded Soldiers and Sailors in London Hospitals. Colonel E. T. Clifford {Chairman), Mrs. Callaway, Miss D. Churchward, Miss Elliott, Miss G. Freeman Evans, Miss Fitzgerald, Mrs. Giles, Mrs. Greenhouse, Mrs. Hesse, Miss Heywood, Mrs. Hooper, Mrs. Inman, Mrs. Richard Kerr, Miss Kinsman, Miss Larkworthy, Mrs. Newman, Mrs. Paine, Mrs. Richards, Miss E. Robb, Mrs. Trewin, Miss Triplet, Miss R. Troubridge, Miss Warner, Mrs. Weeks, Mrs. Wreford, Miss M. Churchward {Hon. Sec), 409, Oxford Street, W.i. Representatives on the English County Societies Conference : Colonel E. T. Clifford {Chairman of the Conference), G. W. Davey, J. W. Shawyer {ex officio). National Memorial to Drake. President : The Right Hon. Winston Churchill, M.P. The London Devonian Association is represented on the Executive of the National Committee by Colonel E. T. Clifford, Vice-Chairman, The Right Hon. George Lambert, //o« rreosMrcr, Major A. Clive Morrison- Bell, M.P., Sir Philip E. Pilditch, J. P., L.C.C., and J. W. Shawyer. Note. — The Chairman of the Association, the Chairman of Committee, the Deputy Chairman, the Hon. Treasurer, the Hon. Assistant Secre- tary, and the Hon. Secretary are ex officio members of the Committee and of all Sub-committees. 10 The Devonian Year Book, 1918 County Folk Visitation to Wounded Soldiers and Sailors in London Hospitals. The County Folk Visitation Society was formed under the auspices of the English County Societies' Conference, for the purpose of giving effect to an idea which originated with Colonel E. T. Clifford, Chairman of the London Devonian Association and of the English County Societies' Conference. It was borne in upon the Colonel in the course of a visit he paid to a Hospital, that it was desirable that wounded men should be visited, not only by the kind-hearted visitors who generally made it their work to cheer the loneliness and weariness of the wounded, but especially by those whose coming would do most to effect that object. To the average man a visit from a native of his own county meant much more than that of a casual visitor, and accordingly a Society was formed, which, acting under the authority of the Director of Medical Service for the London District, appointed Commissioners to get particulars of the mep as they are admitted to the various hospitals, classify them according to their county, and forward the names to the various County Secretaries. It then became the duty of each county to arrange for the visitation of its own men. A number of English County Associations took the matter up, amongst which the Colonel's own Association, the London Devonian, was naturally one of the first. The clannishness, so characteristic of Devonians, made the work in respect to men of that county particularly desirable and appropriate, and the scheme was taken up by the London Devonian Association with enthusiasm. The lady members of this Association banded themselves together in March, 1916, as the Devon Visitation Committee, with Colonel Clifford as Chairman and Miss Maude A. Church- ward as Hon. Secretary, for the purpose of visiting wounded Devonians in London Hospitals, and they have continued their good work during the past year. Twice a week, with untiring devotion each lady has visited the hospital assigned her, and the visits have been eagerly anticipated, greatly enjoyed, and gratefully remembered by the men, to whom they have often been as a breath of their native county. Nor have the ladies' activites been confined to Hospital visits. Early in January they provided a tea at the Central Y.M.C.A., Visitation to the Wounded in London Hospitals ii Tottenham Court Road, to which a large number of wounded men were invited, and conveyed from their respective hospitals and back again. An excellent entertainment was provided, and the afternoon will live long in the memories of those who assisted in entertaining the party. Again, in August, by the kindness of Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Simmons, about 65 men were entertained at a Garden Party at " Okehampton," Friern Bamet. The Visitation Committee arranged for the conveyance of the men in about 20 motor cars, and Mr. and Mrs. Simmons kindly provided tea. Games and competitions of various kinds were held, including croquet, clock golf, and bowling, for which prizes were given, and an enjoyable Concert was rendered under the direction of Mrs. Wreford. During the afternoon the party were photographed by Mr. F. J. Taylor, a reproduction of which is given as the Frontispiece to this volume. Through the kindness of Mr. R. P. Chope, one hundred copies of the Devonian Year Book have been distributed to the men, some back copies with articles on " Devonshire and the War " and " The Devonshire Regiment " having been included in the parcel. The Year Book Committee have some further copies which might be put to this good use, if any friend would like to place them at the disposal of the visitors, at the nominal price of one shilling per copy. Coming to the actual visitation work, about one thousand men have been visited in thirty different hospitals — over one hundred at King George's Hospital alone. Amongst them was a Tiverton man, who, in spite of a smashed thigh and shoulder, gunshot wounds all over his face, and the loss of his left eye, yet maintained a cheerful demeanour. In the same hospital were a Lance-Sergt. of the 1st Devons, hailing from Plymouth, suffering from the loss of a foot, and a man from Brent, who had lost both his left eye and left leg. Two spinal cases were also visited here, both of whom were later transferred to the Devon and Exeter Hospital — one a Torquay man, and the other a private in the Royal Lancashire Regiment, a native of Cul- lompton, who died after removal to Exeter. At Epsom an Exeter man was visited who had lost both arms. At the Coulter Hospital, Grosvenor Square, a Whipton man who had lost a leg and been shot in the back was lying on his stomach for seven months. As his recovery was considered doubtful, his father and mother were fetched from Devon by the Committee, and entertained during their visit to their son. Fortunately, he ultimately recovered. In the same hospital was a farmer's son from Okehampton, who, learning that a wounded comrade 12 The Devonian Year Book, 1918 required a quart of blood to save his life, cheerfully gave it, although he himself was lying wounded in the arms and leg. Surely, to minister to the comfort and well being of such men is a privilege the Association should be proud to embrace. Corporal Lacey, of Exmouth, who was awarded the Military Medal, was also amongst the wounded men looked after. These are only a few cases typical of many in London hospitals, some as far out as Epsom and Southall, and in several cases wives and mothers have been brought up from Devonshire to visit their wounded husbands and sons. A recital of the mere facts of these cases can, however, give little idea of the magnificent work the ladies are doing. At each visit little comforts are conveyed to the men, and the sympathy of Devonians with the sufferings of their fellows has found an avenue of practical expression. Far in value beyond the little material comforts which the visitors take to the wounded men, is the assurance which the visits convey, that Devon men who have fought and bled for their country are not unthought of or uncared for by their fellow county folk ; that, although far from home and relatives, they are yet amongst friends, and that there are those at hand who understand and share their longing for a link with the old home, people who can enter into that love for the old county which, to paraphrase Kingsley, has been at the root of their patriotism and has inspired their valour and sacrifices. This undercurrent of feeling cannot be described, but is assuredly felt by Devonshire men and women, and it forms a very real bond around them. Again and again it has proved to be not merely a sentiment, but a basis of sympathy which has enabled our ladies to render services which would be difficult if not impossible to strangers. Letters are written for men who have lost the use of hand or eye. Advice has been asked and given on domestic affairs, and in one case at least, serious domestic misunderstandings were satisfactorily cleared up. Visitors have been able to talk with the men about their own locahties, about the people they know, and the response has been wonderful. Sympathetic and pleasant conversation on such matters enable the men temporarily to forget their pain and give them something to look forward to from one visit to another. " For those who weak and broken lie In weariness and agony," these visits are valuable accessories to the surgical treatment they are receiving. The hospitals provide the necessary founda- tion for their restoration and healing, but the visits create an The First Roll of Worthies oj Devon 13 atmosphere which undoubtedly gives the healing art a greater chance of success. Falstaff, as he lay dying, babbled of the green fields of his youth, and in weakness and extremity the mind naturally reverts to its earlier associations. Some of the objects for which the London Devonian Associa- tion was formed were to encourage local patriotism, to promote Devonian interests, and to provide opportunities for friendly intercourse amongst Devonians in London. These objects are being reahzed by the Visitation Committee with an intensity the founders of the Association little anticipated when they formulated their objects. Surely, in this respect, " they builded better than they knew." But the work cannot be continued without further funds. Two successful concerts have been held for this purpose, and friends have generously assisted. If, however, the good work is to go on, further funds must be forthcoming, and the opportunity is open for any who would like to assist financially. The Hon. Secretary of the Visitation Committee, Miss Maude A. Churchward, 409, Oxford Street, W. 1 , or the Hon. Treasurer of the Association, Mr. H. Brinsmead Squire, London County and Westminster Bank, 90, Wood Street, E.C.2, will gratefully receive and acknowledge any contributions. Who will help ? Francis A. Perry. The First Roll of Worthies of Devon. By Nathanael Carpenter, D.D.i Wherein can any Province of Great Brittaine challenge precedency before us ? Should any deny us the reputation of Arts and Learning, the pious Ghosts of Jewell?- Raynolds? and Hooker^ would rise up in opposition, whom the World knows so valiantly to have displayed their Banners in defence of our Church and Religion. Should they exclude us from the reputa- tion of knowledge in State and PoUtic affairs ? Who hath not ^(1589-1628 ?) b. at Northleigh ; his Geography, from which this extract is taken, was published in 1625. »(i5*2-i57i) b. at Berrynarbor ; bishop of Salisbury, author of A Defence of the Church of England. •(1549- 1607) b. at Pinhoe ; president of Corpus Christi Coll., Oxford, one of the translators of the Bible. *(i554 ?-i6oo) b. at Heavitree ; master of 14 The Devonian Year Book, 1918 acquainted himself with the name of Sir William Petre,^ our famous Benefactor, whose desert chose him chief Secretary to three Princes of famous memory ? Who hath not known or read of that prodigie of wit and fortune. Sir Walter Raleigh,^ a man unfortunate in nothing else but the greatness of his wit and advancement ? whose eminent worth was such, both in Domestic Policy, Foreign Expeditions, and Discoveries, Arts, and Literature, both Practic and Contemplative, which might seem at once to conquer both Example and Imitation. For valour and chivalrous Designs by Sea, who reads not without admiration the acts of Sir Francis Drake,'' who thought the circuit of this Earthly Globe too little for his generous and magnanimous Ambition ? Of Sir Richard Grenville,^ who undertaking with so great a disadvantage, so strong an Enemy ; yet with an undaunted Spirit made his Honour legible in the wounds of the proud Spaniard, and at last triumphed more in his own honourable Death than the other in his base conquest ? Of Sir Humfrey Gilbert,* Sir Richard Hawkins, ^^ Davies,^^ Frobisher,^^ and Captain Parker,^^ with many others of worth, note, and estimation, whose names live with the Ocean ? In the Catalogue of able and worthy Land-Soldiers, whose eye would not at first glance on my Lord Belfast}'^ who lately deceased to the great grief of his Country, because in such a time which most requires his assistance ? Courage and Wisdom, which are often at odds and seldom meet, in him shook hands as friends and challenged an equal share in his perfections. His wise managing of his affairs in Ireland, so well commends his own Loyalty, and his Master's choice, that the whole Realm may truly be said, for the most part to owe her Peace to his industry. Should I speak of Generous Magnificence and Favour of Learning showed by Heroical Spirits in the general Munificence extended to our whole University, what Age or Place can give a Parallel to renowned Bodley,^'' whose name carries more persuasion than the tongue of the wisest Orator ? His magnificent Bounty, which showed itself so extraordinarily transcendent, as well in erection of his famous Librar)^ which the Temple, author of Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity. *(i505 ?-i572) b. at Torquay ; Secretary of State. •(1552 ?-i6i8) b. at East Budleigh. '(1540 P-I596) b. at Tavistock. *(i54i-i59i) b. at Bideford (?). '(1539 ?- 1583) b. at Compton Ceistle. ^"(1562 ?-i622) b. at Plymouth ; son of Sir John Hawkins. ^'(155° ?-i6o5) b. at Sandridge. i*A Yorkshireman ; d. at Py mouth, 1594. ^'WiUiam Parker (d. 1618), a sea-captain who became mayor of Plymouth. ^*Arthur Chichester, Baron Chichester of Belfast (1563-1625) b. at Raleigh, near Barnstaple ; lord deputy of The First Roll of Worthies of Devon 15 he (as another Ptolemy) so richly lumisht, as other munificent Largesses to our English Athens, was yet further crowned by his vnse choice, as proceeding from one who, being both a great Scholar and a prudent Statist, knew as well how to direct as to bestow liberality. If Founders and Benefactors of private Colleges may find place in this Catalogue of Worthies, the sweet hive and receptacle of our Western wits can produce in honour of our Country a famous Stapledon,^^ Bishop of Exeter, and worthy Founder of Exon College, whose large bounty was afterwards seconded (next to Edm. Stafford}^ Bishop of Sarum, a Western Man) by the pious charge and liberality of Mr. fohn Peryam}^ Sir John Acland}^ and very lately by Mr. Dr. Hakewill, whose worth}' Encomium I (though unwillingly) leave out, lest I should seem rather to flatter than commend his Worth. But what needs he my poor Mention ? His learned works published to the World, and his Pious Monuments bestowed on our House, spake in silence more than I can utter out of the highest pitch of Invention. To all which I might add Mr. Nicholas WadhamP- whose Hberal hand having aug- mented the number of our Colleges with an absolute and complete Foundation, has left Muses enough to preserve his Name unto eternity. Had I the hke privilege to mention the livmg as the dead, we should not find wanting out of the ashes of the generous Heroes, of our Devonian confines, many genuine and worthy Sons standing up in their Fathers' places, to show the world a succession as well of wts as of times. There would appear at once upon the stage our famous Dr. Sutdiffe,^ the worthy Dean of Exeter, whose magnanimous endeavours, as well in his learned conflicts with pernicious Romanists as in erecting a College to oppose our sworn enemies, the Jesuits, will (no doubt) lengthen out the end of his declining age with Fame and immortality. I could offer to your admiration the Worth and Workes of our renowned Rector, Dr. Prideaux,^ His Majesty's learned Professor of Divinity in our University, in whom the Heroical wits of Jewell, Rainolds, and Hooker, as united into one, seem to triumph anew, and threaten a fatal Ireland. **{i545-i6i3) b. at Exeter. ••(I26i-i326) b. at Annery, near Bideford. *'(i344-i4i9) a Wilts man, bishop of Exeter from 1395 ; d. at Bishop's-Clyst. "Brother of Sir William, the judge (1534-1604), 6. at Exeter, "(rf. 1613) b. at Acland, Landkey. *»(i578-i649) 6. at Exeter ; rector of Exeter Coll., Oxford. *"(i532-i6o9) b. at Branscombe. **A Yorkshireman ; dean of Exeter iiora. 1588 to 1629 ; founded his college at Chelsea in 1609, but it was a failure. "(1578-1650) b. at Harford, near Ivybridge ; rector of Exeter Coll., 1612-42, professor of divinity. 1 6 The Devonian Year Book, 191 8 blow to the Babylonish Hierarchy ; Insomuch that he may justly challenge to himself that glory which sometimes Ovid speaking of his own country : — Mantua Virgil, Verone Catullus praise, I will the glory of the Romans raise. Neither want the laws of our Land, out of this one source, sufficient props to defend their Country's and the Kingdom's right. The admired sufficiency of Justia Doddridge,'^ testified to the world by so large a report, and expressed in his incompar- able skill in the Laws (besides his endowment of Arts and other Learning, seconded by the deserved Fame of Mr. William Noy^^) can hardly scape my pen, being so deeply dipped in the middle of my Native Country. I care not what envy I stir up in others, so my mother, Exeter College, which sometimes cherished in her bosom these two worthy Darlings, and since found her courtesy returned back with interest, indulgently permit me this Hberty. Besides these choice flowers cropt from our Hesperian garden, no question but many more would be found out alive or dead, whom fame, if not injurious, cannot suffer to sleep without deserved memory. I have hitherto touched such eminent wits and persons, of whom for their profession sake the Church or Common-wealth have greater reason to take especiall notice. Many inferior faculties are yet left wherein our Devon hath displayed her abilities as well as in the former, as in Philoso- phers, Historians, Orators, and Poets, the blazoning of whom to the life, especially the last, I had rather leave to my worthy friend, Mr. W. Browne^^ ; who, as he hath already honoured his country in his elegant and sweet ' Pastorals,' so questionless will easily be entreated a little farther to grace it, by drawing out the line of his Poetic Ancestors, beginning in fosephus Iscanus^"^ and ending in himself. 1615-41, bishop of Worcester, 1641. "(1555-1628) 6. at Barnstaple ; bur. in Exeter Cath. **A Cornishman-; attorney-general. **(i59i-i643 }) b. at Tavistock. *' Joseph of Exeter [fl. 1190) b. at Exeter ; Latin poet, accompanied archbp. Baldwin to Palestine ; wrote De Bello Trojano. [c SYDNEY SIMMONS. ESQ.. J P. opposite />. 17. Two London Devonian Benefactors ly Two London Devonian Benefactors. I. — Mr. Sydney Simmons, J. P. A GREAT benefactor, both to the place of his birth in Devon and the suburb of his adoption in London, is Mr.Sydney Simmons, J. P., " a man who has the head to make money and the heart to give it away," as Sir William Treloar, when Lord Mayor of London, said of him ten years ago. The occasion was a com- plimentary banquet and the presentation of the freedom of his native borough of Okehampton to Mr. Simmons in recogni- tion of his munificent gift of Simmons Park and Simmons Homes. Two years later Mr. Simmons presented another park — Friary Park — to Friem Bamet, in North London, for the purpose of a public recreation ground, at a cost of £7,500 ; and, the death of King Edward occurring just before the time fixed for opening the park with great rejoicings, he added a memorial to the deceased monarch in the form of a statue of " Peace," mounted on a granite base, constructed to represent a Dartmoor tor. Recently, he has again shown his generosity to his native town by the gift of Okehampton Castle, which he purchased in 1906, and has since thoroughly explored and restored, as described in the two excellent articles by Dr. Edward H. Young in the Devonian Year Books for 1914 and 1915 respectively. Mr. Simmons was born in the lit