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P^lLo-
0
REPORTS
ON THE
PARIS UNIVERSAL EXHIBITION;
PART I.
Presented, to both Houses of Parliament by Command of Her Majesty.
LONDON:
PRINTED BY GEORGE E. EYRE AND WILLIAM SPOTTISWOODE,
PRINTERS TO THE QUEEN’S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY.
FOR HER MAJESTY’S STATIONERY OFFICE.
1856.
:
-** MO
'
'
n n M- o
n or vatmuM*
CONTENTS of PART I.
C
o
' .>•
21
&
£
a
On the General Management, by Henry Cole, C. B, . . aS|
Appendix to the same Report . . . .33
On the Fine Arts Arrangements, by R. Redgrave, R.A. . . 73
Appendix to the same Report . , . .85
On the Industrial Arrangements, by Richard Thompson, Superintendent of Arrangement ....
On Linen Manufactures, by the Deputation from the Belfast Chamber of Commerce
On Woollen and Worsted Manufactures, by the Deputation from the Bradford Chamber of Commerce .....
On Wool, Woollen Manufactures, and Machinery, by the Deputation from the Huddersfield Chamber of Commerce
89
109
121
133
On Woollen and Worsted Fabrics, and Iron Manufactures, by the Deputa- tion from the Leeds Chamber of Commerce . . .161
On the Samples of general Produce and Cotton, by the President of the
Liverpool Chamber of Commerce , , . .169
On Agricultural Implements and Produce, by J. Evelyn Denison, M.P. 181
On Coachmaker’s Work, Harness, &c. by the Right Hon. the Earl of
Shelburne, M.P. . . . # # .213
On prepared and preserved Alimentary Substances, by Professor Owen,
F.R.S. . , . . t > t ,227
On Birmingham Manufactures, by George Wallis . . . 237
On Silk Manufactures, by Thomas Winkworth . . . 259
On Furniture and Decoration, by M. Digby Wyatt . , .275
On Printing, Printing Machines, &c., by Charles Knight . .347
On Military Arts, by Francis Fowke, Captain, R. E. . .367
Results of Experiments on various Colonial Woods, by Francis Fowke, Captain, R.E. . . . . . 402
A 2
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'
REPORTS,
Report on the Management of the British Portion of the me. c©lb
’tsi'E
Paris Universal Exhibition. — By Henry Cole. C.B. general
J Manage-
mEnt.
To the Right Hon. the Lord Stanley of Alderley, President of the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council for Trade, &c., &c., &c.
Marlborough House , London,
My Lord, 12 th February 1856.
1. Having been directed, on the part of the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council for Trade, to superintend the management of the British portion of the Paris Universal Exhibition, I have now the honour to lay before your Lordship an account of the proceedings, so far as they concern that section of the Exhibition.
2. When this has been done, I propose to submit for consideration some remarks on the policy and extent of any Government interference in such exhibitions, and on the appointment of Juries, in the hope that my observations may be found useful in any future Exhibitions which may take place.
3. The principles on which the French Government con- Principles ducted the Paris Exhibition of 1855 resembled for the ment of tie most part those of the London Exhibition of 1851. The {Sed°with chief differences consisted in the admission of pictures and those °f the engravings, which were prohibited in London ; in the hibition x* adoption of a special Customs' tariff of 20 per cent, ad valorem on all articles which were prohibited either absolutely or partially by the ordinary French tariff, a measure necessary in the case of France, or there could
have been no exhibition, but not required in the London Exhibition ; in the permission given to exhibitors to mark prices on articles exhibited, which was not granted in London ; and in the award of prizes to foremen of works, workmen, &c., who were not direct exhibitors.
4. The whole cost of the central management of the Exhibition was borne by the French Government, whereas the risk of the London Exhibition was undertaken by a voluntary association of individuals in their private capacity, and was in no respect shared by the Government, which only gave a sanction to the undertaking and named a com- mission to communicate with foreign countries. The
6
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Me. Colb on THE General Manage- ment.
Appoint- ment of an Imperial Commission.
Government guarantee to a company.
Assistance afforded by the British Govern- ment.
Parliamen- tary vote of 50,000?.
Assistance of public associations,
management in Paris was confided to a special commis- sion appointed by the Emperor, but their powers appeared to have been somewhat controlled by a private company who were owners of the Palais de V Industrie in the Champs Elysdes. This was the principal building used for the Exhibition, which had been erected at a cost exceeding half a million of pounds sterling, upon a guarantee from the Government of 4 per cent., together with a share in any contingent profits. These contingent profits, which did not arise, constituted the company the actual receivers of the fees for admission, and they made certain regulations of their own, of doubtful convenience to the success of the Exhibition. The regulations made by the Imperial Com- mission for the management of the Exhibition are appended to this Report. (See p. S3.) The administration of them was directed by His Imperial Highness the Prince Na- poleon, the President, who always acted with a liberality, which greatly facilitated the duties of the British Com- mission. (See p. 53.)
5. As it appeared to the British Government to be very doubtful if voluntary association and private enterprise would produce an adequate representation of British art and industry in Paris, corresponding to the efforts which the French Government had made in 1851, estimates for aiding the formation of a proper Exhibition were submitted to Parliament, and a sum of 50,000£. voted to be adminis- tered under the responsibility of the Board of Trade. This estimate, with its details, together with the Minutes of the Treasury and the Board of Trade, regulating the control of it, and appointing the chief officers, are given. (See Appendix C., pp. 54, 57.)
6. The names of the officers acting in Paris on behalf of the Board of Trade and of the Commissioners appointed by the Colonies, and agents for the exhibitors, are also appended. (See p. 58.) Besides these officers, the Board of Trade requested various noblemen and gentlemen to act as J urors in the several classes into which the Exhibition was divided; their names and the classes in which they gave their services gratuitously will be found in the Appendix (p. 60.)
7. In obtaining British exhibitors, and adapting their de- mands to the space afforded by the Imperial Commission, it was a ruling principle to invite the co-operation of voluntary associations of the country representing Science, Art, and Industry, and to induce them to take an active part in the work of organization. Entire success attended this course. The Royal Agricultural Society charged themselves with
. superintending the exhibition of agricultural machinery ;
Mr. Cole on the General Management.
7
the Council of the Institution of Civil Engineers, that of Mb.col machinery in general, whilst the Royal Society superin- Geneeax tended that of scientific and philosophical instruments. Mmen?.e*
8. Local committees for the representation of manufac- — tures were formed at Aberdeen ; Arbroath ; Belfast ; Bir- kocadC°m. mingham ; Bradford ; Bristol ; Derby ; Dublin ; Dudley ; formed. Dundee; Dunfermline; Edinburgh; Glasgow; Huddersfield;
Leeds; Macclesfield; Manchester; Nottingham; Paisley;
Preston ; Sheffield ; Staffordshire Potteries ; Sunderland ; Trowbridge; Walsall; and Wolverhampton. Whilst, in Metropo. the metropolis, committees were formed for the trades of, — coSuttees. Bookbinders ; Boot and Shoe Makers ; Brush Makers, Comb Makers, and Turners ; Cabinet Makers, and Decorators in Relief ; Carpet Makers ; Carriage Builders ; Chemists, Clock and Watch Makers ; Copper-plate, Lithographic, and Anas- tatic Printers; Furriers; General Metal Workers; Gold- smiths and Silversmiths; Hat and Cap Manufacturers ; Letter-press and Surface Printers, and Type Founders;
Musical Instrument Makers ; Paper Makers and Stationers ;
Paper Stainers and Surface Decorators ; Philosophical ^In- strument Makers ; Rope, Twine, Canvas, and Mat ing Makers ; Saddlers, and Harness Makers ; Shawl and Mixed Fabric Manufacturers ; Silk Trade ; Tailors and Clothiers ;
Tanners, Curriers, and Leather Dressers.
9. A very small proportion of the exhibitors acted inde- Objects ex* pendently of committees, and there were but few cases in tie^vem- which the Government itself appeared as a direct exhibitor. ment- The instruments and maps of the Ordnance Survey ; the Geological Survey ; a full-sized model of the Transit Circle
used at Greenwich Observatory ; a collection of the appa- ratus and diagrams used for instruction in Science and Art ; a collection of the varieties of Coal obtained in the United Kingdom ; and a collection of Agricultural Produce, the chief part of which was procured with the valuable assist- ance of Messrs. Lawson, of Edinburgh, constituted the contributions of the Government to the Industrial Division.
10. As a whole, the British section, although necessarily
much less in quantity, more completely represented the pro- productions ductions of the United Kingdom and its Colonies, than the ‘ 1 e *
Exhibition of 1851. The comprehensiveness of the Colonial collections left little to be desired, and they promise to he of great mutual benefit to the Colonies and the mother country. The British Colonies which sent collections of their produce to the Exhibition were the Bahamas, Barbadoes,
British Guiana, Canada, Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, the East Indies, Jamaica, Mauritius, New South Wales (Sydney),
New Zealand, Van Diemen’s Land, and Victoria (Melbourne).
The productions sent from British Guiana, Canada, the
8
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
mb. Cole East Indies, and South Australia were, in some respects, General more useful and complete than those which were sent to the 1 went. * London Exhibition. The quality of the Machinery displayed was very good, but owing to the employment of some of the principal machine makers in preparations for the war, several important kinds of machinery were not represented ; and curious as the fact is, perhaps, the weakest part of the British portion, considering the real position of its producers with those of the rest of Europe, was the machinery. The prin- cipal seats of Manufactures were thoroughly well repre- sented, except Leeds, Birmingham, and Belfast ; Manchester appeared much more completely represented than in 1851, and its display attracted great attention. Glasgow and Bradford, Sheffield and the Potteries, were thoroughly represented. Nottingham showed well, although not so extensively as might "have been wished. Kidderminster well. The Glass trade was but partially represented ; the Furniture, almost wholly from London, was excellent, but not great in quantity ; the Musical Instruments consisted only of a single organ, and a few pianofortes ; Civil Engi- neering was abundantly illustrated by the best models of the chief works of recent times. The three principal gold- smiths and jewellers made a full display ; but the exhibition of watches and clocks and philosophical instruments was less complete than it might have been, several of the chief pro- ducers not having exhibited at all.
S^darraiige- An account of the shipping of the British goods (well
goods °f the conducted by Messrs. Lightly and Simon), their reception in Paris, their arrangement in the several buildings, and the difficulties attending this duty, the space occupied, the causes of delay, the value of the exhibits, and of all other matters of this nature, has been prepared by Mr. Bichard Thompson, the general superintendent of arrangement, and is printed. (See p. 89.)
Catalogue. 12. The names of the British exhibitors, and their pro- ductions, were published in an English and French cata- logue, illustrated by notes on the industry of the United Kingdom, which excited considerable interest in France.* portsb/6* ^ The relative position which the productions of the Chambers of United Kingdom were considered to hold in comparison with an^jurors, those of other nations exhibiting on this occasion, the pro- kc' gress which has been made since 1851, and the necessity
for improved industrial education in the United Kingdom will be found treated of in several reports prepared by deputations from various Chambers of Commerce, and by Jurors and others.
* Published by Messrs. Chapman and Hall, 193, Piccadilly, London, and sold in the Palais de l’lndustrie, by permission of the Imperial Commission.
Mr. Cole on the General Management.
9
14. The Chambers of Commerce which have published Mr. Colb
such reports are — Belfast, Bradford, Huddersfield, Leeds, general and Liverpool. (See pp. 109-178.) Mmen?.e*
15. The Jurors and others who have engaged to furnish reports on various classes of the Exhibition are, —
On Mining and Minerals, Professor Warington Smyth.
*On Agriculture, Mr. J. Evelyn Denison, M.P.
On Vegetable Produce, Sir Wm. Hooker.
On Machinery in general and Iron, Mr. Fairbairn.
*On Carriages and Harness, Lord Shelburne, M.P.
On Machinery for Woven Fabrics, Professor Willis and the'Chambers of Commerce of Leeds and Huddersfield.
On Philosophical Instruments, Sir David Brewster.
On Heat, Light, and Electricity, Professor Wheatstone and Dr. Arnott.
On Chemical Manufactures, Dr. Hofmann and Mr. W.
De la Hue.
*On Alimentary Substances, &c., Professor Owen and Dr. Boyle.
*On Military Arts, &c., Captain Fowke, R.E.
*On General Metal Work, Mr. G. Wallis and Mr. A. Tylor.
On Pottery, Mr. Arnoux (with Messrs. Mintons').
On Glass, Mr. Bontemps (late with Messrs. Chance).
*On Cotton and other Imports, The Liverpool Chamber of Commerce.
*On Woollen and Worsted Goods, and their Machinery.
The Leeds, Bradford, and Huddersfield Chambers of Commerce.
*On Silk, Mr. Winkworth.
*On Linens, The Belfast Chamber of Commerce.
*On Furniture and Decorations, Mr. M. Digby Wyatt.
*On Printing, Mr. C. Knight.
On Design in Manufactures, Mr. B. Bedgrave, B.A.
16. The number of exhibitors in the industrial branch statistics.,
who finally exhibited was 1,555 from the United King- dom, and about 1,070 from the British Colonies. *J- The
* These Reports are printed in this volume. The others will appear in a second part.
f Analtsis op thIe Number of Exhibitors Fifty-three foreign states and
twenty-two foreign colonies took part in the Universal Exhibition of 1855, in addi- tion to France herself, the three Algerian provinces, and eight French colonies.
The first edition of the Catalogue, published on the 12th of May, contained the names of 16,944 exhibitors, viz., 8,968 from the French Empire, and 7,976 from foreign countries. In the last edition of the Catalogue, after deducting the names of 765 exhibitors which appeared in the first edition, and who did not send their contributions, the number of exhibitors amounts to 20,839, viz., 10,691 from the French Empire, and 10,148 from foreign states, and were divided in the following proportions : — France had 9,790 ; Algeria.
724 ; and the French colonies, 177 ; total, 10,691. The Duchy of Anhalt had 15; the Argentine Confederation, 6; Austria, 1,296; Grand Duchy of Baden, 88 ; Bavaria, 172 ; Belgium, 686 ; Brazil, 4 ; Duchy of Brunswick. 16 :
10
Reports on the Paris Exhibition .
Me. Cole
ON THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Commercial
results.
Reductions in the tariff.
number of British exhibitors who demanded space and did not exhibit, was 124. The value of the goods sent to the Exhibition was 173,441?., exclusive of the goldsmiths' and jewellers' work, which was estimated at 520,186?.* The number of packages sent was 6,420 ; the weight, 1,303 tons, 6 cwt. 25 lbs. The number returned to England was 3,978, and the weight was 764 tons, 8 cwt. 3 qrs. 22 lbs.
17. With the view of ascertaining if the Exhibition had been considered by those who had contributed to it pro- ductive of commercial or other advantages, inquiries were made of a few of the principal exhibitors, in reply to which it appeared that the sales of goods exhibited had been in general remunerative. This was chiefly apparent in the case of articles of strictly British manufacture, which had hitherto been absolutely prohibited, such as earthenware, woollen, cotton, steel, and other manufactures, or excluded from France by the high duties levied upon them, but which, on this occasion, had been reduced to 20 per cent. ad valorem. The advantages in the formation of new con- nexions to be derived from an exhibition, must be prospec- tive in a great degree, and many exhibitors appear to anticipate future benefit from the steps which they took during the Exhibition to establish them, especially if modi- fications of the French tariff should continue to be made, and actual prohibition removed, as is confidently expected in the present French Session. During the Exhibition reductions were made in the duties on machinery and metals, and since the Exhibition, modifications have been made in the duties on wool and worsted. Other reductions are in progress, and a statement of all will be furnished in the Second Part of these Reports. Mr. Evelyn Denison has pointed out that the important reduction of the tariff made during the Exhibition in favour of agricultural implements is due to the representations of the Jury on Agriculture. (See p. 191.)
Republic of Costa Rica, 4 ; Denmark, 90 ; St. Domingo, 1 ; Egypt, 6 ; Frank- fort-on-the-Main, 24 ; Great Britain and Ireland, 1,589 ; British colonies, 985; Greece, 131; Republic of Guatemala, 7; Kingdom of -Hanover, 18; Hanse Towns, 89 ; Grand Duchy of Hesse, 74 ; Electorate of Hesse, 14 ; Principality of Lippe-Detmold, 2 ; Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, 23; Mexico, 107; Duchy of Nassau, 59 ; Netherlands, 411 ; New Granada, 13; Grand Duchy of Oldenburg, 13; Ottoman Empire, 2 ; Sandwich Islands, 5; Papal States, 71 ; Portugal (including colonies), 443; Prussia, 1,313; Principalities of Reuss (Elder and Younger Branches), 2 ; Sardinia, 198 ; Saxony, 96 ; Duchy of Saxe- Altenburg, 2 ; Duchy of Saxe-Coburg, 6 ; Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 1 1 ; Duchy of Saxe-Meiningen, 3 ; Grand Duchy of Saxe- Weimar, 1 ; Principality of Schaumburg- Lippe, 2 ; Principality of Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt, 1 ; Spain, 568 ; Sweden and Norway, 538 ; Switzerland, 408 ; Grand Duchy of Tuscany, 197 ; Tunis, 1 ; United States, 130 ; Wurtemburg, 207 ; — total, 10,148. These figures are taken from the French Catalogue.
* This estimate is exclusive of the Fine Arts, valued at 137,560/.
Mr. Cole on the General Management.
11
18. The Fine Arts portion of the British Exhibition excited me. Colb gieat attention in Paris. Undoubtedly it was a complete general display of the state of the Fine Arts of the United Kingdom. Mment.e' Mr. Redgrave, who had the superintendence of it, has pre- Tq pared a separate report, which renders further allusion to Finelrts? this portion of the exhibition unnecessary. (See p. 73.)
19. The Exhibition opened on the 15th of May, and the opening, concluding ceremony took place, with great success and punctuality, on the 15th of November, owing to the excel- lent arrangements of M. Le Play, the Commissioner General.
The clearance of the goods commenced immediately after- wards, and continued, although the public were admitted up to 1st of Dec. to concerts given in the Palais de V In- dustrie, and to other portions of the buildings.
20. The total number of visits to the Paris Exhibition, Number of was 4,533,464 ;* 3,626,934 visits were made to the Indus- visits’ trial Section, and 906,530 visits to that of the Fine Arts.
Forty thousand British subjects visited the Paris Exhibition,
of whom, 2,768 were persons who obtained workmen's passports from the Foreign Office without payment.
21. Her Majesty the Queen, His Royal Highness Prince Albert, the Prince of Wales, and the Princess Royal paid several visits to the various departments of the Exhibition in the month of August.
22. The scale of fees charged for admission to the Palais Entrance de lTndustrie, and to the Palais des Beaux Arts respectively
was as follows : —
At the opening of the Exhibition, (15tli of May 1855,) Sunday,f - - - - 20 centimes, (2 d.)
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday,
Thursday and Saturday, - 1 franc, (10c?.)
Friday, - - -* - 5 francs, (4s.)
* The total number of visitors to the London Exhibition of 1851 was 6,039,195.
f On Sunday the 27th of May the Exhibition Buildings were thrown open to the public gratuitously.
On the 3rd of August the admission fees were altered as follows : —
’ Monday - - - ~ - - 20 centimes (2d.)
Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Saturday, and \ ^ fraQC (10^)
Sunday » - - J \ -J
Friday - - - - - - 2 francs (Is. 8 d.)
On the 11th of August the admission fees were again changed as follows, this final modification being maintained until the close of the Exhibition, on the 15th November : —
Sunday ------
Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, and 1 Saturday J
Friday -
20 centimes (2d.)
1 franc (lOd.)
2 francs (Is. 8 d.)
The price of season tickets was 50 francs (40s.), for each of the Exhibitions. The holder of them was entitled to admission every day, as well as to the
opening ceremony.
12
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Mr. Cole
on THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Receipts.
Cost of the
British
assistance.
Future
Industrial
Exhibitions.
It was a novelty to have such charges for an exhibition in France, and may be considered to have been proved suc- cessful. The receipts were 2,941,668 francs, a sum equal to 117,666/. 15s. The receipts at the London Exhibition amounted to 356,8081. 2s., but the scale of admission was higher, and the lowest fee taken Is. A statement of the expenditure has not yet been published, but I have been informed by a high authority, that it will exceed 500,000/. exclusive of the cost of the Palais de lTndustrie, which was above 500,000/. As this building will have to be purchased by the Government, the total cost will have exceeded a million of pounds sterling.
23. The work of the British portion will be brought to a conclusion, with an expenditure not exceeding 40,000/., being 20 per cent, less than the sum voted in Parliament. Since the great commercial success of the Exhibition of 1851, there have been Exhibitions at Dublin, New York, and the Crystal Palace in London, in all of which the esti- mates have been largely exceeded, but in the present case, as far as the action of the British Government is concerned, as with the Exhibition of 1851, the satisfactory state of the balance sheet is greatly due to a steady maintenance of the self-supporting principle by which the efforts of exhibitors were aided, but not weakened, and to their having been encouraged to do their own work as much as possible.*
24. I proceed now to submit to your Lordships some considerations —
On the P oligy and Extent of Government Inter- ference in future Industrial Exhibitions.
25. The utility of the London and Paris Universal Exhibitions in teaching nations the comparative strength and weakness of their respective industries, and showing their mutual means for supplying each others wants ; in dissipating the prejudices of ignorance, and awakening desires for improvement, has been so manifest and generally admitted, that, notwithstanding the cost and trouble of them, and the great interruption they cause to ordinary trade, it is probable these Exhibitions will extend and become periodical, at least in some of the principal capitals of Europe. Before the Paris Exhibition had closed, it was rumoured, with some appearance of authenticity, that the next Universal Exhibition would take place at Vienna, in 1859 ; and preparations were also discussed for holding such Exhibitions at Berlin and Turin.
* Even had the estimates been exceeded, in the present case, perhaps, some excuse might have found in far the greater excess of bulk, weight, and quantity of the goods sent for exhibition than the estimates provided for.
Mr . Cole on the General Management.
13
26. It seems desirable, therefore, to inquire whether the ON THE principles on which the British Section of the Paris Exhi- manI&e^ bition was organized and conducted are applicable to future MENT- Exhibitions in which the United Kingdom may be invited
to take a part, or are to be regarded as exceptional merely to the Paris Exhibition.
27. The ultimate purpose of all Industrial Exhibitions is Extension °f commercial. It is true that various motives, besides those the induce- of direct trade, induce some few exhibitors to display their Sbit? productions, but the bulk of exhibitors will be always attracted by the hopes of extending commerce.
28. It is also true that a great feature of the London Exhibition was its comprehensiveness, embracing, as it did, the display by foreign exhibitors of numerous classes of objects not directly matters of general commercial interest,
— such as the Queen of Spain's jewels, the Austrian furni- ture, the malachite of Prince Demidoff, &c. Such objects were more rare in the Paris Exhibition. There was no royal jewellery from Spain; malachite from Russia could hardly be expected. There was very little costly Austrian furniture, but an increased quantity of Austrian cloth.
The tendency of future Exhibitions, in their foreign de- partments, will be to exhibit not rare and costly produc- tions, required by very few purchasers, but manufactures ; and especially those manufactures the use of which is universal, and not merely national or peculiar.
29. Exhibitions will therefore lose in completeness, but gain Exhibitions in utility. Nations by this means, will learn how each one interna- may best exchange with the other the productions in which tlonal fairs' they naturally excel, and these Exhibitions will become in- ternational fairs. Thus, England is likely in any future Universal Exhibition to send more cotton and woollen
goods than furniture or stained glass, more common earthen- ware than decorated porcelain, and more tools and cutlery than polished steel grates.
30. The French Government, looking to the commercial utility of the Paris Exhibition, introduced for the first time an exceptional Customs' tariff of 20 per cent, ad valorem in favour of all goods exhibited, and took every means, short of compulsion, to induce exhibitors to affix prices to their goods.
31. The Imperial Commission, the French Customs, and th^enc) the French Government, all behaved most liberally in authorities- admitting large quantities of British goods to the Exhibi- tingTaies.' tion, which were not very necessary to it, but which were allowed to enter to oblige exhibitors and to gratify the
14
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Me. Cole on THE General Manage- ment.
A future French Exhibition would over- flow with manufac- tures in general demand.
desires of the French purchaser, who eagerly sought to make the Exhibition the channel for obtaining those things which were otherwise prohibited. Of course, British manufacturers were not backward to avail themselves of these concessions, and were only too eager to supply any quantity of pottery, alpacas, woollen cloths, cotton goods, agricultural machinery, fee., which the French consumer would purchase.* Even the large quantity sent, supplied but a very limited amount of the orders (especially for pro- hibited articles of the cheapest kind) which were given by all classes, from the lowest to the very highest, in France. Large purchases of earthenware were made. The delicate cotton quiltings of Manchester and cotton fustians attracted great notice, even from the nobility of France, and all the population of Paris seemed willing to clothe themselves in black alpacas. But many more orders were refused than executed.
32. My instructions from the Board of Trade being to limit the admission of British articles, as far as possible, to the real object of the Exhibition, the payment of the transport of articles at the cost of the public was stopped soon after the opening of the Exhibition ; but the French people were urgent to buy, the British producer was not unwilling to sell, and the Imperial Commission relaxed their rules in the most lenient way, although British traders still thought them too stringent. It is almost needless to add, that, having to stand at least neutral between buyer and seller, both eager for action, the position of the British authorities was difficult, and, to say the least, unusual for officers of the British Government to be placed in.
33. A second Universal French Exhibition, conducted under the same rules as the last, would be very different. The British producers, made wise by experience, would send chiefly, if not wholly, those manufactures which were likely to sell at the close of the Exhibition, such as cotton goods, cloths, flannels, pottery, machinery, &c. They would pile up the space allotted to them in the building, from the floor as high as the authorities would allow them, and no autho- rity could practically control the extent of transmission without preventing the Exhibition altogether.
* Upwards of 296 crates of pottery, weighing 58 tons, were introduced into the Exhibition after its opening; and 100 crates, weighing about 15 tons, were admitted by the French Government even after the close of the Exhibi- tion. The Manchester Committee, keeping the object of the Exhibition strictly in view, preferred rather to discourage than permit sales of cotton goods. The Bradford exhibitors thought a wide distribution of alpacas among the French would be most useful to both parties.
Mr. Cole on the General Management.
15
34. Thus, the Exhibition would be overflowing with certain kinds of goods, and destitute of others, unless a moderate" Customs' tariff were made a permanent law, and not adopted for the occasion. Then exhibitors would send samples, and take orders, and the Exhibition would be carried out strictly as an Exhibition and not as a fair. The relations therefore should be settled directly between the two parties — the foreign Government which invites the Exhibition for the benefit of its people, and the exhibitor who accepts the invitation for his own honour and profit.
35. If such are likely to be the future results, under a pro- hibitory or a special temporary tariff, in France, the nearest neighbour to England, they would be still more exaggerated at a greater distance. For example, at Vienna, a Universal Exhibition, in which British industry should be adequately represented, must be nearly, if not quite, a failure, unless one of two courses were adopted. It would either be for the Austrian Government to furnish adequate motives to exhibitors, so that the British action might be voluntary ; or, for the British Government to purchase specimens of manufactues, and exhibit them on its own responsibility, a course that would hardly seem to be feasible.
36. It is not likely that such an interference with com- merce as this would be supported by public opinion in England. Even the interposition of Government in the management of the Paris Exhibition was the reverse of its course with the London Exhibition, where the voluntary principle was carried so far, that the expenses of the Police and the Sappers were not defrayed out of the public Exchequer, but out of the funds of the Exhibition. The partial interference in the Paris Exhibition, I submit, can only be justified as exceptional, and should not be treated as a precedent for future Exhibitions.
37. But it may be said that Austria and the various Governments of Europe courteously assisted in the London Universal Exhibition, and the question may be asked, Can the British Government decline the invitations of other Governments in future ? The answer wnuld seem to be, Certainly noo ; provided the circumstances under which a foreign Exhibition is invited are the same as those under which the British Exhibition took place. There, however, is this material difference, that foreign exhibitors were invited in 1851, having a full knowledge of their chances of future commerce under a free trade. Therefore, until foreign tariffs are placed on the same footing as the tariff of the United Kingdom, every application for the assistance of the
Me. Cole
on THE
General
Manage-
ment.
The induce- ment to exhibit only the most saleable articles in- creased by the distance of the Exhi- bition.
Non-inter- ference of the Govern- ment in the London Exhibition.
16
Repcnis on the Paris Exhibition .
Me. Cole on the; Genekal Manage- ment.
Inter- ' ference un* necessary if the induce- ments to exhibit are adequate.
The advan- tages are on the side of the country holding the Exhibition rather than the foreigner.
British Government in a foreign Exhibition may fairly be dealt with on its own merits.
38. It would seem, however, to be far better to have some general principles for the future, regulating the nature of the assistance to be given on the part of Government, and the course to be followed in managing foreign Exhibitions, which should be as self-acting as possible, and consistent with the ordinary practice pursued by Government in com- mercial matters ; and I will endeavour to submit such principles to your Lordship's consideration.
39. It is admitted to be a maxim of sound politics, at least in England, that Government should do only those things for public advantage which the public is unable to do for itself, and that the less it interferes in trade, so essen- tially regulated by private enterprise and intelligence, the better. The least possible interference with all future Universal Exhibitions would be most in accordance with the usual Government action and public opinion in England. And in truth, very little interference would be necessary for success, if foreign Governments held out adequate induce- ments to producers to exhibit. The function of Govern- ment would then be limited to receiving the invitation of the foreign Government, organizing preliminary measures, and reporting the results of them to the Government issuing it.
40. It may be useful to enter somewhat into detail as to the course which might be followed, using the experience which has been obtained in the Paris Exhibition.
41. It may be laid down as an axiom, that the chief and direct advantages of an Exhibition are derived by the country which holds it. It cannot be doubted that Eng- land with its Exhibition of 1851 and France with its Exhibition of 1855 respectively derived a much greater proportionate benefit than any of their foreign contributors. In the case of the English Exhibition, besides the stimulus to trade, an immense impulse to industrial improvement was originated by the Exhibition, the effects of which are only beginning to be felt. London reaped a large harvest from visitors to the metropolis* So indeed has Paris during its Exhibition. It is stated that nearly 160,000 foreigners visited Paris, upwards of 40,000 being British subjects, as I am informed by M. Pietri, the Commissioner of Police, being more than two thirds of the number of all foreigners that visited London. The police returns show that upwards
* Upwards of 70,000 of these were foreigners. How many came from part* of the United Kingdom is not known.
Mr. Cole on the General Management
17
of 350,000 visitors from the provinces of France came to Mr. Cole
' ON THE
Paris during the Exhibition, and it would probably be a general low estimate to say that an additional sum of 6,000,000£. was Mment.e* spent in Paris during the year 1855 by visitors. I may be permitted to mention that a high authority in France is of opinion that the extra expenditure occasioned by the Exhibition more than repaid the great cost itself of the Exhibition, already mentioned as estimated at half a million of pounds sterling, independent^ of the cost of the prin- cipal building exceeding 500,00CK, on which an interest of 4 per cent, has been guaranteed by the French Government for several }Tears.
42. It is, therefore, in every point of view the interest
of the foreign Government inviting an exhibition to offer the most liberal inducement to exhibitors to exhibit, and especially in respect of British goods, for which foreign pro- ductions may be freely exchanged, and imported into the United Kingdom. I consider it necessary that there should be either a permanent tariff as low as that of the United Kingdom, or an absolute temporary suspension of all Absolute Customs dues on articles exhibited and sold during the of customs Exhibition. This measure would not be at all too liberal g“tnaot to° to insure the best exhibition of British goods in the capitals ^ distant01* of Germany or Italy. Exhibition.
43. With a rule so simple, it would only be for the foreign Government to offer free carriage of goods and general assistance in the reception of the articles, whilst the pre- paration of goods and the other expenses would be borne by the exhibitors themselves.
44. In the Paris Exhibition the expenses of many items were borne by the French and British Governments. The French paid the transport of articles from and to the French Transport, frontiers, the British Government paid 7,531 1. 2 s. 11 cl. for
the transport between London and Dunkirk. The French undertook the unloading of the goods in the Exhibition building, and depositing them in their places ; but practically the placing them was performed by the British authorities.
(See p. 97.) For promoting the general effect of the Exhi- bition, and towards its general . maintenance, upwards of 7,000£. were applied out of the Parliamentary vote.
45. In proportion as all these and the like expenses are borne by the parties most interested, namely the Exhibitors, the better and more smoothly the work will be done.
46. It is impossible to overstate the desire which the Division of Imperial Commission, and especially its President, the and respon- Prince Napoleon, uniformly displayed to render the admi- Slblllty‘
B
18
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Me. Cole
OK THE General Manage- ment.
Assistance of foreign Govern- ments is a bounty on high tariffs.
United States :
nistration of the Paris Exhibition perfectly acceptable to the Foreign Commissioners ; but when three separate interests, each again somewhat subdivided, have to work together, it becomes difficult always to define the relative shares of responsibility, and insure prompt action. If these three interests can be reduced to two, then the action is simplified. In the present Exhibition there was, first, the Imperial Commission, with their contractors, being the Company finding the building ; the Manutention du Com- merce de Paris, and the Customs; — secondly, the British Commission, responsible to Board of Trade, and representing both the interests of Government and the exhibitors ; — and, thirdly , the British exhibitors, who, as taxpayers, felt that they ought to have a voice in the expenditure of a Parlia- mentary vote made on their behalf.
47. Moreover, the more the British Government assists, the less are the motives on the side of the foreign Govern- ment to offer liberal inducements to the exhibitors ; and the conclusion I have been led to form is, that henceforth the soundest policy for the best interests of all parties, in any future Universal Exhibitions, will be to leave the entire management of them to the Government inviting the Exhibition and the foreign exhibitors.
48. The function of the British Government would be to publish the invitation of the foreign Government, and organize the exhibitors into action ; and afterwards to abstain from taking any active part in the management, or be responsible for the success of the Exhibition. It should make this resolution, if adopted, fully known.
49. This course would be only a further development of that followed in the Paris Exhibition, where every effort was made to leave the execution of the work in the hands of the exhibitors. The action of the British Government did not comprehend any responsibility whatever over the property of the Industrial exhibitors, either during transit, or arrangement, or any agency in the Exhibition or for sale ; whereas in Prussia, Austria, Bavaria, Spain, Portugal, and other foreign Departments, the duties of actual arrangement and sale were performed or superin- tended by the respective Commissioners.
50. It should be pointed out that the Government of the United States took no part whatever in the Paris Exhibition. The American Constitution never contemplated any united action of its States for International Exhibitions, and it seems that it cannot be effected. The National Institute at Washington acted as a centre of union in 1851, but no such
Mr. Cole on the General Management .
19
organization seems to have been provided in 1855 ; the result, however, was, that there was little or nothing ex- hibited direct from America, and, in fact, there was little commercial motive on its part to exhibit its productions.
51. The fact that the Canadian, Australian, and other Colonial Governments undertook the entire responsibility of their respective displays, making direct purchases for exhibition, conducting the sale, &c., does not affect the question of the interference of the Government of the United Kingdom. The East Indian Government acted in like manner. Indeed, had the management of the Colonial exhibitions depended upon the exhibitors' sense of their own interests, there is no doubt that the Exhibitions would not have taken place,* or have been very insignificant, whereas they were complete.
52. But the commercial instinct of the producers of the United Kingdom is adequate to provide for their own interest. The best course of action for the United Kingdom would not suit the East Indian possessions, or that for the East Indies prove the best for Australia. It therefore becomes impossible to lay down any absolute principle of Government interference in Industrial Exhibitions appli- cable to all countries, on the contrary, each one must be treated according to its peculiar circumstances.
Policy of naming Juries.
53. Should the Government decide to take no part in the actual management of future Exhibitions, still it may be requested to name British Jurors. Its consent to do so, I submit, is a point open at least to grave doubt.
54. The decision of your Lordship that neither Mr. Bed- grave nor myselfj should act as Jurors, or take any part in their proceedings, enabled me to watch the wrorking of the juries dispassionately, and I beg leave to lay before you the conclusions I have formed on the subject.
55. First arises the question of expediency of juries, and next their practicability in any Universal Exhibition. The institution of a jury in such Exhibitions is based upon the assumption that the public is unable to discover merit and to judge rightly for itself, but wants the assistance of an
* This happened with Malta, which exhibited well in 1851, and not at all in 1855. The Governor, Sir William Reid, did his best to induce the Maltese producers to exhibit, but without effect. The commercial results of their exhibition in 1851 were not sufficiently satisfactory.
Me. Cole on THE General Manage- ment.
and British Colonial Ex- hibitions in Paris.
Expediency of juries considered.
20
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Mr. Cole on THE General Manage- ment.
The public will not sur- render the right of private judgment.
Juries, if expedient, are imprac- ticable in working.
authoritative judgment. Is this assumption, in the present state of public intelligence, founded on facts ? Do the judgments of these juries do anything more than affirm the judgments already made by the public ? A glance at the names of those who have received the Grandes Medailles d'Honneur will show that they do not. Among the 138 recipients, is there one who is now revealed for the first time to the public? I venture to think not one. The judgment therefore merely follows and confirms public opinion to a certain extent, but in so far as serious omissions are made, and they are many, it is absolutely in this respect in arrear with public opinion, and becomes unjust.
56. Even conceding the point that the public at large do not judge rightly for themselves, it cannot be affirmed that they are willing to surrender their right of judgment, and be led by any jury in this question of buying and selling, — the most common-place business of every day, — upon which everyone is practically the absolute and ir- responsible judge. It would seem at the present time that private judgment, at least in the United Kingdom, hesitates to submit itself to authority in forming opinions on subjects of more vital importance than the quality of a cotton print, or a piece of pottery, or the beauty of a picture. The very terms “ civil and religious liberty ” show that the spirit of the times is not to bow, even in political or religious faith, to the verdict of any human tribunal.
57. Authoritative judges in investigating discoveries and experiments, in which the world has little or no experience to guide it, may be, and often are, useful. But the prin- ciple of juries in Industrial Exhibitions hitherto has not been thus limited. On the contrary, juries in Universal Exhibitions are called upon to investigate the most trifling of details, and determine the relative merits as well of a discovery in electro-magnetism as the make of a lady's corset ; while the fact is, that every one assumes the right, and exercises it, of judging for himself what articles he shall purchase for his subsistence or enjoyment.
58. But should it be granted that the principle of juries in an Exhibition is expedient, the experience of their work- ing is conclusive that they are impracticable means for arriving at impartial, comprehensive, and correct judgments.
59. I hope it will not be inferred that these remarks arise from any feeling that injustice was done to British productions on the late Exhibition. On the contrary, I am led to believe that, compared with other foreigners, more than ample justice was done to our exhibitors, and that if
Mr, Cole on the General Management.
21
aoy complaint were to be made in the general interest, it would be that British exhibitors received too many rewards.
60. The theory of the judgments given in an Universal Exhibition is that all countries are treated alike, and the best works are eliminated for reward, without respect to country ; but the steps taken do not insure this result. On the contrary, the estimation of the goods of each country is ultimately determined very much in proportion to the number of its Jurors.
61. In the Paris Exhibition, as at London, juries generally of thirteen persons were named for each class ; half the number of each jury being named by France, and half by foreign Governments, each foreign country obtaining a number somewhat proportioned to its number of exhi- bitors. But this seemingly impartial division of numbers is fallacious in preventing a national, or in insuring an inter- national judgment.*
* As many as fifty-nine Jurors, including those for the Fine Arts, were thus allotted to England, and consequently it was possible to name one or more Jurors on every one of the thirty classes, an arrangement which insured, in some degree, a more or less complete recognition of all kinds of British produc - tions. Hardly any other foreign country received a number of Jurors equal to the number of classes, and some had only two or three Jurors in all.
The total number of Jurors was 398 : — The number assigned to France, 208 ; the number assigned to Foreign Countries, 190 ; in the following propor- tions : —
Class I. Mining and Metallurgical Products. — Austria, 2 ; Belgium, 2 ; British Colonies, 1 ; Great Britain, 2 ; France, 5; Prussia, 1. — Total, 13.
Class II. Forestry, Hunting, Shooting, and Fishing, and Products obtained without Cultivation — Great Britain, 1 ; France, 8 ; Portugal, 1 ; Tuscany, 1 ; United States, 1. — Total 12.
Class III. Agriculture. — Austria, 2 ; Grand Duchy of Baden, 1 ; Belgium, 2 ; Denmark, 1 ; France, 9 ; Great Britain, 3 ; Spain, 1 ; Sweden and Norway, 1. —Total, 20.
Class IV. Machinery in general, as applied to Industry. — France, 6 ; Great Britain, 1 ; Portugal, 1 ; Spain, 1. — Total, 9.
Class V. Special Machinery and Apparatus for Bailways and other Modes of Transport. — Belgium, 2 ; France, 5 ; Great Britain, 2 ; Prussia, 1. — Total, 10.
Class VI. Special Machinery and Apparatus for Workshops. — Austria, 1 ; France, 7 ; Great Britain, 1 ; Prussia, 1 ; Sardinia, 1 ; Sweden and Norway, 1 ; Tuscany, 1. — Total, 13.
Class VII. Special Machinery and Apparatus for the Manufacture of Woven Fabrics. — Austria, 1 ; France, 5 ; Great Britain, 1 ; Spain, 1 ; United States, 1.
Total, 9.
Class VIII. Arts relating to the Exact Sciences, and to Instruction. — Bavaria, 1 ; France, 6 ; Great Britain, 3 ; Prussia, 1 ; Switzerland, 2. —
Total, 13.
Class IX. Manufactures relating to the Economical Production and Em- ployment of Heat, Light, and Electricity. — Austria, 1 ; France, 5 ; Great Britain, 2 ; Prussia, 1. — Total, 9.
Class X. Chemical Manufactures, Dyeing and Printing, Paper, Leather, Skins, India-rubber, &c. — Austria, 1; Belgium, 1 ; France, 9; Great Britain, 2; Grand Duchy of Hesse, 1 ; Portugal, 1 ; Prussia, 2 ; Switzerland, 1. —Total, 18. Class XI. Preparation and Preservation of Alimentary Substances.—
Me. Cole
ON THE
Geneeal
Manage-
ment.
Judgments depend on the numbers of jurors assigned to a nation.
Action of juries in Paris.
22
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Me. Cole on THE General Manage- ment.
62. The juries were summoned to assemble on the 15th June, and the greater part of them met, and proceeded to organize themselves for working, excepting the Fine Arts juries, who were adjourned to the 1st, and again to the 15th, October. However desirable or convenient this adjournment may have been to the French Jurors, who pro- posed it, it was not equally so to the foreign Fine Arts Jurors, who had come expressly to Paris from all parts of Europe, and some of whom were unable to remain, or return to their duties at a later period.
63. Many of the Industrial juries proceeded to examine the goods in June. Others were unable to do so, because
Austria, 2; France, 4; Great Britain, 1; Prussia, 1; Wurtemburg, 1. — Total, 9.
Class XII. Hygiene, Pharmacy, Surgery, and Medicine. — France, 7 ; Great Britain, 3; Nethei'lands, 1. — Total, 11.
Class XIII. Naval and Military Arts. — Belgium, 2 ; France, 7 ; Great Britain, 2 ; Greece, 1 •, Prussia, 1. — Total, 13.
Class XIV. Civil Engineering and Building. — France, 9; Great Britain, 2 ; Turkey and Egypt, 1. — Total, 12.
Class XV. Steel and its Products. — Austria, 1 ; France, 6 ; Great Britain, 2 ; Prussia, 2 ; Sardinia, 1 ; Sweden and Norway, 1. — Total, 13.
Class XVI. General Metal Work.— Austria, 1 ; Belgium, 1 ; France, 7 ; Great Britain, 2; Hanover, 1 ; Wurtemburg, 1. — Total, 13.
Class XVII. Goldsmith’s Work, Jewellery and Bronzes. — France, 5 ; Great Britain, 1 ; Netherlands, 1 ; Prussia, 2 ; Turkey and Egypt, 1. — Total, 10.
Class XVIII. Glass and Pottery. — Austria, 1 ; Belgium, 1 ; France, 7 ; Great Britain, 3 ; Netherlands, 1 ; Prussia, 2. — Total, 15.
Class XIX. Cotton Manufactures. — Austria, 2 ; Belgium, 1 ; France, 6 ; Great Britain, 2 ; Prussia, 1 ; Switzerland, 2. — Total, 14.
Class XX. Woollen and Worsted Manufactures. — Austria, 3 ; Belgium, 1 ; France, 9 ; Great Britain, 2 ; Prussia, 3 ; Saxony, 1 ; Wurtemburg, 1. — Total, 20.
Class XXI. Silk Manufactures. — Austria, 3 ; France, 7 ; Great Britain, 2 ; Prussia, 1 ; Switzerland, 1. — Total, 14.
Class XXII. Flax and Hemp Manufactures. — Austria, 1 ; Belgium, 1 ; France, 5 ; Great Britain, 2 ; Prussia, 1; Wurtemburg, 1. — Total, 11.
Class XXIII. Hosiery, Carpets, Embroidery, Lace of every kind, Gold and Silver Fringe, &c. — Austria, 1 ; Belgium, 2 ; France, 9 ; Frankfort-on-the- Maine, 1 ; Great Britain, 2 ; Prussia, 1 ; Spain, 1 ; Switzerland, 1. — Total, 18.
Class XXIV. Furniture and Decoration. — Austria, 1 ; Bavaria, 1 ; France, 6 ; Great Britain, 2 ; Hanse Towns, 1 ; Mexico, 1. — Total, 12.
Class XXV. Articles of Clothing, Objects of Fashion and Fancy. — Austria, 2 ; France, 6; Great Britain, 1; Switzerland, 1. — Total, 10.
Class XXVI. Drawing and Modelling applied to Industry, Letterpress and Copper-plate Printing, Photography. — Austria, 1 ; France, 5 ; Great Britain, 2 ; Prussia, 1. — Total, 9.
Class XXVII. Manufacture of Musical Instruments. — Austria, 1 ; Belgium, 1 ; France, 4 ; Great Britain, 1. — Total, 7.
Class XXVIII. Painting, Engraving, and Lithography. — Austria, 1; Grand Duchy of Baden, 1 ; Bavaria, 1 ; Belgium, 3 ; France, 16; Great Britain, 4; Netherlands, 1 ; Prussia, 2 ; Spain, 1 ; Sweden and Norway, 1 ; Switzerland, 1. — Total, 32.
Class XXIX. Sculpture and Die-Sinking. — Austria, 2 ; Belgium, 1 ; France, 1 1 ; Great Britain, 3 ; Papal States, 1 ; Prussia, 1. — Total, 19.
Class XXX. Architecture. — France, 7 ; Great Britain, 2 Prussia, 1.— Total, 10.
Mr. Cole on the General Management.
23
all the members had not assembled. When the absentees cole arrived the first comers had departed.* general
64. Nearly all of the British Jurors were pre sent at the Mment.e* summons on 15th June, and attended punctually during
the months of June, July, and August, when, for the most paid, they left Paris, having examined at least the British goods, as well as the circumstances permitted, and agreed with their colleagues upon the decisions.
65. The examination of French articles was continued till the very close of the Exhibition, being rather more active at the close than at the beginning ; thus the final decisions assumed a different phase to what they had at the commencement of the work, when the foreign Jurors were present in the greatest numbers. This was, no doubt, un- avoidable. It is not to be expected that men of business The labours should neglect their own affairs, to act as dilettante judges great tobe0 incessantly for six months,! and it is obvious that the deci- a^given3 sions could not fail to be influenced by all kinds of accidents,
the fortuitous absence or presence of the Jurors being one of the principal ; and even the very residence of the Jurors on the spot becomes a material ingredient in judgments, which take several months to form.
66. The work of a Juror is excessively laborious and irk- impedi- some. To begin work as early as eight in the morning — ments- to wait for companion Jurors who are not punctual — to pace literally over miles of exhibiting ground — to examine stalls
and cases, and meet with no exhibitor or agent present to show or explain them, or to find the glass-case locked and no key producible — to haunt committee -rooms and get no quorum for business, — and to do this day after day is what most of the British Jurors did scrupulously for many weeks, and one at least throughout the whole period of the Exhibition, without missing a single day or a single meeting.
But to expect that judgments can be satisfactorily formed with justice by four hundred persons, of all nations, subject to all the difficulties enumerated, virtually irresponsible,
* The spring and summer are not opportune periods for insuring the presence of Parisian residents in their metropolis.
f The very duration of the work makes it quite a different thing to the labour which, the judges at agricultural meetings, botanical shows, &c. are willing to perform. What may be possible, if done under vigilant supervision and concentrated responsibility, in a short period of two or three days, is im- possible if extended ad libitum over months. At a cattle show, or trial of agricultural instruments, judges and exhibitors are both present, and prompt to do the work at once ; but in an Industrial Exhibition the examinations are in all respects very much a matter of chance. Mr. B. Gibbs has furnished me with a statement of the methodic proceedings adopted with the Judges for agricultural shows. (See Appendix, p. 72.)
24
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Mr. Cole on THE General Manage- ment.
Inadequate knowledge of techni- calities in the juries.
Impossible to avoid omissions.
liable to numerous accidents beyond control, and impeded somewhat by the difficulties of language, in an Universal Exhibition, is to expect what human nature cannot perform. The work becomes impossible.
67. Another defect in the system of juries, is the incom- petency of the tribunal to deal satisfactorily with all the numerous technical subdivisions necessarily grouped under one heading. Not thirty juries, but at least a hundred are wanted. It must be admitted that the judgment should be based upon technical knowledge, or it is of little worth. It would be difficult to name many classes in which the variety of technical knowledge possessed by their juries was ade- quate to pass judgment on all the technical subdivisions of the class. Besides, the very national varieties— each one peculiar to its own country — which exist in every sub- division of every class, render it impossible to fix any stan- dard of excellence.
68. In the Paris Exhibition five kinds of rewards of dif- ferent grades were established, so that the difficulty of assigning the reward exactly suitable to every case was greater than in London, where there were only three.*
69. Next is the impossibility of avoiding oversights in the enormous mass of objects which a Universal Exhibition brings together. The rules of the Imperial Commission were intended to provide against oversights. Special Commis- sioners were to have been appointed, to see that the goods of no exhibitor escaped examination, but no appointments were made ( see page 44. Art. 74.) The responsibility of looking after everything devolved entirely upon the Jurors themselves ; and perhaps it may be allowable to remark, that the local arrangements of the objects in the Paris Exhibition were not calculated to assist the Jurors in their examinations. Some difficulties, inherent in the case ( see pars. 75, 76. pages 25 and 26), have been already noticed.
70. Attempts were made in the British section to secure for every object its proper examination, at least by the British J urors, but they all failed. Repeated notices were given to
* In Paris, for the Industrial Division, there was, — 1. A large Gold Grande Medaille d’Honneur. 2. A small Gold Medaille d’Honneur. 3. A Silver Medal. 4. A Bronze Medal. 5. An Honourable Mention; and perhaps the Legion of Honoui’, largely distributed by the Emperor, may be considered a sixth. In London, it was Sir Bobert Peel who suggested that all the medals should be of bronze, and there were only two, a Council Medal and a Prize Medal, and an Honowable Mention. In Paris, considerable efforts were made to maintain a distinction between the value of the medals, whilst in London the tendency was the reverse, carried so far, that a bronze medal was presented to every exhibitor, as a recognition of the aid he gave.
Mr. Cole on the General Management
25
agents and exhibitors of the visits of the Jurors, but stili Mr.Cole there were many things which passed unnoticed at all. I general will only glance at four. Two, the like of which were not ment.e' exhibited by any other countries, were eagerly sought for Inst^Jes of by several foreign Governments at the conclusion of the omissions. Exhibition ; a third, a marked type of civilized progress in all its developments, the product of the most perfect com- mercial organization of its kind at the present time, demand- ing the most varied powers in its management, extending its influence over the whole globe, and the non-appearance of which for a single day would excite the inquiry of the world ; whilst a fourth was a modern invention, produced within the last fifteen years, which every State in Europe has successfully adopted from England and made part of its financial system.
71. Indeed, it must be confessed that the local arrange- ment of the articles in the building in Paris, placed con- siderable impediments in the way of any satisfactory comparison of the articles either by the public or by the juries.
72. The local arrangement of the articles is so important, The local
and is so influential upon a proper examination of them, that mentofthe I venture to digress somewhat from the subject of the juries, hiiited^may to say a few words on that of the arrangement. phS 0?’
73. In London, the geographical principle of arrangement scientific, was adopted, although a scientific one had been much desired
by H.RH. the President of the Commission in 1851 ; but the total want of knowledge of the details of the probable extent of the various groups of foreign goods, rendered it impossible to attempt a scientific arrangement within the limits of the time, and it became necessary to abandon it.
74. The experience obtained in London and Paris of the scientific space occupied by the several kinds of goods would render ™t now the scientific arrangement of any future Universal Exhibition practicable, comparatively easy, provided the subdivision was not carried too far. Thirty classes, however, is not sufficiently numerous, but probably 100 would be. Such a number of scientific groups of goods, a portion of space for each group
being offered to each exhibiting nation, might have been readily laid out in a series of buildings like those of the Paris Exhibition. But such an arrangement ought not, on any account to be attempted, without adhering to a well-matured plan, definitively settled before-hand, and which ought not to be altered.
75. In Paris, the principle of the arrangement was in- graphical tended to be geographical, the goods of each country being adoptedln
Paris.
26
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Mb. Cole together. But from the very beginning there were two General distinct buildings, the Palais and the Annexe, and subse- Mment.E' quently the Panorama ; and three other structures, for — agriculture, carriages, and cheap articles were added. The principal building, the Palais, had its basement and a gallery above. The Annexe was divided into two parts, one having upper galleries on each side. Besides, there were large spaces on the staircases, at first intended for refreshments, and subsequently used to exhibit goods. There were also exhibiting spaces in the open ground. In fact, the goods of the larger exhibiting nations were placed in seven or eight distinct localities, whilst those of France were to be found in all parts of every building and open space.* ( See map.) jiassifica- pg. The theoretical classification of the articles on paper did not agree with the local arrangement of them, and afforded no assistance in the consultation. Indeed, it may be said that the first was not practical, and many instances might be cited where the same articles might be found placed under different heads of the classification. Stoves, for example, might be found as “objects for heating'" in one class, as iron manufactures in another, as steel manufactures in a third, &c.
77. The several structures of the Paris Exhibition being so varied in character were particularly adapted to a scien- tific arrangement of the goods, whereby the labour of the juries would have been materially assisted. But the principle of the arrangement had been settled before the nature and extent of the buildings had been determined.f
* Thus, British goods, as such arranged professedly on the geographical principle, were to be found in the following places : —
1. Remarkable objects, as trophies, in the nave of the Palais.
2. Manufactures in the basement of the Palais.
3. Manufactures in the gallery of the Palais.
4. Colonial productions, & c. on the staircase of the Palais.
5. Manufactures in the panorama.
6. Manufactures in the outbuilding appropriated to cheap articles.
7. A miscellaneous collection of heavy and other manufactures in the grounds outside the Palais.
8. Raw produce, chemical manufactures, agricultural machinery, and Canadian productions, in the basement of the east end of the Annexe.
9. Colonial productions and agriculture in the south gallery of the east end of the Annexe.
10. Colonial productions chiefly in the north gallery of the east end of the Annexe.
11. Machinery and carriages in the basement of the west end of the Annexe.
■j- The buildings expanded according to the demands made by French exhibitors for space, until the exhibiting area was nearly double its original extent ; and the original proportions of the division of space between France and foreign countries became altogether changed. At the first the space was
Mr. Cole on the General Management.
27
To revert to the subject of juries, it may be said that juries Mr. cole are found to act well in agricultural and flower shows, but general it has already been pointed out that the work is of small Mment.E* and manageable extent, occupying only a few days, whilst The“k of similar work in an universal exhibition occupies months, jurors is and practically gets beyond control. control.
78. The most remarkable instance of this was furnished
in the Paris Exhibition. The awards had been made by mldeand the several juries, confirmed by the groups of juries, and revised, revised by the Council of Presidents of Juries, strictly according to decrees. The labours of five months seemed to have ended, and almost everyone had departed. Totals were made of the number of gold medals which had thus been awarded, when they were considered much too nume- rous to the Imperial Commission. This information was obtained only within a fortnight of the ceremony of dis- tributing the prizes, and it was thought absolutely neces- sary to appoint a new committee of seven persons — four being French, and three foreigners, — to classify the Medailles d’Honneur into two grades, and to resolve who should receive the higher or the lower grade ( see page 49).
79. Thus the work of several hundred persons, possessing all kinds of knowledge, who had been brought together from all parts of Europe, was finally revised by a very small committee created at the last moment, and whose know- ledge was necessarily limited.
80. The foregoing brief observations which I have ven- tured to submit to your Lordship on the proceedings of the juries, seem to me to justify the conclusion that it is impossible in an Universal Exhibition to render the working of them satisfactory, and that it would he best, and most in accordance with the spirit of the present times, to abandon them altogether. This, at least, appears to be certain, that the judgment of any so-called international jury prac- tically becomes a national judgment of the country where the exhibition is held, and that it would be much sounder
equally divided, but before the end of the Exhibition France occupied nearly two-third parts of the whole. The preparations of the panorama, lying between the Palais and the Annexe, were not even commenced till within fifteen days of the opening as first announced. The postponement of the opening, and the incompleteness of the arrangements, must be attributed chiefly to the absence of any settled plan of the extent and size of the Exhibition at a sufficiently early period to insure completeness and punctuality. The Paris Exhibition could not be said to be complete till nearly the 1st August instead of the 1st May. Owing to this circumstance, great latitude was allowed in the admission of goods ; indeed, the admission lasted during the whole period of the Exhibition. But such licence is very much opposed to a proper per- formance of the duties of the juries,, and was a source of disturbance to their judgments in London to very limited extent, but to a great one in Paris.
28
Reports on the Paris Exhibition .
^on theE *n Principle to recognize this fact, and to leave the judg- general ment and the appointment of J urors entirely in the hands 1 men?e" of the country which holds the Exhibition. This, indeed, Nomination was very much the feeling of the Board of Trade even on should be the Present occasion, when in consenting to appoint Jurors, country1*3 the ImPerial Commissioners were informed that the Board holding the would have been quite content to leave the duty in their
Exhibition. liandg
82. In conclusion, I proceed to lay before your Lordship a brief summary of the measures which I submit, might be taken in any future Universal Exhibition.
I. Those on the Part of the Government.
Measures to a. Having received the invitation to co-operate from the the Govern- foreign country, it would be for the Board of Trade to future Ex- ma^e known the terms of the proposed Exhibition to hibitions. Chambers of Commerce, &c., to assist in forming committees, which should consist rather of exhibitors and those having a status in the Exhibition, than of persons or bodies not contributing to it.
b. When committees had been formed, to induce them to agree in constituting a central management for themselves.
c. To accredit such management to the authorities managing the proposed foreign Exhibition.
d. To assist in causing reports on the departments of the foreign Exhibition to be made, inducing the preparation of them rather by commercial and scientific authorities than direct nominees of the Government. First editions of such reports should be certainly published whilst the Exhibition was open, as their utility would be much increased. It was found that such reports were much wanted both in London and Paris.
e. Should the Government think fit itself to exhibit such objects as national surveys, models of ships, or other objects in which it acts as the producer, it would do so as a simple exhibitor conforming to the ordinary regulations.
/. With respect to the Colonies exhibiting, the Government would accredit the agents named by the Colonies, and in like manner induce the agents to elect a general manager among themselves.
g. It would prevent difficulty if the Board of Trade should undertake to divide the space between the United Kingdom and the Colonies, in case such space should be allotted in bulk by the foreign Government.
h. To obtain facilities from the Customs in returning goods at the close of the Exhibition.
i. To decline to appoint Jurors.
Mr. Cole on the General Management
29
Me. Cole
II. — On the Part of the Exhibitors. gjwebal
a. To form themselves into trade committees. Mment?
b. The committee to elect, in concert with the Colonial Measures to committees, a manager, with ample powers, to proceed to the exMWtors'V foreign country. When there, he must he invested with full authority to deal with defaulters, and do whatever is neces- sary to complete the Exhibition and insure punctuality. In
spite of all efforts, some few exhibitors will be unpunctual, and such parties always contend for the reservation of privileges, which if conceded would render the Exhibition imperfect.
c. To print a list of the proposed exhibitors and their addresses as soon as they are ascertained. This will be found of great convenience in shipping the goods, in re- ceiving them abroad, and making the arrangements in the Exhibition, and in conducting correspondence. It was one of the most useful steps taken in the Paris Exhibition, and should be carried out at as early a stage of the proceedings as possible. It is very important to keep the exhibitors fully informed of the necessary regulations as they are made in the progress of the work. It saves much cor- respondence with individuals, secures uniformity of action, and creates in the minds of the parties interested an ac- curate sense of the necessities of the work. Moreover, short documents issued frequently attract more attention than lengthy ones issued at long intervals. These, collected together when the work is done, may appear numerous, and many of them superfluous ; but their utility is to be judged by the general result. A list of those issued on the present occasion is appended (see page 64), and it may be safely asserted that the economy of twenty per cent, effected in the management would hardly have been obtained without a generous outlay in distributing information. It is hardly possible to err on the side of giving information too fully, where it is important to enlist voluntary assist- ance.
d . To organize for the shipping of the goods. The eni' ployment of a single agent at only one port of departure will be found both economical and convenient.
e. Before any goods are shipped it will save much cost and trouble to ascertain that the Exhibition buildings abroad are quite ready to receive them, and to send no goods until there is satisfactory assurance of this feet. At least two months' delay and vexation would have been spared in Paris if no goods had been sent until the floor, the shafting, and
31 r. Cole on THE General 31anage- ment.
80 Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
galleries of the Annexe had been completed ; and it would be best for all parties to decline courteously to send goods until the building is quite fit to receive them.
/. It may be somewhat costly, but will prove cheapest in the end, to send abroad a sufficient staff of workmen and tools, especially carpenters and men accustomed to place machinery. The importation of one or more moveable cranes would have been most useful. Not a single one was em- ployed in Paris to assist in unloading the goods. The safest course is to be self-reliant for executing all such details. This was followed especially in the exhibition of the Fine Arts where English workmen were employed. Had it been different, the arrangement and closing of the British part of the Fine Arts Exhibition would have been much delayed.
g. To engage a separate warehouse in the foreign country to store the empty packing-cases during the Exhibition. This will be found a convenience well worth paying for. The extent of accommodation should be regulated by the number of cases likely to be returned at the close of the Exhibition.
h. An effort should be made to obtain sufficient office accommodation in the Exhibition building itself, which supersede the necessity for separate offices out of it.
i. The preparation of cases, stands, &c., will be best left to each exhibitor or group of exhibitors who may please to act in concert. The fewer rules on this point, the better ; glass cases, in fact, are undesirable. In the Exhibition of 1851, the fewest possible rules were prescribed to exhibitors in the preparation of their glass cases, the principle being to allow as much freedom and exercise of individual judgment as possible; on the contrary, in 1855, the Imperial Commission were very anxious that glass cases and frames for exhibiting should be adopted, of an uniform character, and in the nave of the Palais ifc was absolutely enforced upon British ex- hibitors to use cases ot a particular height and size, and pattern, as the condition of occupying that position, however unsuitable they might be for displaying their goods. The exhibitors submitted, and incurred some thousands of pounds expense to prepare them, although quite against their own judgment. These cases proved to be most unsuitable for their purpose, and were a serious defect in the general appearance of the nave This was apparent in those parts where French exhibitors having been less obedient to the rules of the Imperial Commission than British exhibitors, had declined to erect the prescribed form of case. In 1851, the rule was to prohibit glass cases in the nave. In 1855, the
Mr. Cole on the General Management.
31
contrary rule prevailed, and, notwithstanding every effort was made to prevent the flat, dusty tops of the cases from being an eyesore from the galleries above, by erecting a kind of roofing to them, they were felt to be a great defect throughout the whole period of the Exhibition. The result proved the superiority of the plan in the London Exhibition, and has confirmed the wisdom of the rule that glass cases and high stands should be avoided as much as possible ; indeed, except where absolutely necessary, it would be better to prohibit them. Another lesson taught by the arrangement of the Paris Exhibition was to keep high erections rather to the sides than place them in the centre of galleries.
83. Upon the basis of the expenditure incurred by the Government for the Paris Exhibition, namely, 40,000^. out of the vote of 50,000£. ; it may be estimated that the cost of management of any future Exhibition, excluding the Fine Arts Division, ought not to be more. It would not be less, as expenses can be controlled all the more in proportion as the executive management is central, and the responsibility individual. Should the course of action now pointed out be adopted, an expense of 10,000£. might be defrayed by the Government for preliminary expenses, distributing infor- mation, and assistance in preparing reports on the Foreign Exhibition, on condition that the balance of 30,000£. should be undertaken by exhibitors, in order to pay the expenses of transit and general management. A guarantee fund exceeding this amount should be obtained from intending exhibitors, and a deposit paid, each committee or exhibitor contributing in proportion to the amount of space allotted to them.
I have the honour to be, &c.
Henry Cole.
Me. Cole
ON THE General Manage- ment.
Mr. Cole on the General Management (Appendix). S3
APPENDICES to Mr. COLE'S REPORT.
APPENDIX (A.)
(I.)
DECREES, REGULATIONS, AND INSTRUCTIONS OF THE IMPERIAL COMMISSION.
Decrees.
Napoleon, by the grace of God, and the national will, Emperor of the French, to all whom it may concern, greeting :
On the report of our Minister, Secretary of State for the department of the Interior,
We have decreed and do hereby decree, as follows :
Art. 1. — An Universal Exhibition of agricultural and manufacturing pro- ducts will be opened at Paris, in the Palace of Industry, on the Carre de Marigny, on the 1st May 1855, and will close on the 30th of September fol- lowing.*
The products of all nations will be admitted to this Exhibition.
Art. 2. — The quinquennial Exhibition, which, by the terms of Art. 5 of the Decree of the 4th of October 1853, was to cpen on the 1st May 1854, will be united to the Universal Exhibition.
Art. 3. — A future decree will fix the conditions under which the Universal Exhibition will take place, the regulations under which the goods exhibited will be placed, and the various kinds of objects capable of being admitted.
Art. 4. — Our Ministei', Secretary of State for the department of the In- terior, is charged with the execution of the present Decree.
Given at the Palace of the Tuileries, this 8th of March 1853.
(Signed) Napoleon.
(Countersigned) F. de Persigny,
Minister, Secretary of State for the Interior.
Napoleon, by the grace of God, and the national will, Emperor of the French, to all whom it may concern, greeting :
Considering that one of the most efficient means of contributing to the pro- gress of the arts is an Universal Exhibition, which, by throwing open a field for competition to all the artists of the woi'ld, and by placing so many various works in face of each other, ought to be a powerful motive to emulation, and present an occasion for fruitful comparisons ;
Considering that the improvement of manufactures is closely connected with that of the Fine Arts ;
That, however, all the Exhibitions of industrial products which have been hitherto held, have admitted the works of artists in only a very insufficient proportion ;
That it belongs especially to France, whose manufactures owe so much to the Fine Arts, to assign to them in the coming Universal Exhibition, the place which they merit ;
* The date fixed for the closing of the Exhibition has been extended to October 31. ( Vide Art. 1. of the General Regulations.)
C
Mr. Cole
on THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Appendix A.
Decree ordering the Exhibition.
Decree ordering the Exhibition of Eine Arts.
34
Reports on the Paris Exhibition .
Me. Cole
on THE Geneeal Manage- ment.
Appendix A.
Decree appointing the Imperial Commis- sion.
We have decreed and do hereby decree, as follows :
Art. 1. — An Universal Exhibition of the Eine Arts will be held at Paris at the same time as the Universal Exhibition of Industry.
The place in which this Exhibition will be held will be designated hereafter. Art. 2. — The annual Exhibition of the Eine Arts of 1854 is postponed to 1855, and united with the Universal Exhibition.
Art. 3. — Our Minister of State is charged with the execution of the present Decree.
Given at the Palace of Saint Cloud, this 22nd of June 1853.
(Signed) Napoleon.
(Countersigned) Achili.e Eocld, Minister of State.
Napoleon, by the grace of God, and the national will, Emperor of the Erench, to all whom it may concern, greeting :
On the report of our Minister, Secretary of State for the department of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works;
Taking into consideration our Decrees of the 8th of March and 22nd of June last, declaring that there will be opened at Paris, on the 1st of May 1855, an Universal Exhibition of the products of Agriculture, Manufactures, and the Eine Arts ;
We have decreed and do hereby decree, as follows :
Art. 1. — The Universal Exhibition of the products of Agriculture, Manu- factures, and the Eine Arts is placed under the direction and superintendence of a Commission, of which our well-beloved cousin, Prince Napoleon, will be the President.
Art. 2. — That Commission is composed of the following members :
MM. Baroche, president of the Council of State ;
Elie de Beaumont, senator, member of the Institute ;
Billault, president of the Legislative Body ;
Blanqui, member of the Institute, director of the Upper School of Commerce ;
Eugene Delacroix, painter, member of the Municipal and Depart- mental Commission of the Seine ;
Jean Dollfus, manufacturer ;
Arles Dufour, member of the Chamber of Commerce of Lyons ; Dumas, senator, member of the Institute ;
Baron Charles Dupin, senator, member of the Institute ; Ilenriquel-Dupont, member of the Institute ;
Count de Gasparin, member of the Institute ;
Greterin, councillor of State, director-general of Customs and Indirect Taxes ;
Heurtier, councillor of State, director-general of Agriculture and Commerce ;
Ingres, member of the Institute ;
Legentil, president of the Chamber of Commerce of Paris ;
Leplay, engineer-in-chief of mines ;
Count de Lesseps, director of consulates and of commercial affairs at the Ministry of Eoreign Affairs ;
Merimee, senator, member of the Institute ;
Michel Chevalier, councillor of State, member of the Institute ; Mimerel, senator ;
General Morin, director of the Conservatoire Imperial des Arts- et Metiers ;
Count de Moray, deputy to the Legislative Body, member of the Superior Council of Commerce, Agriculture, and Manufactures ; Prince de la Moskowa, senator ;
Duke de Mouchy, senator, member of the Superior Council of Commerce, Agriculture, and Manufactures ;
Marquis de Pastoret, senator, member of the Institute ;
Mr. Cole on the General Management (Appendix). 35
Emile Pereire, president of the board of directors of the Southern Railway ;
General Poncelet, member of the Institute ;
Regnault, member of the Institute, administrator of the Imperial Manufactory of Sevres ;
Sallandrouze, manufacturer, deputy to the Legislative Body ;
De Saulcy, member of the Institute, curator of the Museum of Artillery ;
Schneider, vice-president of the Legislative Body, member of the Superior Council of Commerce, Agriculture, and Manufactures ;
Baron Seilliere (Achille) ;
Seydoux, deputy to the Legislative Body ;
Simart, member of the Institute ;
Troplong, president of the Senate, first president of the Court of Cassation, member of the Institute ;
Marshal Count Vaillant, grand marshal of the Palace, senator, member of the Institute ;
Visconti, member of the Institute, architect to the Emperor.
Art. 3. — The Commission is divided into two sections:
That of the Fine Arts, and that of Agriculture and Manufactures.
The following are the members of the section of the Fine Arts :
MM. Baroche,
Eugene Delacroix, Henriquel- Dupont, Ingres,
Merimee,
Count de Morny,
MM. Prince de la Moscowa, Duke de Mouchy, Marquis de Pastoret, De Saulcy,
Simart,
Visconti
The following are the members of the section of Agriculture and Manu- factures :
MM. Elie de Beaumont, Billault,
Blanqui,
Michel Chevalier, Dollfus (Jean),
Arles -Dufour,
Dumas,
Baron Charles Dupin, Count de Gasparin, Greterin,
He ur tier,
Legentil,
Leplay,
MM. Count de Lesseps, Mimerel,
General Morin,
Emile Pereire,
General Poncelet, Regnault,
Sallandrouze,
Schneider,
Seilliere,
Seydoux,
Troplong,
Marshal Count Vaillant.
Art. 4. — In the absence of Prince Napoleon, the Commission, when assembled at a general meeting, will be presided over by the Minister of State, or by the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works ; and in default of these gentlemen, by a vice-president, ballotted for at the first sitting.
The section of the Pine Arts will be presided over by the Minister of State ; and the section of Agriculture and Manufactures, by the Minister of Agri- culture, Commerce, and Public Works.
Each section will elect a vice-president.
Art. 5. — M. Arles-Dufour is appointed Secretary of the Commission, and M. Adolphe Thibaudeau, Assistant -Secretary.
M. de Mercy, chief of the section of the Fine Arts at the Ministry of State, is named Secretary of the section of the Fine Arts.
M. Audiganne and M. Chemin-Dupontes, respectively heads of the depart- ments of Manufactures and of Commerce and Navigation at the Ministry of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works, are nominated Secretaries of the section of Agriculture and Manufactures.
c 2
Mr. Cole
ox THE General Manage- ment.
Appendix A
Me. Cole
ON THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Appendix A.
Address of
Prince
Napoleon.
36 Reports on the Paris Exhibition .
Art. 6. — Our Minister of State, and our Minister, Secretary of State for the department of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works, are charged with the execution of the present decree.
Given at the Palace of the Tuileries, this 24th of December 1853.
(Signed J Napoleon.
(Countersigned) Achille Pould, Minister of State.
P. Magne, Minister, Secretary of State for Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works.
The Imperial Commission assembled for the first time on the 29th of December 1853, at the Palais-Royal, Prince Napoleon presiding. His Imperial Highness, after reading the Decrees appointing the Commission, delivered the following address :
Gentlemen,
The Emperor confides to us a noble and honourable mission, when he charges us to organize this grand competition, in which Prance will show herself worthy of her name, by the eagerness with which her artists and her manufacturers will respond to the appeal which is made to them.
Our duty towards foreigners is to receive them with a liberal and kind- hearted hospitality.
All opinions in matters of political economy are represented in our body, not for the purpose of entering into fruitless discussions, foreign to our mission, but of co-operating with equal ardour, whatever may be their point of view, in the success of this work, which is calculated to throw so great a lustre on the Prance and Europe of the nineteenth century.
On that point, Gentlemen, there cannot be any difference of opinion amongst us.
The Emperor has testified his high impartiality in assembling in the same body the leading men in politics, science, arts, manufactures, and commerce.
Por the first time, an Universal Exhibition of the Pine Arts will be joined to an Universal Exhibition of Industry.
It belongs to our country to set the example of this alliance, which is so well suited to our initiatory genius.
I hope, Gentlemen, that the most entire confidence will reign in our relations, and I ask you to grant me, as your President, that indulgence of which I stand in need.
Peeling my insufficiency for the great mission which the confidence of the Emperor has teen pleased to confer on me, I shall at least devote to it my most ardent zeal, and the firm determination to act for the best, which is the first condition of success.
The questions which we shall have to solve are numerous and complicated, and are connected with a multitude of diversified interests : I propose to submit them to your decision successively, as they present themselves, in order not to overburden ourselves uselessly at the commencement of our labours.
They naturally divide themselves into two great parts : — the questions which may call for decrees on the part of His Majesty, and those which we can solve on our own authority.
In execution of the Decree which has been published, our first operation is the nomination of the vice-president of the General Commission, and of the two vice-presidents of the sections of Manufactures and of the Fine Arts.
I shall afterwards request you to appoint a sub-commission to assist me in the execution of the measures which you shall have decided on. Business can only be got through in a practical manner by a small number of persons devoting to it their special aptitude and their time.
The first question to occupy the attention of that sub-commission will be to draw up a series of regulations for the prompt despatch of the numerous affairs which we shall have to settle.
Mr. Cole on the General Management (Appendix). 37
The general regulations, framed by the Imperial Commission for the manage- Mr. Cole ment of the Universal Exhibition, were approved of by the following Decree : r0N THE Napoleon, by the grace of God, and the national will, Emperor of the manage^ Erench, to all whom it may concern, greeting : ment.
Considering the draft of the general regulations proposed by the Imperial — “
Commission for the Universal Exhibition of the products of Agriculture, ppen lxA' Industry, and the Fine Arts, Decree ap-
proving the
We have decreed and do hereby decree, as follows : Regula-
The general regulations for the Universal Exhibition, annexed to the present Decree, are hereby approved of.
Given at the Palace of the Tuileries, this 6th of April 1854.
(Signed) Napoleon.
(Countersigned) Achille Fould, Minister of Slate.
P. Magne, Minister, Secretary of State for Agriculture,
Commerce, and Public Works.
GENERAL REGULATIONS.
General Arrangements.
Art. 1. — The Universal Exhibition, appointed to be held at Paris in the year General Re- 1855, will receive the agricultural and manufacturing products, as well as the Stations, works of Art, of all nations.
It will open on the 1st of May, and will close on the 31st of October of the same year.
Art. 2. — The Universal Exhibition of 1855 is placed under the direction of the Imperial Commission, nominated by the Decree of the 24th of Decem- ber 1853.
Art. 3. — In every department, a committee, nominated by the Prefect, in accordance with the instructions of the Imperial Commission, will be charged with the necessary measures for the success of the Exhibition, and with the admission and rejection, at the proper time, of the articles presented.
There shall also be appointed, should the Imperial Commission deem it ne- cessary, local sub-committees or special agents, in every town and centre of industry, where the necessity of them may be felt.
Art. 4. — Special instructions will be addressed, in the name of the Imperial Commission, to the Ministers of War and Marine, with regard to the exhibition of the products of Algeria and of the French colonies.
Art. 5. — Foreign Governments will be invited to appoint, for the examina- tion, selection, and transmission of their national products, committees, the formation and composition of which should be notified as soon as possible to the Imperial Commission, in order that it may immediately place itself in communi- cation with such committees.
Art. 6. — The departmental committees, as well as the foreign committees authorized by their respective Governments, will correspond directly with the Imperial Commission, which will not hold any correspondence whatever with the exhibitors themselves, or with other private persons, either French or foreigners.
Art. 7 — Such French subjects or foreigners, as intend exhibiting, should apply to the committee of the department, colony, or country which they inhabit.
Foreigners, residing in France, may apply to the official committees of their respective countries.
Art. 8. — No article will be admitted to the Exhibition, if not sent with the authorization and under the seal of the departmental or foreign committees.
Art. 9. — The foreign and departmental committees should make known, as soon as possible, the presumed number of exhibitors in their division, and the space which it is supposed they will require.
Art. 10 — On receipt of that intimation, the Imperial Commission will, with- out delay, proceed to the division of the general space amongst France and the other countries, in proportion to the demands sent in.
38
Reports on the Paris Exhibition .
Art. 11. — When that division has been effected, notice of the same will be immediately sent to the French and Foreign committees, who will have to sub- divide the space thus allotted to them amongst the exhibitors of their divisions.
Art. 12. — The lists of the exhibitors who are admitted must be sent to the Imperial Commission, by the 30th of November 1854, at the latest.
These lists ought to mention :
1st. The names, Christian names (or name of firm), profession, and address of the parties applying ;
2nd. The nature and number or quantity of the articles which they desire to exhibit ;
3rd. The space which they require in height, width, and depth.
These lists, as well as all other documents coming from foreign countries, ought, as much as possible, to be accompanied by a French translation.
Admission and Classification of Products.
Admission Art 1 3. — All the products of Agriculture, Manufactures, and Art are admis- «f Products. sibie t0 the Universal Exhibition, with the exception of those included in the following categories :
1st. Living animals and plants ;
2nd. Fresh vegetables and animal substances of a nature liable to be spoiled from keeping ;
3rd. Detonating substances, and, in general, all such as may be considered dangerous ;
4th. And, finally, products in such quantities as would exceed the objects of the Exhibition.
Art 14. — Spirits or alcohols, oils and essences, acids and corrosive salts, and generally substances easy inflammable, or of a nature to produce combustion, will only be admitted to the Exhibition when contained in solid and perfectly closed vessels ; the owners of such articles will, besides, be bound to conform to such measures of safety as may be prescribed to them.
Art. 15. — The Imperial Commission will have the right of excluding, on the proposition of the competent agents, such French objects as may appear to it injurious or incompatible with the objects of the Exhibition, and those which have been sent in excess of what is required or are unfit for exhibition. tkmofPr' Art. 16.* — The objects sent for exhibition will form two distinct divisions : ducts. r°" Products of Industry and Works of Art. They will be distributed, for each country, into eight groups, comprising thirty sections, viz. :
1st Division. — Products of Industry.
1st GrROUP. — Industrial pursuits having for principal object the extraction of production of raw materials.
1st Class. Mining and metallurgical products.
2nd — Everything relating to the management of trees, or to hunting, shooting, and fishing, and products obtained without cultivation.
3rd — Agriculture.
2nd Group. — Industrial pursuits having specially for object the employment of mechanical power.
4th Class. Machinery in general, as applied to industry.
5th — Special machinery and apparatus for railways, and other modes of transport.
6th — Special machinery and apparatus for workshops.
7th — Special machinery and apparatus for the manufacture of woven fabrics.
Mr. Cole
on THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Appendix A.
* A document entitled “ System of Classification,” and specifying the division of all branches of manufactures and of all the arts, of their raw materials, their means of action and their products, amongst the thirty sections established in this article, was published.
Mr. Cole on the General Management (Appendix). 39
3rd Group Manufactures specially based on the employment of physical and Mr. Cole
chemical aqents, or connected with the sciences and instruction. THE
General
8th Class. Arts relating to the exact sciences and to instruction. Manage-
9th — Manufactures relating to the economical production and employ- MENT-
ment of heat, light, and electricity. Appendix A.
10th — Chemical manufactures, dyeing and printing, paper, leather, skins,
India -rubber, &c.
1 1th — Preparation and preservation of alimentary substances.
4th Group. — Industrial pursuits specially connected with the learned professions.
12th Class. Hygiene, pharmacy, surgery, and medicine.
13th — Naval and military arts.
14th — Civil engineering and building.
5th Group. — Manufactures of mineral products.
15th Class. Steel and its products 1 6th — General metal work.
17th — Goldsmith’s work, jewellery, and bronzes.
18th — Glass and pottery.
6th Group.— Woven fabrics.
19th Class. Cotton manufactures.
20th - — Woollen and worsted manufactures.
21st — Silk manufactures.
22nd — Flax and hemp manufactures.
23rd — hosiery, carpets, embroidery, lace of every kind, gold and silver fringes, &c.
7th Group. — Decorative furniture and upholstery, millinery , industrial design, printing, and music.
24th Class. Furniture and decoration.
25th — Articles of clothing, objects of fashion and fancy.
26th — Drawing and modelling applied to industry, letter-press and copper-plate printing, photography.
27th — Manufacture of musical instruments.
2nd Division. — Works of Art.
8th Group. — Fine Arts.
28th Class. Painting, engraving, and lithography.
29th — Sculpture and die-sinking.
30th — Architecture.
Keceftion and Placing of Goods.
Art. 17. — The various objects, both French and foreign, will be received at Reception the Exhibition Palace, from the 15th of January to the 15th of March 1855, of goods, inclusive.
Nevertheless, an extension of time will be granted for such manufactured articles as are likely to suffer from being too long packed up, on condition that the arrangements necessary for their exhibition shall have been made before- hand. This delay cannot in any case extend beyond the 15th of April.
Heavy and cumbersome articles, or any others the placing of which would require considerable labour, must be sent before the end of February.
Art. 18. — The committees of each country and of each French department, are requested to send, as much as possible, in one consignment, the products of their divisions.
Art. 19. The consignment of each exhibitor, whether sent with those of other exhibitors or separately, must be accompanied by the bulletin of admis- sion delivered by the competent authority. This bulletin drawn up in tripli- cate and in the form prescribed by Art. 12, must likewise contain the number and weight of the packages, as well as the particulars and price of every article composing the consignment.
Forms of these bulletins will be sent to all the committees, French and foreign.
40
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Art. 20. — The French objects intended for the Universal Exhibition "will be forwarded from the places appointed for the purpose by the departmental and colonial committees, and taken back from Paris to the same places, at the expense of the State.
Foreign articles, having the same destination, will likewise be conveyed to Paris at the cost of the State, but only from, the French frontier, and will be sent back under the same conditions.
Art. 21. — They must be addressed to the Commissioner of Arrangement at the Exhibition Palace.
Art. 22.— The address of each package, destined for the Exhibition, ought to indicate, in clear and legible characters —
i. The place from which it comes,
ii. The name of the exhibitor,
iii. The nature of the contents.
Form of Address.
A Monsieur 1e Commissaire du Classement de V Expo- sition Universelle.
Au Palais de V Exposition — Paris.
Envoi de (here come the name and Christian names of the person sending, or the name of the firm,) demeurant d (residence or address), exposant de (nature of the produce).
Art. 23. — Packages containing articles sent by several exhibitors must have the names of all those exhibitors on the address, and be accompanied by a separate bulletin of admission for each of them.
Art. 24. — Exhibitors are requested not to send separately packages of less dimensions than half a cubic metre, but to place in the same packing-case with other packages of the same class, such as come within these dimensions.
Art. 25. — The admission of articles to the Exhibition will be gratuitous.
Art. 26. — Exhibitors will not be subjected to payments of any kind, either for entrance or space, or on any other pretext whatever, during the whole time of the Exhibition.
Moving and Art. 27. — The Imperial Commission will provide for the moving, placing, placing of and arranging of articles in the interior of the Exhibition Palace : as well as goods. for the works necessary to set the machinery in motion.
Art. 28. — Tables or counters, flooring, enclosures, barriers, and partitions between the various classes of products, will be furnished gratuitously.
Art. 29.— All special arrangements and requirements, such as steps, shelves, supports, suspenders, glass-cases, hangings, draperies, paintings, and ornaments will be at the charge of the exhibitors.
Art. 30. — These dispositions, arrangements, and ornamentations can only be executed in conformity with the general plan, and under the superintendence of the inspectors, who will determine the height and form of the frontage of the stalls, and likewise the colour of the paint, hangings, and draperies.
Art. 31. — Contractors, designated or approved of by the Imperial Commis- sion, will hold themselves at the disposal of the exhibitors, and their bills will be examined by agents specially appointed for the purpose, should the exhibitors desire it.
Nevertheless, exhibitors will be at liberty to employ such workmen as they may think fit, having previously obtained the authorization of the Commission.
Art. 32. — Manufacturers wishing to exhibit machinery or other objects of very great weight or size, and which will require foundations or special con- structions, must make a declaration to that effect, on their demand for space.
Art. 33. — Likewise, persons intending to exhibit machinery which is to be set in motion by steam, or fountains throwing up water, or hydraulic engines,
Mr. Cole
ox THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Appendix A.
Form of address.
Mr. Cole on the General Management ( Appendix ). 41
ought to make a declaration of their intention at an early period, and state the Mr. Cole quantity and degree of pressure of steam or water which they will require.* General
Art. 34 The various products will be arranged together by nations, in the Manage-
order of the classification indicated in Art. 16. Nevertheless, the different ment. pi’oducts exhibited by an individual corporate body, city, department, or colony, ^ , ~jTy ^
may, with the authorization of the Executive Committee, be exhibited in ‘
separate groups when that disposition does not materially interfere with the Arrange- regular arrangements. ment.
Art. 35. — The Imperial Commission will take every measure to preserve Care of the from damage the articles exhibited. Nevertheless, if notwithstanding these goods, precautions, some disaster should chance to happen, the Commission will not hold itself responsible for the damage which might occur. These risks exhi- bitors must take on themselves, as likewise the expense of insurance, should they consider that precaution necessary.
Art. 36. — The Imperial Commission will likewise take care that the goods shall be watched over by an active and numerous staff ; the Commission will not, however, be responsible for any thefts or frauds which may take place.
Art. 37. — Each exhibitor wiil have the privilege of having his goods at the Agents may Exhibition taken care of by an agent chosen by himself. Notice must be given, pQ^ed from the outset, of the name and position of this agent. A personal card of admission will be given him, which, as long as the Exhibition remains open, he is neither to transfer nor lend, under pain of forfeiture.
Art. 38. — The agents of exhibitors must confine themselves to answering such questions as may be addressed to them, and to delivering cards of address, prospectuses, or lists of prices, when asked for them.
They will be interdicted, under pain of expulsion, from soliciting the attention of visitors, or trying to induce them to purchase the articles exhibited.
Art 39. — The wholesale current trade price of any article, at the period of p Affixed ^to the Exhibition, may be prominently affixed to it.f the articles.
Any exhibitor who may wish to avail himself of this permission must announce his intention beforehand to the local committee of his division, who will sanction the prices, after having ascertained their correctness.
The price thus affixed must, in case of a sale taking place, be strictly adhered to by the exhibitor, as regards the buyer.
In case the declaration should be found to be false, the Imperial Commission may order the goods to be removed, and the exhibitor precluded from exhibiting any longer.
Art. 40. — Articles sold cannot be removed until after the close of the Exhi- bition.
Foreign Goods. — Customs.
Art. 41. — With respect to foreign goods admitted to the Exhibition, the Exhibition Palace will be constituted a bonded warehouse.
Art. 42. — These goods accompanied by the bulletins mentioned in Art. 19, wilt enter France by the ports and frontier towns here mentioned, viz : —
Lisle, Valenciennes, Forbach, Wissemburg, Strasburg, Saint-Louis, Les- Verrieres-de-Joux, Pont-de-Beauvoisin, Chaparellan, Saint -Laurent-du-Var, Marseilles, Cette, Port Vendres, Perpignan, Bayonne, Bordeaux, Nantes, Havre, Boulogne, Calais, and Dunkirk.
Customs ar- rangements for Foreign goods.
* The following additional information relating to machinery in motion has been supplied by the Imperial Commission
1. The steam pressure will be 75 lbs. on the square inch (5 atmospheres), or less if
required.
2. The available pressure of water will be equal to a head of 32 to 48 feet (10 to 15 metres) ; but it is desirable that all the water-wheels, and other hydraulic machines should be adapted to a fall of not more than 10 feet (3 metres.)
8. Neither gas, nor any other combustible, can be permitted to be burned in the
building.
4. The shafting provided for driving machinery will be generally above the floor, though it may be placed below to suit particular cases, and the main horizontal shafts will be driven at a speed of from 60 to 80 revolutions in a minute.
5. Neither the produce of machines in motion, nor any other merchandise can be sold in tiie building, during the Exhibition.
t The Imperial Commission understands these words to apply to the selling price of articles on leaving the factory where they were produced .
42
Reports on the Paris Exhibition .
Me. Cole on THE General Manage- ment.
Appendix A.
Special duty fixed.
Interior
organiza-
tion.
Protection to inventors. Ac.
Art. 43. — Packages may be directed to agents designated by the Imperial Commission in each of these ports or towns. These agents, for a certain amount of remuneration fixed beforehand, will undertake the requisite custom-house formalities, and forward the goods to the Exhibition Palace.
Art. 44. — Foreign goods admitted into the Exhibition Palace will be taken charge of by the custom-house officers.
Art. 45. — The removal of the lead-stamps and the opening of the packages can only take place in the interior of the Palace, in the presence of the exhi- bitors or of their agents, and by the custom-house officers.
Art. 46. — One copy of the bulletin sent with each package to be considered as a certificate of origin, will be retained by the customs-department ; another copy will be left with the commissioner of arrangement at the Exhibition ; and the third will be deposited at the office of the Secretary of the Imperial Commission.
Art. 47. — Foreign exhibitors or their agents will have to declare, after the close of the Exhibition, whether their goods are intended for re-exportation or for interior consumption.
In the latter case, they will be at liberty to dispose of them immediately, after paying the duty, in the fixing of which the customs authorities will take into account the depreciation the goods may have undergone during their stay in the Exhibition.
Art. 48. — Goods, at all other times prohibited, will, by special exception, be admitted to interior consumption, on paying a duty of 20 per cent, on their actual value. This amount of duty will be the maximum levied on any article exhibited.
Interior Organization and Police Arrangements.
Art. 49. — The interior organization and police arrangements of the Exhi- bition are placed under the direction of an Executive Committee, composed of the different heads of departments, who will decide on all questions coming under their jurisdiction.
Art. 50 A set of regulations, published before the time fixed for the recep-
tion of goods, and posted up at the Exhibition building, will decide all points relative to the order of the interior service, and will designate the persons whose duty it will be to assist the exhibitors, and to watch over the order and security of the Exhibition.
Art. 51. — The agents and officers, attached to the foreign divisions, must speak one or more of the languages of those nations, with which they are to be in communication.
Interpreters, designated by the Imperial Commission, will besides be placed in various parts of the foreign division.
Art. 52. — Foreign Governments will be requested to accredit to the Impe- rial Commission, special commissioners, whose duty it will be to represent their countrymen at the Exhibition, during the reception, classification, and placing of the goods, and in all circumstances where their interests are concerned.
Protection of Industrial Designs and Inventions.
Art. 53. — Every exhibitor who is the inventor or legal proprietor of any process, machine, or design admitted to the Exhibition, and not yet registered or patented, may obtain from the Imperial Commission a certificate descriptive of the article exhibited, provided he make an application to that effect before the opening, or during the first month after the opening of the Exhibition.
Art. 54. — This certificate will secure to the holder of it the property of the article therein described, and the exclusive privilege of employing it to the best advantage, for the period of one year from the 1st of May 1855, without pre- judice to any patent which the exhibitor may take out, in the usual manner, before the expiration of that period.
Art. 55. — Every application for an inventor’s certificate must be accompanied by an accurate description of the object or objects for which protection is sought, and, should it be necessary, by a plan or drawing of the said objects.
Art. 56. — These applications, as well as the decisions arrived at with regard to them, will be entered in a register kept for the purpose, which will be after- wards deposited at the office of the Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works (department of industry), to be referred to as a proof during the period fixed for the validity of the certificates.
Art. 57. — These certificates will be delivered without any charge.
Mr. Cole on the General Management (Appendix). 43
Me. Cole
Jurtes and Rewards. General
Art. 58. — The examination of the articles exhibited, and the decisions 'with Manaoe- respect to their merit, will be confided to a great international mixed jury. ment. This jury will be composed of members and deputies, who will be divided into Appendix A thirty special juries, corresponding to the thirty classes mentioned in Art. 16. - —
Art. 59. — In the division of the products of Industry, the number of members Juries, for each special jury is fixed as follows : ,
For each of the classes :
3, 10, 20, and 23 .
2, 6, 16, 18, and 24 .
7, 8, 12, 13, 14, 17, 19, 21, 25, and 26 1, 4, 5, 9, 11, 15, 22, and 27
Jurors. Deputies. 14 4
12 3
10 2
8 2
In the division of the Fine Arts,
Class 28 will have ....... 20
29 — 11
30 — 8
Art. 60. — The number of Jurors to be appointed, will be for “France, as well as for foreign nations, in proportion to the number of exhibitors furnished by each country.
Art. 61. — The official committee of each country will designate persons to form the number of jurors which that country is entitled to nominate.
The French jurors for the first 27 classes will be nominated by the section of Agriculture and Industry of the Imperial Commission, and for the last 3 classes, by the section of the Fine Arts.
Art. 62. — In case the committee of any country exhibiting should not appoint jurors to represent it, the duty will be undertaken at a general meeting of the jurors present.
Art. 63. — The Imperial Commission will make the division of the members of the international jury amongst the various classes. It will also fix the general rules which will sei’ve as a basis for the operations of the special juries.
Art. 64. — Each special jury will have a president named by the Imperial Commission ; also a vice-president and a reporter, both of whom will be nomi- nated by an absolute majority of the votes of the jury.
Art. 65. — In case none of the members should obtain the absolute majority the two candidates who have received the greatest number of votes will decide the point by lot.
Art. 66- — The president of each jury, and in his absence the vice-president, will, in case of an equal division, have the casting-vote.
Art. 67. — The special juries will besides be distributed into groups, represen- ting the branches of industry, connected together by certain points of analogy or similitude.
These groups are eight in number, in conformity with the statement made in
Art. 16.
The members of each group will elect their own president and vice-president.
Art, 68. — No decision of any special jury will be definitive unless sanctioned by the group to which it belongs.
Art. 69. — Rewards of the highest degree will not be granted until after they Rewards, have been reconsidered by a council, composed of the presidents and vice- presidents of the special juries.
The jury for the Fine Arts is excepted from this regulation.
Art. 70. — Each special jury will be at liberty to call to its assistance, as associates or experts, one or more persons, technically acquainted with some of the articles submitted to it for examination. These persons may be selected from the members and deputies of the other classes, and from amongst persons who do not belong to the jury, but possess the required information. The members thus called in will only take part in the labours of the jury as regards the particular object for which their services were required ; they will only be entitled to take part in the discussion, and not to vote.
Art. 71. — Such exhibitors as may accept the functions of jurors or deputies, will be, by that fact only, rendered ineligible to receive any reward.
The jury for Fine Arts is excepted from this regulation.
44
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Mr. Cole
ON THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Appendix A.
Special ar- rangements for the Fine Arts.
Decree de- termining the nature of the re- wards.
Art. 72. — Such exhibitors also as have been called in as associates or experts will be held ineligible to receive a reward, but only in the particular class in which they have acted.
Art. 73. — Each jury may, according to circumstances, subdivide itself into committees ; but it cannot come to any decision without the sanction of the majority of the entire jury.
Art. 74. — Special commissioners, assisted by the inspectors of the Exhibition, will be charged to prepare the work for each jury ; to see that the goods of no exhibitor escape examination ; to receive the observations and complaints of the exhibitors ; to have all omissions, errors, or confusions repaired ; to take care that the established rules are observed ; and to explain these rules to the juries, whenever any part of them may require interpretation.
Art. 75. — These commissioners will not interfere with the deliberations of the jury, further than to bring before them facts, remind them of rules, and present the complaints of exhibitors.
Art. 76. — The nature of the rewards to be distributed, and the general prin- ciples to be adopted as the basis of such rewards, will be at a later period deter- mined by a decree framed on the recommendations of the Imperial Commission,
Art. 77. — Independently pf the honorary distinctions which may be awarded, the Council of President^ and Vice-presidents will have the power of recom- mending to the Emperor such exhibitors as it may think deserving of special marks of public gratitude, on account of extraordinary services rendered to civilization, humanity, science, and art ; or of encouragements of a different kind on account of considerable sacrifices incurred with a view to general utility, due attention being paid to the position of the inventors or producers.
Special Arrangements for the Fine Arts.
Art. 78. — A French Jury, instituted at Paris, will decide on the admission of the works of French artists.
Art. 79. — The members of the French Jury of Admission will be nominated by the section of the Fine Arts of the Imperial Commission.
Art. 80. — The Jury of Admission for the Fine Arts will be divided into three sections :
The first will comprise painting, engraving and lithography ;
The second, sculpture and dye-sinking ;
The third, architecture.
Each of these sections will decide with respect to works belonging to its special department.
Art. 81. — The Exhibition is open to the works of all French and Foreign artists alive on the 22nd of June 1853, the date of the Decree constituting the Exhibition of Fine Arts.
Art. 82. — Artists can present to the Universal Exhibition works which have been previously exhibited ; but there cannot be admitted —
1st. Copies (excepting such as may reproduce a work in a different style, on enamel, by drawing, &c.);
2nd. Pictures and other objects without frames ;
3rd. Sculptures in unbaked clay.
Art. 83. — The following articles of the present regulations are applicable to the division of the Fine Arts :
Arts. 1 to 13 ; 15 to 30 ; 35, 36, 40, 41 to 47 ; 49 to 52 ; and 58 to 77.
(II.)
DECREE.
Napoleon, by the grace of God, and the national will, Emperor of the French, to all whom it may concern, greeting :
After due consideration of Article 7 6 of the General Regulations with respect to the Universal Exhibition, approved of by our Decree, of the 6th of April 1854, on the proposition of the Imperial Commission for the Exhibition ; —
We have decreed and do hereby decree, as follows :
Art. 1. — The rewards to be granted by the first 27 classes of the Interna- tional Jury are to be ; — 1, the gold medal ; 2, the silver medal ; 3, the bronze medal ; 4, the honourable mention.
Mr. Cole on the General Management {Appendix). 45
Art. 2. — The gold medal can only be given to the first twenty-seven classes by the Council of Presidents and Vice-Presidents, on the proposition of the class juries, approved by the group to which each class belongs.
The gold medal can only be proposed and given, in the first twent}'-seven classes for very complete collections contributed by Foreign States, or by Towns, or great centres of production, being of high utility in an instructive point of view ; or for products exhibited by manufacturers, which are remarkable for extraordinary perfection due to art, to taste, to science, or to workmanship ; or for very important discoveries or inventions usefully employed in industry ; or for a very considerable increase in the utility of a product already known, and rendered, by the reduction of its cost, fit for more general consumption.
Art. 3. — The silver medal may be awarded by each of the juries for the first seven groups, on the proposition of the class juries of which they are formed, for superiority of taste, design, or workmanship ; or for collections being of interest in an instructive point of view; or for real and important improve- ments introduced into a manufacture, either by invention or otherwise, thereby rendering articles of which there is a great consumption either tetter, more agreeable, more useful, or more durable, or reducing their cost.
Art. 4. — The bronze medal may be awarded by each of the juries for the first seven groups, on the proposition of the class j uries of which they are formed, for good workmanship, design, or taste, or for real improvements effected either in the means of production, or in the utility of the products, or in the lessening of their cost.
Art. 5. — Honourable mention may be awarded by each of the juries for the first seven groups, on the proposition of the class juries of which they are formed, to the exhibitors of those products which are distinguished by any of the above merits, when the novelty of the invention or the small importance of the production does not call for a vote of the bronze medal.
Art. 6. — The groups may not give a reward unless it has been proposed by the jury of the class to which the exhibitor belongs.
Art. 7. — The jury should take into consideration, with regard to the prizes to be distributed, the reduction of the price of the exhibited articles, whenever this reduction is bona fide, and appears likely to be permanent.
Art. 8. — Foremen and workmen who have been pointed out for services rendered to the industry to which they belong, or for the part they have taken in the production of the articles exhibited and j udged to be worthy of reward, may receive from the juries of the first seven groups, on the proposition of the juries of the first twenty-seven classes, one of the distinctions stated in Art. 1.
Art. 9. — The application of the preceding rules is left to the judgment of the International Jury, and to the interpretation of the Council of Presidents and Vice-Presidents.
In doubtful cases, appeal may be made, but only by members of the jury, from the decisions of the groups, to the Council of Presidents and Vice-Presi- dents, whose decision will be final.
Mr. Cole ox THE General Manage- ment.
Appendix A.
Art. 10. — Independently of the rewards to be given by the jury, We reserve to Ourselves, on the recommendation of the Council of Presidents and Vice- Presidents of the first twenty-seven classes, to grant special marks of public gratitude to the exhibitors who may be pointed out to Us for extraordinary services rendered to civilization, to humanity, to science, or art ; or encourage- ment of another kind, on account of considerable sacrifices for the general good, duly considering the position of the persons thus recommended.
Special Arrangements relative to the Fine Arts.
Art. 11. The rewards to be given by the three classes of the jury for the Rewards to fine arts are the following : — exhibitors
1. A first-class medal, in gold.
2. A second-class medal, in gold.
3. A third-class medal, in gold.
4. Honourable mention.
of works of Fine Art.
Art. 12. — Besides the rewards mentioned in the above Art. 11, a great medal of honour, of the value of 5,000f. may be awarded in each of the three fine art classes to the artists who may distinguish themselves by works of brilliant merit.
46
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Mr. Cole
or THE General Manage- ment.
Appendix A.
Regulations for tlie guidance of jury.
Election of Vice-Presi- dent ;
reporter and secre- tary.
Meeting of the jury.
Examina- tion of the products.
The great medals of honour can only he given by the general verdict of the members of the three classes of the fine art jury.
Art. 13. — The number of medals of honour, and that of the medals to be given by each class of the fine art jury, will be fixed by the President of the Imperial Commission, on the proposition of the president of the eighth group, after a discussion at a general meeting of the members of the three classes composing it.
Art. 14. — The total value of the rewards to be granted by the fine art jurors may amount to the sum of 150,000f.
Art. 15. — Independently of the rewards to be given by the fine art jurors, We reserve to Ourselves, on the recommendation of a general meeting of the jurors of the three classes, to grant special marks of public gratitude to the artists exhibiting, who may be pointed out to Us for their extraordinary merit, or for great services rendered to the arts.
Art. 16. — Our Ministers of State and of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works, are charged with the execution of the present Decree.
Given at the Palace of the Tuileries, the 10th of May 1855.
(Signed) Napoleon.
(Countersigned) Achille Fould, Minister of State.
SPECIAL REGULATIONS FOR THE GUIDANCE OF THE INTERNATIONAL JURY.
The Imperial Commission for the Universal Exhibition, having under consideration the 63rd Article of the General Regulations, has decided on the following as the basis of the operations of the International Jury :
Art. 1. — Immediately after their arrival in Paris, the French and Foreign Members of the International Jury will repair to the Office of the Secretary of the Jury for the purpose of receiving all necessary information.
Art. 2. — The Members of the Jury will assemble on the 15th June,* in Classes, according to the division made by the Imperial Commission.
Art. 3. — At the first meeting of each class, the Members will elect from among themselves a Vice-President, who shall assist the President, and replace him in his absence. The Vice-Presidents of the first 27 classes will sit with the Presidents at the Council of Presidents.
Art. 4. — One or more reporters, and a secretary, whose duty it will be to take notes of the results of the deliberations, will be likewise elected in each class.
Art. 5. — The same member may unite the functions of President or Vice- President and those of Reporter. One of the reporters, if he be not either President or Vice-President, may also add to his functions those of secretary.
Art. 6. — In the event of any Member not obtaining an absolute majority in the elections to be made in virtue of Arts. 3 and 4 above, the decision between the two candidates who obtain the greatest number of votes shall be by lot.
Art. 7. — The President of each class jury, and, in his absence, the vice-presi- dent, will have the casting vote.
Art. 8. — The place, day, and hour of each meeting of the class juries will be fixed by the President, and, in his absence, by the Vice- President. Notice will be given to the Secretary’s Office, from whence summonses will be issued. The days of meeting will also be posted in the place where the jury sits and in the Secretary’s Office.
Art. 9. — The products will be examined with the least possible delay by the different classes of the Jury in the manner in which they have been apportioned by the general classification.
Art. 10. — In the event of the products of an exhibitor being of a complex nature, and requiring the examination of several juries, the President of the jury in whose province such products are officially placed, will appoint mixed committees, composed of a certain number of the jurors of the different classes, competent to judge, each juror having a voice in the deliberations. The rewards proposed by the mixed committee will be presented and discussed before the group by the Jury of the class under which the products are arranged in the general classification.
* This meeting has since been postponed to the 2oth June.
Mr. Cole on the General Management {Appendix). 47
Art. 11. — In the event of the same exhibitor displaying different products Mr. Cole appertaining to various classes, each product will he the object of a special examination by the class under which it has been placed by the system of Maxage- classification. * ment.
Art. 12. — Each jury may, if necessary, divide itself into sub- committees ; ^pendix A but it cannot come to a decision except by the majority of the entire jury. — .
Art. 13. — Each class-jury may take as a coadjutor, by the title of associate, Sub-com- or “expert,” one or more persons specially acquainted with any object to be mittees. examined. These persons may be selected from among the titular or supple- Associates, mentary jurors of other classes, or from among men having the knowledge or experts, required, not being members of the juries.
The members so associated will take no part in the labours of the class by which they may be called, beyond the definite object which was the cause of their being required ; they will only have the right of discussion, without that of voting.
Art. 14. — Exhibitors who may have accepted the functions of jurors, whether jurors they be titular or supplementary, will by that fact alone be debarred from cannot coin- competing for rewards. rewards
The Jury of the Fine Arts (8th Group, Classes 28, 29, and 30) is excepted s’ from this rule.
Art. 1 5. — Exhibitors summoned either as associates or as “ experts ” will in like manner be excluded from competition, but only in the class in which they thus act.
Art. 16. — Foreign exhibitors discharging the functions of jurors may, by a special decision of the Section of Agriculture and Industry of the Imperial Com mission, preserve their right of competing for prizes, but only in the classes in which they do not act as jurors.
Art. 17. — In the event of the prolonged absence of a titular juror in a class, Provision steps will be taken for replacing him by one of the supplementary jurors. If for filling up the list of the supplementary jurors is exhausted, and if the number of members vacancies‘ present, titular or supplementary, be less than the half \plus one, of the total of the titular members of which the class is composed, it shall be at once referred by the President, or, he failing, by the Vice-President, to that section of the Imperial Commission to which the class of the jury in which the vacancies occur is attached, to appoint one or more new members.
Art. 18. — In the event of any nation which exhibits not having appointed the jurors which should represent it, or a sufficient number of jurors, the number will be filled up, by the general assembly of the jurors present in each class, out of a triple list prepared for this purpose by the Imperial Commission.
Art. 19. — Each of the first 27 classes of the Jury, after having examined the products of the exhibitors whose papers have been sent in, will draw up, by a majority of the members present, who must represent at least half, plus one, of the members of which the class is composed, a list of propositions for rewards, conforming themselves in this respect to the conditions of the Decree of 10th May 1855.
Each proposition will be accompanied by a succinct statement of the motives on which it is based.
Art. 20. — Any statements made by exhibitors which the jury may consider Statements inaccurate may be returned by the President of the class to the Office of the Secretary of the Jury in order to be verified.
Art 21. — The propositions for rewards drawn up by each of the first 27 Revision by Classes will be submitted to the revision of the general assembly of the group group, to which the class belongs.
The approval of the general assembly of the group will definitively confirm the rewards proposed by each of the classes composing it.
The definitive report must be remitted to the Office of the Secretary within 15 days after the rewards have been confirmed by the group.
Art. 22. — The members of the first 27 classes of the Jury may appeal against the Appeals, decisions of the first 7 Groups to the council of the Presidents and Vice-Presi- dents, but only for violation of the conditions of the Decree of the 1 0th May 1855.
Art. 23 — In order to carry out Art. 21 above, the first 27 special juries Formation shall meet together in a general assembly by groups formed in the following of groups, manner, in conformity to Arts. 16 and 67 of the General Regulations : —
48
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Mr. Cole on THE General Manage- ment.
Appendix A.
Council of Presidents and Vice- Presidents ;
it duties.
Jury for the Pine Arts.
The 1st Group will be formed of a union of Classes 1 to 3
2nd Group 3rd Group 4th Group 5th Group 6th Group 7th Group
4 to 7 8 to 11 1 2 to 1 4 1 5 to 1 8 19 to 23 24 to 27
The members of each group will name their president, and their vice-presi- dent, and designate one or more secretaries.
To each group will be attached an employe of the Secretary’s Office, delegated by the Secretary of the International Jury to transcribe the proceedings and record the rewards on lists. These lists will be tra nsmitted at the close of each sitting to the office of the secretary of the jury ; they will be signed by the president or vice-president and by the secretary of the group.
Art. 24. — The rewards of the first order will not be given to the first 27 classes, except by the Council of Presidents and Vice-Presidents, on the propo- sition of the class juries, approved by the general assembly of the groups to which they belong.
Art. 25. — The Council of Presidents will be composed of the Presidents and Vice-Presidents of the Special Juries of the first 27 classes. It will be presided over by the President of the Imperial Commission, President- General of the Jury, and, in his absence, by one of the Vice-Presidents of the Imperial Commission, in the order fixed by the Imperial Decrees.
The Secretary of the International Jury will discharge the functions of Secretary to the Council of Presidents.
Art. 26. — The Council of Presidents will adjudicate on the appeals which may be referred to it for the violation of the rules laid down by the Decree of 10th May 1855. It will agree to or refuse the rewards of the first order pro- posed by the classes and approved of by the groups. Finally, it will have the power of recommending to the Emperor those exhibitors who may appear to merit special marks of public gratitude on account of • extraordinary services rendered to civilization, to humanity, to science, and the fine arts, or en- couragement of any other kind on account of considerable sacrifices rendered to the cause of general usefulness, having regard to the position of inventors and producers.
Special Arrangements relative to the Fine Arts.
Art. 27. — Each of the three classes of the jury for the fine arts will se- parately examine the works exhibited, paying due attention to Articles 12 and 15 of the Decree on Rewards and to Article 32 below.
Art. 28. — After a first examination, and before designating the names pro- posed for reward, a general meeting of the three classes will discuss the propo- sals to be submitted by the President of each class to the President of the Imperial Commission, in order to determine the number of medals of honour and of the medals of the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd class, in conformity with Article 13 of the Decree of 10th May 1855.
Art. 29. — The examination being ended, each class will point out by balloting those of the artists exhibiting whom they consider worthy of one of the rewards instituted by Article 1 1 of the Decree of the 10th May 1855.
Art. 30. — The lists of the classes will be formed by making an abstract of the private list drawn up by each juror, indicating the name of the artist, his specialty, and the nature of the reward proposed, without, however, exceeding the limits of the number which will be determined by the President of the Imperial Commission, in conformity with Article 13 of the Decree of the 10th May 1855.
Art. 31. — The rewards determined by Article 11 of the Decree of the 10th May 1855 will be voted definitively by each class of the jury of the fine arts without revision by the group.
Art. 32. — After the termination of their particular work, the jurors of the three classes of the fine arts will meet in general assembly to award the great medals allotted to each class, and to determine upon the list of artists exhibiting whom they consider worthy of being recommended to the Emperor to receive special marks of public gratitude, on account of extraordinary merit, or of great services rendered to the Arts.
Mr. Cole on the General Management (Appendix). 49
(HI.)
DECREES.
In consequence of a report presented to the Emperor by Prince Napoleon, the President of the Imperial Commission, recommending that the designation of the medals to he awarded by the International Jury, which had been fixed by the Decree of the 10th May 1855, should be changed, in order that these awards should be quite distinct from those which had been given in various countries at the close of national or local exhibitions, the following Decree was issued : — Natoleon, by the grace of God, and the national will, Emperor or the French, to all whom it may concern, greeting :
Mr. Cole on the General Manage- ment.
Appendix A.
Supplemen- tal Decree on rewards to exhibitors, and to fore- men, work- men, &c.
Considering Article 59 of the Decree of the 6th of April 1854, and Articles 1 and 8 of the Decree of the 10th of May 1855, on the proposition of the Presi- dent of the Imperial Commission ;
We have decreed and do hereby decree, as follows :
Art. 1. — The mixed International Jury for the section of Agriculture and Industry is definitely formed and divided.
Art. 2. — The rewards to be given at the close of the Universal Exhibition by the first 27 Classes of the mixed International Jury, are as follows : the Great Medal of Honour, the Medal of the first class, the Medal of the second class, Honourable Mention. The Great Medal of Honour may be exceptionally granted in a collective manner to industrial groups of great importance which have attained a high degree of perfection, when no exhibitor of similar objects, without distinction of the country to which he belongs, has been found superior to his brother-exhibitors, and when, therefore, no Great Medal of Honour has been given to any individual in the same branch of industry. When a Great Medal of Honour is thus voted in a collective form, the jury will designate by name, if possible, the exhibitors whose collective merit has entitled their group to this high distinction.
Art. 3. — The rewards enumerated in Art. 2 will also be granted by the first 27 classes of the jury, to the principal workmen in Agriculture and Industry, to foremen, designers, chemists, engineers, superintendents, inventors, &c., who may distinguish themselves by a useful and intelligent co-operation.
Art. 4. — Our well-beloved cousin, Prince Napoleon, President of the Imperial Commission, our Minister of State, and our Minister of Agriculture, of Com- merce and Public Works, are charged with the execution of the present Decree.
Given at the Palace of the Tuileries, the 3rd of October 1855.
(Signed) Napoleon.
(Countersigned) Achille Fould, Minister of State.
E. Rouiier, Minister, Secretary of State in the department of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works.
On the 11th of November 1855, the President of the Imperial Commission addressed another report to the Emperor, informing him that the Council of Presidents had judged it necessary to appoint a committee of seven jurors selected from among their own body to reconsider the awards of the various juries, and to come to a final decision. At the same time he recommended that the gold medals should be of two kinds ; the first, under the name of Great Medal of Honour, to be given in cases of extraordinary and exceptional merit ; the second, under the name of Medal of Honour, to be given in remarkable cases, which, however, might not bear to the same extent as the former cases the stamp of inventive genius, or great usefulness. The following Decree was then issued :
Napoleon, by the grace of God, and the national will, Emperor op the Decree on French, to all whom it may concern greeting: : Great
° Mprial* nf
Considering Article 59 of the Decree of the 6th of April 1854 ; Honour
Considering Article 1 of the Decree of the 10th of May 1855, and Articles and Medals 2 and 3 of the Decree of the 3rd October 1855, on the proposition of the Presi- of Honour, dent of the Imperial Commission, and of the Council of Presidents and Vice- Presidents ;
D
50
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Me. Cole
OK THE GENERAL
Manage-
ment.
Appendix A,
General Re* gulations issued by the Board of Trade.
We have decreed and do hereby decree, as follows :
Art. 1. — Exhibitors in the sections of agriculture and industry, or the groups and great industrial centres to which they belong, as well as the co operators and workmen in the branches of agriculture and industry, who may have been proposed for the Great Medal of Honour by one of the classes of the jury, with the approbation of the group of which each class forms a part, may receive from the Council of Presidents and Vice-Presidents either the Great Medal of Honour or the Medal of Honour.
Art. 2. — The Medal of Honour awarded to groups or great centres of industry in a collective manner will he completely anonymous, and no indi- vidual may claim the merit of it for himself.
Art. 3. — The regulations made by the Decrees of the 10th May and the 3rd of October 1855, which are not modified by the present Decree, will remain in full force.
Art. 4. — Our well-beloved cousin, Prince Napoleon, President of the Im- perial Commission and of the Council of Presidents and Vice-Presidents, our Minister of State, and our Minister of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works, are charged with the execution of the present Decree.
Given at the Palace of Saint Cloud, the 11th of November 1855.
(Signed) Napoleon.
(Countersigned) Achille Fould, Minister of State.
E. Rouher, Minister, Secretary of State in the Department of Agriculture, Commerce, and Public Works.
(IV.)
SUMMARY OF THE CONDITIONS UPON WHICH THE EXHIBITION WILL BE CONDUCTED.
The Decrees and Regulations issued by the Imperial Commission of France give full information as to the principles upon which the Imperial Government pro- pose to conduct the Exhibition of 1855, and an attentive perusal of them is recommended to all those who desire to co-operate in securing a fair representa- tion of British industry on that occasion ; but it may be useful to sum up the principal conditions, showing the assistance offered to exhibitors by the French Commission, and that which the British authorities are empowered to offer : —
1. The Exhibition will open in Paris on the 1st May 1855.
2. The French Commission will communicate only with exhibitors from foreign countries through the Commission appointed by each country for that purpose.
3. No articles will be admitted from foreign countries except with the sanc- tion of such foreign Commission.
4. Every article produced or obtained by human industry, whether of raw materials, machinery, manufactures, or Fine Arts, is admissible, except, —
i. Living animals and plants.
ii. Substances liable to become putrid from keeping.
iii. Detonating and other dangerous substances.
iv. Articles of the same description in extravagant quantity.
5. All goods must reach Paris between the 15th January and 15th March 1855, which period may, in a few exceptional cases, be extended to the 15th April.
6. The French Commission offers to convey all goods from the French ports or frontiers to the building in Paris without charge.
7. No charge will be made for rent.
8. Exhibitors and their agents will be admitted free to the building during the whole period of the Exhibition.
9. Plain counters and partitions will be provided without charge.
10. The French Commission will find labourers for unpacking, transporting, and arranging goods under the direction of exhibitors or their agents.
11. The French Commission will provide shafting, steam, or water-pressure for machines in motion.
Mr. Cole on the General Management {Appendix). 51
12. Exhibitors will be responsible for accidents, loss, or damage, but the fullest precautions are promised against such events.
1 3. The current trade price may be affixed to any goods, if the exhibitors desire it.
14. Goods may be exhibited in bond, and no duty will be charged if re- exported.
1 5. Exhibited goods, even those at present prohibited by the French tariff, may be admitted for consumption in France at a maximum ad valorem duty of 20 per cent.
1 6. Arrangements will be made to ensure one year’s protection to designs and inventions if exhibited, without cost to the exhibitor.
17. The goods will be examined by an international Jury, and rewards given, the nature of which will be published.
18. The British Government will undertake all expenses of general organi- zation and management, and will defray the expenses of the transport from London, and Custom-house agency, of all goods delivered within a specified time.
19. A sufficient staff will be provided for giving that attention to the goods of exhibitors which was undertaken by the Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851.
20. The expenses which must in every case fall upon exhibitors will be —
i. The carriage of the goods from the manufactory or residence of the
exhibitor to London.
ii. The expense of glass-cases, shelves, brackets, awnings, hangings,
or decorations of the stalls, which must be undertaken under such restrictions as the officers of the French Commission may im- pose for the sake of the general arrangements or appearance of the Exhibition.
iii. The unpacking, arrangement, and general care of the goods during
the Exhibition, except as far as provided by paragraph 19.
21. The period named as the latest at which demands for space could be re- ceived was the 1st August, but a small reserve has been made for completing those departments which appeared, upon examination, to be inadequately re- presented.
22. The measures for conducting the British department of the Exhibition have been entrusted to the Board of Trade, Department of Science and Art.
Department of Science and Art ,
Marlborough House , Pall Mall, London,
1 st Nov. 1854.
ARRANGEMENTS FOR SHIPPING GOODS.
Marlborough House, London, 2nd Feb. 1855.
I. Messrs. Lightly and Simon, of 123, Fenchurch Street, are appointed agents to receive goods for shipment to Paris, at the Irongate Wharf, Tower, London. Dunkirk is the French port to which Messrs. Lightly and Simon will ship goods consigned to them.
II. The official rotation number ticket (to be furnished by this department) must be filled up according to the directions given in Clause III., and be firmly attached to the packages. Each package must have one such rotation number ticket on the outside, and another on the inside, for the purpose of facilitating the return of the empty packing-case at the close of the Exhibition.
III. Every rotation number ticket must be filled up distinctly, in the blank spaces left for that purpose, as follows : —
1. The rotation number of the exhibitor.
2. The exhibitor’s mark (or initials') and a number.
[A single package to be Number 1, and each additional package to be numbered progressively from 1 upwards.]
3. The gross weight of the package.
4. The name and address of the exhibitor.
[Packages with addresses wanting in any of these particulars will be liable to rejection by the shipping agents.]
D 2
Mr. Cole
ON THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Appendix A.
Arrange- ments made by the Brit- ish Govern- ment.
Shipment
from
London.
Rotation number and address.
52
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Me. Cole
ON THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Appendix A
Weight.
Advices.
Shipment from ano- ther port. '
Allowance.
Distribu- tion of the prizes.
Return of
foods to london.
IV. All packages and parts of machinery not exceeding three tons weight each must be delivered, free of charge, to Messrs. Lightly and Simon, at Iron- gate Wharf, Tower, London ; but such as exceed that weight are not to be forwarded until the exhibitor shall have communicated with Messrs. Lightly and Simon, and received from them directions for their delivery at the Wharf or elsewhere, as circumstances may render necessary. No charge will be made to exhibitors for the reception, shipment, or transport of goods to Paris, for their carriage to the Exhibition buildings, or for housing the empty packing- cases at Paris.
V. The exhibitors must fill up two advices (No. 91) notifying the despatch of their goods, — one to be sent to Marlborough House, the other to Messrs. Lightly and Simon, 123, Penchurch Street, London.
VT Exhibitors resident in Ireland or to the north of Chester, who may find it more convenient, on account of bulk, to ship their machinery or heavy goods themselves from any other port than London, must make a special application for permission to do so to the Secretary for the Paris Exhibition, on or before the 10th February 1855, naming the British port they propose to ship from, and stating which of the following French ports they prefer to ship to, namely, Havre or Dunkirk. The date when the shipment will be made must also be given. The goods must be delivered at the French port selected by the exhibitor on or before the 10th of March.
In these special cases, the Board of Trade, instead of paying the charges of transport, has authorized an allowance to be made to the exhibitors at the following rates : — ^ ^
All goods and machinery up to 3 tons weight per packet 67 6 per ton.
(inclusive)
From 3 tons to 10 tons per package (inclusive) . , 72 6 „
From 1 0 ton to 30 tons per package (inclusive) . . 75 0 „
This allowance is to cover all expenses to the French port of discharge, and will only be paid upon the delivery by the exhibitor of a voucher, cer- tifying that the arrival of his goods took place at the said French port on or before the 10th March 1855.
The Regulations of the Imperial Commission Direct that all goods must reach Pails between the 15th January and 15th March 1855, which period may, in a few exceptional cases, such as Silks and Jewellery, be extended to the 15th April.
Francis Fowke, Capt. R.E.,
Secretary.
CLOSING OF THE EXHIBITION.
British Executive.
1. It is officially announced that the Exhibition, in all its parts, will finally close on Thursday, 15th November, when the prizes will be distributed.
2. Exhibitors who desire to be present at the ceremony of the distribution of the prizes are requested to inform Captain Fowke, the secretary, accordingly on or before 1st of November.
3. To prepare for the distribution, the nave of the Palais de 1’Industrie will be closed on 1st November, and measures taken to have this portion of the building cleared of all goods, glass-cases, &c., as quickly as possible. British exhibitors and their agents are therefore requested to show their hearty co- operation with the Imperial Commission, and commence the removal of their goods and glass-cases, &c., from the nave, punctually on the morning of the 1st November at 7 a.m.
4. The articles in the nave, if sold, must he taken out of the building, and if to be returned to England, must be packed by the exhibitors or their agents and forthwith despatched.
5. The carriage of articles to be returned will be paid by the Imperial Com- mission and the Board of Trade respectively, as far as London, provided the
Mr. Cole on the General Management {Appendix). 53
articles are properly re-packed before 8 th December; but the Board of Trade Mr. Cole will not pay the carriage to London of empty packing-cases or any glass-cases general without special permission. The articles returned will be shipped to the care Manage- of Messrs. Lightly and Simon, Irongate Wharf, Tower, London, who will imme- went. diately forward them by the usual mode to their addresses, unless the exhibitors . T. . advise Messrs. Lightly and Simon to the contrary. The charges for carriage Al>pen IX from Irongate Wharf must be borne by exhibitors.
6. The whole work of re-packing must be done by the exhibitors or their agents, and if the articles are not re-packed on or before the 8th December the charges for the carriage, &c., must be borne by the exhibitors themselves.
7. Empty packing-cases left in the Exhibition building after the 8th Decem- ber will be liable to be confiscated and sold to pay expenses.
8. The offices of the British Commission will be closed for the transaction of Close of business as soon as possible after the 8th December. No letters of exhibitors 0®ces* should be addressed there after that day, or they will be liable to be returned.
All communications should then be sent to Marlborough House, Pall Mall,
London.
9. The Manutention du Commerce de Paris, through M. Moreno, are pre- Customs, pared to give every assistance at reasonable charges, in passing through the Customs, goods either sold or to be returned to England ; and exhibitors are recommended to avail themselves of the facilities offered, and to prepare at once
their lists of sales and articles to be returned, so that the lists may be completed before the 1st November, if possible. M. Moreno is recognized by the Imperial Commission, and his office is at the north-east corner of the Palais de lTndustrie.
Erancis Fowke, Capt. R.E.,
Paris, 17th October 1855. Secretary.
APPENDIX (B).
Appendix B.
Letter addressed by the Board op Trade to H.I.H. Prince Napoleon,
President of the Imperial Commission, when the Duties of the British Commission ceased.
Department of Science and Art, Marlborough House,
Sir, London, 9th February 1856.
Tiie relations which have been established between the Imperial Com- Letter ad- mission for the Universal Exhibition of 1855, and the Lords of the Committee ^es|>e(1 *\y of Privy Council for Trade having nearly arrived at their conclusion, I am Trade°toC ° directed by their Lordships to express to your Imperial Highness their high Prince sense of the success with which the Imperial Commission has carried out the Napoleon arduous duties of the late Universal Exhibition, and especially of the very great of the Exhi- assistance which my Lords have uniformly received from your Imperial High - bition. ness as President. Their Lordships feel that their Officers and the British Exhibitors have reason to remember gratefully the generous aid which your Imperial Highness afforded on all occasions in the solution of many difficulties.
My Lords direct me to request your Imperial Highness to express their thanks to the several Officers of the Imperial Commission wrho carried its orders into execution, for their hearty co-operation, and particularly to the Secretary- General M. Arles Dufour, the Commissioner- General M. Le Play, and M. de Mercey, the Special Commissioner for the Beaux Arts.
In the difficult administration of the exceptional tariff on articles hitherto actually or partially prohibited, which was established for the first time by His Majesty the Emperor, to facilitate the holding of a Universal Exhibition, their Lordships consider that especial thanks are due to M. Desseche and the other Officers of the Customs.
54
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
My Lords further direct me to request your Imperial Highness to acknowledge General on behalf the manner in which the Commissioner of Police, M. Courteille, Manage- executed his delicate office in the British portion of the Exhibition. ment. My Lords have had great satisfaction in having acted on behalf of Her Appendix B. ^-ajesty’s Government on this occasion, and they venture to hope that the new
connexions which the French Exhibition has been the means of forming between
the two countries, may be extended and cemented, and may confer reciprocal benefits on the people of both nations.
I have the honour to be, &c.
His Imperial Highness Henry Cole.
Prince Napoleon.
Appendix C. APPENDIX (C.)
An Estimate of the Sum required to be Voted in the Year 1854, ending 31st March 1855, for Expenses to be incurred for the Management of the British Department of the Universal Exhibition at Paris in 1855.
Fifty Thousand Pounds.
Note. — The following Correspondence explains in detail the objects to which the proposed Vote is to be applied.
(No. 1.)
Department of Science and Art, Marlborough House, Sib, 19th May 1854.
Letter from I am directed by the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council for Trade the Board of to transmit an estimate of management of the British portion of the Universal mittinl'the Exhibition to be held at Paris in 1855 ; and I am to state for the consideration Estimate to the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury, that upon receipt of the Trea- the general regulations for conducting the Paris Exhibition, which were trans-
swy. mitted by Lord Clarendon to this Department, their Lordships lost no time in
procuring the information necessary for the preparation of this estimate.
My Lords have reason to believe that the Paris Exhibition will be divided into three parts ; one to be included in the large stone building now in course of erection, in which it is estimated that about 80,000 square feet will be allotted to British produce and manufactures ; the second division will consist of machinery, and the third of fine arts, for both of which it is proposed to erect adjacent temporary buildings. The space to be allotted to machinery, as well as to fine arts, will be in proportion to the demands made. The first division will be arranged in twenty -three classes, or six groups, whilst the division of machinery will have four classes. In order to fill the space assigned to British exhibitors with a complete exhibition of industry in each class, and to subdivide the space among the candidates for it, it will be necessary to provide superintendents, with proper clerical assistance, for these groups. Upon the data furnished by the Exhibition of 1851, it is estimated that the expense of this preliminary work will amount to 3,700/.
It will be seen by the Regulations of the French Commission (Article 20), that the cost of paying the transport of all articles whatever from the French port of arrival to the building in Paris, has been liberally undertaken by the French Government ; and with a view of promoting punctuality in British exhibitors, my Lords consider that it would be advisable to offer to pay the transport of articles from a given spot in London to the French port, provided
Mr. Cole on the General Management (Appendix).
they were delivered within the specified time. For this service, for Customs charges at the Trench port, and for assisting in unpacking goods at Paris, it is estimated that 2,750/. will be required.*
It will be necessary to provide an office and management in Paris during the period of the Exhibition, which is estimated to cost 3,375/. The cost of glass cases and fittings will be placed upon exhibitors ; but to whatever extent this may be borne by exhibitors, there will certainly be some charges under this head for the completion of the Exhibition and its general decoration which exhibitors will not bear, and which cannot be estimated at less than 5,000/.
Proper maintenance, cleaning, and watching of the Exhibition itself will have to be ensured, and a sum of 5,200/. may be necessary for this item, besides a sum of 1,500/. for the cost of removing and warehousing the packing-cases of exhibitors, and for general assistance in re-packing at the termina tion of the Exhibition. In addition to these specific charges, there will be general expenses for printing and advertising, postage, stationery, clerkship, and incidents, which may be estimated at 3,800/. ; and it will probably be found necessary, in order to secure a proper representation of raw materials and produce, to incur an ex- penditure of 2,000/. It appears, therefore, that a sum of 27,325 /. would be necessary to ensure a successful representation of British Industry, and to provide effectually for that kind of service which cannot be expected from exhi- bitors or voluntary subscribers, and is analogous to that which was borne by the Commissioners of the Exhibition of 1851.
It has been observed already that a third division of the Paris Exhibition will con- sist of Pine Arts. This will constitute one of its distinguishing features, and will form not the least interesting part of it. But as it is one in which neither artists nor the proprietors of works of art can be expected to bear any portion of those expenses which manufacturers will undertake, it will be necessary that the whole expenses should be borne by a central administration, to enable it to offer such assistance to exhibitors as may induce them to co-operate in pro- moting an Exhibition of Pine Arts worthy of the country. The Art Super- intendent is of opinion that if proper provision were made for bearing the expenses of forwarding pictures and works of art, and ensuring their safe return, an exhibition most creditable to the national talent might be sent to Paris. The expenditure on this head is estimated at 5,055/.f
It will be seen by the Regulations of the Prench Commission that juries are to be appointed and awards made. It will be indispensable that the services of the most distinguished professional men should be engaged to perform this onerous and delicate duty ; they will have to reside for some weeks at Paris, and cannot be expected to do so at their own expense. It will therefore be necessary to pay for their services, and for the preparation and printing their reports, &c. ; and a lower estimate than 1 1,250/. ought not to be made.
Considering the untried nature of the business to be undertaken, and having regard to the cost, namely, 68,000/., which the Prench Government are stated to have incurred in exhibiting French industry in this country in 1851, although pictures were excluded, my Lords have deemed it prudent to add 20 per cent, for contingencies to all these items ; making a total estimate of 52,356 1% Their Lordships consider that by careful and judicious management the expenditure may be kept within these limits, and that no increase beyond the sums named should take place without the special authority of the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury.
As no time ought to be lost in issuing General Regulations for British exhi- bitors, and ascertaining the willingness of the principal producers to exhibit, an immediate decision is of great importance. With the view, therefore, of commencing the preparations for filling the space already mentioned, of
* This sum did not provide for the payment of the transport back. It was based upon the amount paid by France in 1851, but owing to the greater weight and quantity of the goods sent than was expected, the estimate was insufficient. The sum paid for the transport of the goods sent and returned was 7,531/. 2s. 11 d.
t The payments on behalf of the Fine Arts have been 5,202/. 11s. 2d., exclusive of the cost of transport to and from Paris.
t Only 50,000/. was voted, and notwithstanding the excess of expenditure over the estimate for transport and for Fine Arts, the total expenditure will not exceed 40,000/.
Mr. Cole
ON THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Appendix C.
56
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Mr. Cole announcing to intending exhibitors that the transport of their goods to a French Genera Port Pa^’ Pr°viding for printing, and general office expenses, and of
Manage- ensuring a proper representation of a raw produce, as well as for the exhibition ment. of the Fine Arts, their Lordships have to suggest that the Lords Commissioners . “ of Her Majesty’s Treasury should sanction at once an expenditure not exceeding
ppenc xx . 12,250/. for the Industrial Division, and 5,000/. for the Fine Arts.
I have, &c.
The Secretary, Her Majesty’s Treasury. (Signed) Henry Cole.
(No. 2.)
Copy of Treasury Minute, dated 26th May 1854.
Minute/ Write to Mr. Cole, that my Lords approve generally of the arrangements proposed for the management of the British portion of the Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1855 ; but before giving their sanction to the appropriation of specific sums to the different purposes referred to herein, or to an immediate expenditure for such purposes, their Lordships would wish to be furnished with a more detailed and complete account of the manner in which it is intended to carry out the object in view.
Letter transmit- ting the Minute of
(No. 3.)
Department of Science and Art, Marlborough House, Sir, 31st May 1854.
1 am directed by the Lords of the Committee of Privy Council for Trade to acknowledge the receipt of your letter of the 26th May, by which you acquaint me that the Lords Commissioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury approve the Board of generally of the arrangements proposed for the management of the British portion Trade to the 0f the Exhibition, and wish to be furnished with a more detailed and complete reasury. accoimt of the manner in which it is intended to carry out the object in view.
My Lords desire me to state, that the first steps to be taken will be to ascer- tain by personal inquiries in the manufacturing districts, and by correspondence, the willingness of producers to exhibit, and the amount of space likely to be required by them ; also to ascertain what works of Fine Art the proprietors of them v/ill be disposed to lend to the Government for exhibition in Paris. It is proposed to procure the assistance of competent persons to obtain and methodise this information, whose engagements will be from month to month only. It was estimated that the cost of these inquiries, and the action to be hereafter taken upon them, would entail an expenditure of 10,250/. for the Industrial, and 5,055/. for the Fine Arts branch ; but it should be stated, that this total cost would not be ascertained until the close of the Exhibition, or the outlay positively incurred. It is also proposed to incur an expense, if found to be necessary, of 2,000/., for ensuring the representation of the raw produce of the country, for which measures should be taken forthwith.
For the purpose of conducting this business, my Lords have passed a Minute, a copy of which I am directed to enclose for the information of the Lords Com- missioners of Her Majesty’s Treasury (See No. 4.), and I am to request that they will give their sanction to the arrangements proposed, and direct the Pay- master-General to advance the sum of 3,000/. upon an order signed by the parties named in the Minute.
I have, &c.
The Secretary, Her Majesty’s Treasury. (Signed) Henry Cole.
Mr. Cole on the General Management (Appendix). 57
(No. 4.)
Department of Science and Art.
Mr. Cole
on THE General Manage- ment.
My Lords have under consideration the preliminary arrangements necessary Appendix C. for assisting in the French Exhibition of 1855.
The Secretaries will visit the principal seats of industry in the provinces, and Board will make such arrangements as can be made in the present state of the corres- Minute, pondence with the Treasury, with a view to carry into effect the objects set forth in the letter of this Board of the 19th May.
Mr. Redgrave will, so soon as the further answer from the Treasury is received, submit to the Board the arrangements which he thinks necessary for the Exhibition of Fine Arts.
To ensure that promptness of action which is indispensable to success in an undertaking of this character, the following are to be the general arrangements for transacting the financial and other business. From time to time the Board will pass Minutes directing applications to the Treasury for such imprests as they may think necessary, to be drawn upon the Paymaster- General. The money is to be paid into a bank in the names of the Secretaries and Mr. Red - grave and Captain Owen, and drawn out upon their orders by cheques, signed by either of the Secretaries, or by Mr. Redgrave, countersigned in each case by Captain Owen. Captain Owen will have the assistance of Mr. Mayo in the superintendence and control of the accouuts.
All engagements are to be made from month to month, and all accounts are to be paid and audited monthly, and charged to the heads of the estimate as sanctioned by the Treasury. No liabilities exceeding 50 ?. for each separate account are to be incurred without first obtaining the authority of the Board, in all cases where possible. Printing and stationery may be obtained otherwise than through the Stationery Office, and works may be ordered without appli- cation to the Office of Works, contracts for outlays exceeding 50 ?. being first obtained, as far as may be practicable. At the termination of the Exhibition, the accounts, with proper vouchers, are to be sent to the Audit Office.
The correspondence with the French Commission and exhibitors will be conducted for the present by Captain Owen, R.E., in the name of this depart- ment, under the orders of my Lord«, communicated to him by the secretaries.
Let a copy of this Minute be sent to the Treasury, with a request that the Lords Commissioners will direct an imprest of 3,000?. to be made for the purpose of giving effect to this minute.
(No. 5.)
Copy of Treasury Minute, 2nd June 1854.
Direct the Paymaster-General to pay to H. Cole, Esq., C.B., and Dr. Lyon Treasury Playfair, C.B., Joint Secretaries of the Department of Science and Art, the Minute, sum of 3,000?. to defray the expenses of certain preliminary arrangements undertaken by that department, for the management of the British portion of the Industrial Exhibition to be held in Paris in the year 1855, and to charge the same to Civil Contingencies, as an advance to be hereafter repaid. Acquaint Mr. Cole, and state that my Lords sanction the arrangements herein proposed.
58
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Me. Cole
on THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Appendix D.
Staff of officers.
Colonial Commis- sioners : — Australia.
Bahamas.
Barbadoes.
British
Guiana.
Canada.
APPENDIX (D.)
BOARD OF TRADE (DEPARTMENT OE SCIENCE AND ART).
THE RIGHT HONOURABLE THE LORDS OE THE COMMITTEE OF PRIVY COUNCIL FOR TRADE.
Officers employed on the Paris Exhibition.
Henry Cole, Esq., C.B., General Commissioner.
Richard Redgrave, Esq., R.A., Special Commissioner for Eine Arts. Francis Fowke, Captain R.E., Secretary.
George Francis Duncombe, Esq., Assistant Secretary.
Richard A. Thompson, Esq., Superintendent for Arrangement.
Philip C. Owen. Esq., Deputy Superintendent for Arrangement.
C. S. Parker, Esq., Assistant for the Fine Arts.
C. Thurston Thompson, Esq., Henry Sandham, Esq., and Edward Hall, Esq., Assistants for Arrangement.
Falconer Atlee, Esq., Inspector for the Admission of Goods. Assistant, Mr. Edmund Joy.
William Match wick, Esq., Financial Clerk. Assistant Clerks, Mr. C. G. Quinton, Mr. Henry Gasparini. Sergeant Jenkins; Corporals Key, Mack, and Clabby ; Privates Kelly and Hart, Royal Sappers and Miners.
Mr. Harris, Messenger. Mrs. Harris, Housekeeper.
Offices : — 14 Rue du Cirque.
Commissioners and Agents for British Colonies. AUSTRALIA— Sydney :
William M‘ Arthur, Commissioner.
E. D. Thomson, „
M. H. Marsh, „
Fred. Bousfield, Secretary.
M. Doc, of the firm of MM. Desgrands et fils, 35, Rue de l’Entrepot, Agent.
Victoria :
Edward Bell, Commissioner.
Narcisse Domis, 36, Rue de la Paix, Batignolles, Agent.
BAHAMAS :
Lightly and Simon, Agents in London (123, Fenchurch Street).
BARBADOES :
Thomas Hill, Agent in London (126, Piccadilly).
BRITISH GUIANA ;
W. H. Holmes, Commissioner (67, Victoria Street, Westminster).
CANADA :
J. C. Tache, Commissioner.
W. E. Logan, „ 35, Avenue d’Antin.
W. H. Boulton, Honorary Commissioner, 14, Rue du Dauphin.
Hector Bossange, „ 25, Quai Voltaire.
R. Forsyth Maitland, „ 21, Avenue des Champs Elysees.
Donald Bethune, „
Robert Smiley, „
James Beaty, „
A. de Puibusque, „ 52, Rue de Bourgogne.
A. Perry, Curator.
W. Chapman, Agent in London (21, Old Broad Street).
Mr. Cole on the General Management (Appendix). 59
CAPE OF GOOD HOPE : CapeofGood
J. R. Thomson and Harrison Watson, Commissioners (St. Peter’s Chambers, Hope‘ Cornhill, London).
CEYLON : Ceylon.
Capt. H. Layard, Commissioner.
G. Bajllie, Agent in London (5, Cannon Row, Westminster).
INDIA : India.
Chairman and Directors of the Hon. East India Company, Commissioners.
Dr. J. Forbes Royle, F.R.S., Special Commissioner, East India House.
Dr. P. H. Green, „
JAMAICA : Jamaica.
A. Ridgway, Agent in London (42, Leicester Square).
E. Fremont, 28, Rue Trevise, Agent in Paris.
MAURITIUS: Mauritius.
J. Morris, Agent in London (8, Great Ormond Street, Queen’s Square).
M. Aubin, 45, Rue du Luxembourg, Agent in Paris.
M. Husson, 11, Rue Rumfort, „
NOVA SCOTIA :
Mr. Archibald, Agent in London (Conservative Club).
NEW ZEALAND.
A. Ridgway, Agent in London (42, Leicester Square).
E. Fremont, Agent in Paris (28, Rue Trevise).
YAN DIEMEN’S LAND :
R. W. Nett, Commissioner.
F. A. Ducroz, Agent in London.
J. Gibson. „
M. Steiner, Agent in Paris (35, Rue de l’Entrepot).
Nova Scotia.
New Zea- land.
Van Die- men’s Land.
List of Agents for Exhibitors of the United Kingdom. Agents for
Exhibitors
Bennett, H., Hotel Folkestone, 9, Rue Castellane. Representing single Exhi- and Com- bitors. mittees.
Brandon, D., 21, Rue Gaillon. Representing Exhibitors.
Brown, J. G., 14, Rue du Cirque. Representing Sunderland Committee.
Cappe, E., 30, Rue Jean Goujon. Representing single Exhibitors.
Combes, E., 4, Rue Neuve des Mathurins. Representing Hull.
Desgands et fils, 35, Rue de l’Entrepot. Representing Colonies and single Exhibitors.
Devlin, J. D., 14, Rue du Cirque. Representing the London Boot and Shoe Trade.
Dowson, J. E., 14, Rue du Cirque. Representing Aberdeen, Birmingham, Huddersfield, Kidderminster, Sheffield, Trowbridge, and Walsall Committees. Metropolitan Cabinet Makers, Carpet Makers, Chemists, and Curriers.
Fontaine-Moreau, M. de, 39, Rue de l’Echiquier. Representing single Ex- hibitors.
Harding, S., 18, Rue de l’Echiquier. Representing Glasgow Committee.
Hartman, J., 17, Rue Bleue. Representing the Leeds Woollen Exhibitors.
Henocque andVAMVERS, 14, Rue Basse des Remparts. Representing Saddlery.
Hickling, M. Representing Nottingham.
Houston, J. M. and G, W., 14, Rue du Cirque. Representing Paisley Ex- hibitors.
Hunt and Heslop. Representing Exhibitors.
Murray, B. A., 41, Rue Miromenil. Representing Dublin Committee.
Murray, J. 0., 14, Rue du Cirque. Representing Manchester Committee.
60
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Mr. Cole on THE General Manage- ment.
AppendixD.
Appendix E.
British Jurors for the Indus- trial Divi- sion.
Nourse and Company (through Mr. Yapp), 27, Boulevart des Italiens. Repre- senting single Exhibitors.
Ryder, W. H., 14, Rue du Cirque. Representing Potteries Committee.
Saglier, V., 42, Rue des Jeuneurs. Representing single Exhibitors.
Simon, Theodore, 14, Rue du Cirque. Representing Class VIII.
Smith, R., and Howitt, G., 14, liue du Cirque. Representing Bradford and Halifax.
Spiers, Frederick, 13, Rue de la Paix. Representing the Carriage Makers of London and the Provinces.
Stout, Stephen, 64, Rue de la Ville l’Eveque. Representing Colonies and single Exhibitors.
Sutton, William, 11, Rue St. Pierre, Montmartre. Representing Silk Manu- facturers.
APPENDIX (E.)
BRITISH JURORS.
Class I.— MINING AND METALLURGY.
Jurors.
W. J. Hamilton, President of the Geological Society.
Warington Smyth, F.G.S., Professor of Mining and Mineralogy in the Government School of Mines, and Inspector of Mines to the Duchy of Cornwall
Class II.— FORESTRY, &c.
Juror.
Sir W. Hooker, F.R.S., Director of the Royal Gardens, Ivew.
Class HI.— AGRICULTURE.
Juror.
J. Evelyn Denison, M.P., Member of the Royal Agricultural Society of England.
Supplementary Jurors.
John Wilson, F.R.S.E., Professor of Agriculture in the University of Edin- burgh.
C. E. Amos, Consulting Engineer to the Royal Agricultural Society of England.
Class IV.— MACHINERY IN GENERAL AS APPLIED TO INDUSTRY.
Juror.
George Rennie, C.E., F.R.S.
Class V.— RAILWAY MACHINERY, COACHES, AND HARNESS.
Jurors.
T. R. Crampton, C,E., Engineer to the Submarine Telegraph between France and England, for Railway Machinery.
Rt. Hon. the Earl of Shelburne, M.P., for Carriages and Harness.
Class VI.— MACHINERY FOR WORKSHOPS.
Juror.
W. Fairbairn, C.E., F.R.S., Corresponding Member of the French Institute and Juror in 1851.
Mr. Cole on the General Management (Appendix). 61
Class VIL— MACHINERY FOR WOVEN FABRICS.
Juror.
Rev. R. Willis, M.A., F.R.S., Professor of Natural Philosophy, Cambridge, and of Mechanics in the Government School of Mines, and Juror in 1851 ; aided by the Jurors for Woven Fabrics.
Mr. Cole
on THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Appendix E.
Class VIII.— ARTS RELATING TO THE EXACT SCIENCES, AND TO INSTRUCTION.
Jurors.
Sir David Brewster, F.R.S-, Member of the French Institute, and Deputy- Chairman and Reporter of the Jury of Philosophical Instruments in 1851.
J. Carter, Alderman of the City of London, and Chairman of the Metropolitan Committee of Watch and Clockmakers.
Supplementary Juror.
Dr. Tyndal, F.R.S., Professor of Physics in the Royal Institution of Great Britain.
Class IX.— HEAT, LIGHT, AND ELECTRICITY.
J URORS.
C. Wheatstone, F.R.S., Professor of Experimental Philosophy, King’s College, Corresponding Member of the French Institute.
Dr. Neil Arnott, F.R.S.
Class X.— CHEMICAL MANUFACTURES, INCLUDING PAPER.
Jurors.
Thomas Graham, F.R.S., Master of the Mint, Corresponding Member of the French Institute, and Deputy-Chairman and Reporter of the Chemical Jury in 1851.
Warren De la Rue, F.R.S., Reporter and Juror in the Exhibition of 1851.
Class XI.— ALIMENTARY SUBSTANCES.
Juror.
R. Owen, F.R.S., Corresponding Member of the French Institute, and Chair- man of the Jury on Alimentary Substances in the Exhibition of 1851.
Class XII.— HYGIENE, PHARMACY, SURGERY, MEDICINE. Jurors.
Sir Joseph Olliefe, Physician to the British Embassy in Paris.
Dr. Royle, F.R.S., Professor of Materia Medica in King’s College, Scientific Referee to the H.E.I.C. on the Vegetable Substances of India, and Juror in 1851.
Supplementary Juror.
Edwin Chadwick, C.B., late Member of the General Board of Health.
Class XIII.— NAVAL AND MILITARY ARTS.
Jurors.
Lieutenant-General Sir John Burgoyke, G.C.B., Inspector-General of For- tifications, and Juror in 1851.
J. Scott Russell, F.R.S., Shipbuilder, late Secretary to the Royal Commis- sion for the Exhibition of 1851.
62
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Me. Cole
on THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Class XIV.— CIVIL ENGINEERING.
J UROR.
Joseph Locke, C.E., M.P., E.R.S.
Appendix E.
Supplementary Juror.
Charles Manby, C.E., Secretary to the Institution of Civil Engineers.
Class XV.— STEEL AND ITS PRODUCTS. Juror.
T. Moulson, the Master Cutler of Sheffield .
Supplementary Juror.
J. J. Mechi, F.S.A., Juror in the Exhibition of 1851.
Class XVI.— GENERAL METAL WORK.
Jurors.
W. Bird, Deputy-Chairman of Jury on Iron in the Exhibition of 1851. Alfred Tylor, E.G.S., Manufacturer in London.
Class XVII.— GOLDSMITHS’ WORK, JEWELLERY, AND BRONZES.
Juror.
The Most Honorable the Marquis of Hertford, K.G.
Class XVIII.— GLASS AND POTTERY.
Jurors.
J. Hartley, Manufacturer of Glass in Sunderland, and Medallist in 1851.
J. Webb, Juror for Furniture in 1851.
Supplementary Juror.
Dr. Hofmann, F.R.S., Professor of Chemistry to the Government School of Mines, and Juror and Reporter in the Exhibition of 1851.
Class XIX.— COTTON PRINTING AND DYEING.
Jurors.
T. Bazley, President of the Chamber of Commerce, Manchester, one of Her Majesty’s Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851.
Walter Crum, F.R.S., Calico Printer and Bleacher, Glasgow.
Class XX.— WOOLLEN AND WORSTED MANUFACTURES. Jurors.
S. Addington, Woollen Merchant, London, and Reporter of the Jury on Woollen Cloths in the Exhibition of 1851.
Richard S. Butterfield, Merchant, of Bradford, Yorkshire.
Class XXI.— SILK.
J UROR.
T. F. Gibson, one of Her Majesty’s Commissioners for the Exhibition of 1851. Supplementary Juror.
T. Winkworth, Reporter to the Silk Jury in the Exhibition of 1851.
Mr. Cole on the General Management (Appendix). 63
Class XXII.— FLAX AND HEMP.
Juror.
Erskine Beveridge, Linen Manufacturer, Dunfermline.
Supplementary Juror.
James MacAdam, jun., Secretary of the Royal Society for the Promotion and Improvement in the Growth of Flax in Ireland, and Honorary Secretary to the Belfast Committee for the French Exhibition.
Class XXIII.— HOSIERY, CARPETS, &c.
Jurors
W. Felkin, Chairman of Jury on Clothing in 1851.
Peter Graham, Upholsterer, and Juror in 1851.
Class XXIV.— FURNITURE AND DECORATION.
Jurors.
His Grace the Duke of Hamilton.
Digby Wyatt, Architect, Secretary to the Executive Committee of the Exhibition of 1851.
Class XXV.— MISCELLANEOUS AND ORNAMENTAL OBJECTS.
Juror.
Rt. Hon. Lord Ashburton, F.R.S., Deputy-Chairman of Jury on Furniture in the Exhibition of 1851.
Class XXVI.— PRINTING, PHOTOGRAPHY, &c.
Juror.
Charles Knight, Publisher.
Supplementary Juror.
Thomas De la Rue, Chairman of the Metropolitan Committee of Paper Makers and Stationers for the Paris Exhibition, and Juror in 1851.
Class XXVII.— MUSIC.
Juror.
Rt. Hon. Sir George Clerk, Bart., F.R.S., President of the Royal Academy of Music.
Class XXVIII.— PAINTING, ENGRAVING, and LITHOGRAPHY. Lord Elciio, M.P.
Daniel Maclise, Esq., R.A.
Frederick Tayler, Esq.
J. H. Robinson, Esq., Engraver.
Class XXIX.— SCULPTURE.
The Rt. Hon. Henry Labouciiere, M.P. R. Westmacott, Esq., R.A.
W. Calder Marshall, Esq., R.A.
Class XXX.— ARCHITECTURE. Sir Charles Barry, R.A. Professor Cockerell, R.A.
Mr. Cole on THE General Manage- ment.
Appendix E,
British Jurors for the Eine Arts.
64
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Me. Cole on THE General Manage- ment.
Appendix F.
Printed documents issued by the Board of Trade.
APPENDIX (F.)
Catalogue of Printed Documents used in the Operations of the British Commission in carrying on the Business of the Paris Exhibition.
|
No. |
Date. |
Nature of Document. |
|
1 |
8 March 1853 - |
Decrees, Regulations, and Instructions of the Impe- rial Commission. |
|
2 |
28 May 1854 - |
Summary of Conditions on which the Exhibition will be conducted. |
|
3 |
59 |
Form of Demand for Space. |
|
4 4 a 5 |
28 May 1854 - |
Circular Letter accompanying Nos. 1, 2, and 3 |
|
8 March 1853 - |
99 99 # 99 Decrees, Regulations, and Instructions of the Im- perial Commission. |
|
|
6 |
6 June 1854 - |
Circular Letter summoning Committee (Precious Metals). |
|
7 |
99 |
Circular Letter summoning Committee (Furniture and Decoration). |
|
8 |
99 |
Circular Letter summoning Committee (Clocks and Watches). |
|
9 |
59 |
Circular Letter summoning Committee (Silks). |
|
10 |
26 June 1854 - |
„ „ (Blank). |
|
11 |
8 June 1854 - |
Correspondence relating to the interests of British Manufacturers to exhibit in Paris in 1855. |
|
12 |
20 June 1854 - |
Resolutions of Committee (Musical Instruments). |
|
13 |
99 |
Resolution passed by Council of Civil Engineers. |
|
14 |
22 June 1854 - |
Resolutions of Committee (Saddlery and Harness). |
|
15 |
- |
Blank Form for summoning Committee. |
|
16 |
- |
List of London Papers for Advertisements. |
|
17 |
26 June 1854 - |
Resolution of Committee (Philosophical Instru- ments). |
|
18 |
1 July 1854 - |
Resolution of Committee (Letterpress and Surface Printing, and Type founding). |
|
19 |
4 July 1854 - |
Resolution of Committee (Hats and Caps). |
|
20 |
12 July 1854 - |
Circular Letter inviting Sculptors to exhibit. |
|
21 |
99 |
Circular Letter announcing that a Secretary has been appointed to the Associate Committees of the Metropolis. |
|
22 |
14 July 1854 - |
Circular to Agricultural Implement Makers. |
|
23 |
- |
Form of Demand for Space (Sculpture). |
|
24 |
- |
Regulations as to Works of Sculpture. |
|
25 |
- |
Directory. |
|
26 |
19 July 1854 - |
Report of meeting held at Manchester on the subject of the Exhibition, on the 13th July 1854. |
|
27 |
20 July 1854 - |
Resolution of Committee (Paper and Stationery). |
|
28 |
22 July 1854 - |
Circular Letter to Secretaries of Local Committee |
|
29 |
- |
Form of Estimate of the Number of Exhibitors to accompany Circular to Local Committees (28). |
|
30 |
25 July 1854 - |
Circular Letters with respect to a due Representa- tion of Agricultural Produce. |
|
31 |
- |
Blank Circular accompanying No. 3. |
|
32 |
m .• m |
Regulations as to Paintings. |
|
33 |
... |
Form of Demand for Space (Painting). |
|
34 |
- |
Regulations as to Engraving and Lithography. |
Mr. Cole on the General Management (Appendix). 65
|
No. |
Date. |
Nature of Document. |
|
35 |
- |
Form of Demand for Space (Engraving and Litho- graphy). |
|
36 |
12 July 1854 - |
Circular Letter to Painters inviting them to exhibit. |
|
37 |
12 July 1854 - |
Circular Letter to Engravers inviting them to exhibit. |
|
38 |
29 July 1854 - |
Circular Letter calling attention to Error in Article 1 3 of Decrees, and Paragraph 4 of Summary. |
|
39 |
■ |
Circular stating Form of Demand for Space has been filled in from particulars given. |
|
40 |
- |
Form of Demand for Space after 1st August 1854. |
|
41 |
- |
Circular Letter to Architects, inviting them to ex- hibit. |
|
42 |
4 Aug. 1854 - |
Regulations as to Architecture. |
|
43 |
- |
Form of Demand for Space (Architecture). |
|
44 |
" |
Corrected Translation of Decrees, &c. of the Impe- rial Commission. |
|
45 |
- |
Letter to Artists respecting the examination of their Works. |
|
46 |
6 Aug. 1854 - |
Circular to Persons proposing to exhibit Machinery. |
|
47 |
8 Aug. 1854 - |
Circular Letter to Secretaries of Local Committees accompanying Directory (25). |
|
48 |
- |
Circular Letter accompanying No. 40. |
|
49 |
Circular Letter on Agricultural Implements to be exhibited. |
|
|
50 |
- |
Circular to Applicants for Space after 1st August. |
|
51 |
Extract from “ London Gazette ” of 1 5th Sep- tember 1854. |
|
|
52 |
5 Oct. 1854 - |
Circular to Exhibitors distinct from any Local Committee. |
|
53 |
5 Oct. 1854 - |
Circular to Exhibitors having a Local Committee. |
|
54 |
10 Oct. 1854 - |
Memorandum with reference to Allotment of Space by Local Committees to accompany No. 53. |
|
55 |
12 Oct. 1854 - |
Circular to Agricultural Implement Makers. |
|
56 |
Schedule to be filled up by makers of Agricultural Implements. |
|
|
57 |
12 Oct. 1854 - |
Circular to Exhibitors of Machinery. |
|
58 |
Oct. 1854 - |
„ „ of the Metropolis. |
|
59 |
31 Oct. 1854 - |
Circulars to Local Committees, enclosing Circular of Imperial Commission, No. 60. |
|
60 |
Oct. 1854 - |
Translation from the “Moniteur” of the 19 th October 1854. |
|
61 |
24 Oct. 1854 - |
Circular to Metropolitan Exhibitors, A. |
|
62 |
„ „ B. |
|
|
63 |
Circular to Exhibitors distinct from any Com- mittee, A. Circular to Exhibitors distinct from any Com- mittee, B. |
|
|
64 |
||
|
65 |
Oct. 1854 - |
Committee for Iron Trade. |
|
66 |
Oct. 1854 - |
Special Demand for Space (Iron Trade). |
|
67 |
1 Nov. 1854 - |
Summary of Conditions (No. 2) revised to this date. |
|
68 |
- |
List of Exhibitors to whom Space has been allotted by each Committee. |
|
68 a |
■ |
List of Exhibitors to whom Space has been allotted by Associate Metropolitan Committees. |
|
69 |
• |
List of Exhibitor's to whom Space has been allotted by Associate Metropolitan Committees. |
|
70 |
- |
Circular to Exhibitors to whom Space has been allotted. |
|
71 |
... |
Form of Statement of Payments on account of Vote of £50,000. |
Mr. Cole on the General Manage- ment.
Appendix F.
Printed documents issued by the Board of Trade.
Me. Cole
on THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Appendix F.
Printed documents issued by the Board of Trade.
66 Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
|
No. |
Date. |
Nature of Document. |
|
72 |
Fine Art Circular to Owners of Pictures, &c. |
|
|
73 |
9 Dec. 1854 - |
Allotment of Space Circular (Machinery). |
|
74 75 |
15 Dec. 1854 - 13 Dec. 1854 |
Circular on Appropriation of the Offices in Paris. Explanation of Plan of Space allotted to each Com- mittee. |
|
76 |
16 Dec. 1854 - |
Instructions to Architects sending their Works to Gore House. |
|
77 |
- |
Ticket to be pasted on the back of the Frame of each Work sent by Architects. |
|
78 78 a 79 |
Jan. 1855 |
Letter requesting Loan of Paintings. Letter requesting Loan of Engravings. Invitation from Chemical Committee of Royal Society to exhibit. |
|
80 |
10 Jan. 1855 - |
Allotment of Space (Agricultural Machinery). |
|
81 |
Jan. 1855 |
List of Works of Art asked for. |
|
82 |
Jan. 1855 |
Circular on Collection of Coals of the United Kingdom. |
|
82 a |
Jan. 1855 |
Form of Demand for Space (Coal Collection). |
|
83 |
16 Jan. 1855 |
On the Superiority of Collective over Individual Exhibitions. |
|
84 |
18 Jan. 1855 - |
Notice to Exhibitors on Glass Cases, Fittings, & c. |
|
84 a |
Jan. 1855 |
Suggestive Modes of erecting Glass Cases and Fittings, for the consideration of Exhibitors. |
|
85 |
18 Jan. 1855 - |
Questions to Exhibitors on Fittings and Cases. |
|
86 |
- |
Acting Local Committees. |
|
87 |
19 Jan. 1855 - |
List of Proprietors of Works of Art made up to this date. |
|
87 a |
31 Jan. 1855 - |
List of Proprietors of Works of Art made up to this date |
|
88 |
- |
Circular Letter stating Works of Art will be called for. |
|
89 |
Jan. 1855 |
Circular Letter allotting Space (Fine Arts). |
|
90 |
: |
Form for apportioning the Exhibitors among the various classes. |
|
91 |
- |
Advice of Shipment. |
|
92 |
- |
Form for Travelling Expenses. |
|
93 |
- - - |
Fine Arts Form of Receipt Note. |
|
94 |
- |
Arrangements for Shipping Goods. |
|
95 |
- |
Shipment of Goods (accompanying Nc. 94). |
|
96 97 |
~ |
Shipment of Goods by way of Dunkirk. Special Shipment of Goods by way of |
|
98 |
Jan. 1855 |
Circular Letter accompanying No. 99. |
|
99 |
Jan. 1855 - |
Circular Letter stating assent or dissent from joining in Expense of Glass Case. |
|
100 |
“ |
Circular Letter accompanying Papers for Despatch of Fine Arts. |
|
101 |
- |
Circular Letter announcing Despatch of Fine Arts. |
|
102 |
- |
Address Card (Fine Arts). |
|
103 |
* |
Circular Letter acknowledging Arrival of Works of Art. |
|
104 |
- |
Contractors in Paris for Glass Cases, &c. |
|
105 |
1 Feb. 1855 |
Circular Letter stating Rotation Number of Ex- hibitor. |
|
106 |
Feb. 1855 - |
Instructions as to Safe Transmission of Works of Art. |
|
107 |
1 Feb. 1855 - |
Notice on the Employment of Agents in Paris. Contracts for Cases, &c. |
|
108 |
... |
List for the Information of the French Customs (Bulletin d’Expedition). |
Mr. Cole on the General Management (Appendix). 67
|
No. |
Date. |
Nature of Document. |
|
109 |
5 Feb. 1 855 - |
Notice of Insurance of Works of Art sent to the Paris Exhibition. |
|
110 |
13 Feb. 1855 - |
Notice on Addressing the Packages. |
|
111 |
_ |
Circular of Introduction. |
|
112 |
March 1855 - |
Notice of Insurance of Works of Art sent to the Paris Exhibition. |
|
113 |
20 Feb. 1855 - |
Circular Letter on filling up of the Exhibitor’s Bulletin. |
|
114 |
16 Feb. 1855 - |
Request for the immediate Return of Circulars on Shipment. |
|
115 |
- |
Rules for Receiving and Delivering Works of Art. |
|
116 |
- |
Circular Letter to Owners of Cattle Pictures. |
|
117 |
- |
Form of Demand for Space for Cattle Pictures. |
|
118 |
- |
List of Pictures in Oil. |
|
119 |
- |
„ Water Colours. |
|
120 |
22 Feb. 1855 - |
Circular Letter on Time for despatching Goods to Paris. |
|
121 |
- |
Circular Letter stating last Day for receiving Spe- cimens of Coal. |
|
122 |
- |
Circular Letter stating Works of Architecture have been passed. |
|
122 a |
- |
Circular accompanying No. 122. |
|
123 |
1 March 1855 |
Circular Letter stating Mr. Cole has been appointed to Superintend the Arrangements of the British Section of the Exhibition. |
|
124 |
15 March 1855 |
Circular Letter on Price Lists and Trade Circulars. |
|
125 |
- |
Report on the preliminary Measures adopted. |
|
126 |
16 March 1855 |
Notice, enclosing Circular, with Information re- quired for Catalogue by Imperial Commission. |
|
127 |
23 March 1855 |
Notice on Correspondence. |
|
128 |
29 March 1855 |
Notice on the Despatch of Goods. |
|
129 |
31 March 1855 |
Notice on Postage of Letters. |
|
130 |
- |
Special Instructions for the Guidance of the Inter- national Jury. |
|
131 |
- |
Circular stating all Correspondence to be addressed to Paris. |
|
132 |
- |
Notice on Passports to Workmen visiting the Paris Exhibition. |
|
133 |
28 May 1855 - |
Circular Letter on Rewards to Workmen. |
|
134 |
. |
Agency and Distribution of Prospectuses, &c. |
|
134 a |
- |
Form for Names of Workmen. |
|
135 |
25 June 1855 - |
Notice to Exhibitors on Meeting of the Juries. |
|
136 |
2 July 1855 - |
Resolution of a Meeting of the British Jurors held this day. |
|
136 a |
14 June 1855 - |
Appointment of British Jurors. |
|
137 |
16 July 1855 - |
Circular Letter accompanying No. 136. |
|
138 |
27 July 1855 - |
Circular Letter on inserting Woodcuts of Objects exhibited and Statement of Prices, & c. in Cata- logue. |
|
139 |
17 Oct. 1855 - |
Notice announcing Closing of Exhibition to take place on the 15th November. |
|
140 |
30 Nov. 1855 - |
Notice to Exhibitors to whom Prizes have been awarded. |
|
141 |
•• |
List of Awards. |
Me. Cole on THE Genebal Manage- ment.
Appendix F.
Printed documents issued by the Board of Trade.
G. F. Duncombe.
68
Reports on the Paris Exhibition.
Me. Colb
ON THE
General
Manage-
ment.
Appendix F.
Extracts
from
printed
documents.
Appropria- tion of the offices in Paris.
No. 74,
15th Decem- ber 1854.
Superiority of collective over indi- vidual exhi- bitions.
No. 83,
16th Jan. 1855.
Extracts from Printed Documents issued by the Board of Trade.
The following extracts from some of the circulars, which were from time to time, as the occasion required, transmitted to exhibitors, may be found useful as embodying a few important principles, which were followed in the management of the British section of the Exhibition.
As soon as a house had been hired in Paris for offices, exhibitors were informed that —
“ It is the wish of my Lords to make this house as extensively useful as possible to the committees who have been co-operating with them in securing a creditable representation of the industry and of the Pine Arts of the United Kingdom, as well as to the officers who may be sent to Paris by my Lords to yield the necessary assistance, information, and support to the exhibitors.”
“ My Lords consider that it is very desirable not only that the French people should see the British goods displayed in the Exhibition, but that facilities should be given for obtaining all the information possible with respect to price, rate of production, the facility with which orders can be executed, &c. ; and it is considered that an office in a central situation, adjoining the Exhibition, where such information could be obtained with readiness, would be of great service to the French public, and to the exhibitors of the United Kingdom and its dependencies.”
“ The accommodation will not be sufficient to allow of the same facilities being offered to the agents of individual exhibitors ; but it is proposed to pro- vide means by which during the arrangements, and during the Exhibition itself, exhibitors may, should they think proper, have their letters sent to the same address.”
The superiority of a collective over an individual display of the manufac- tures belonging to one class having been appreciated by the Board of Trade, the adoption of the plan suggested by the Secretary of the Imperial Commission was urged upon the exhibitors in the following circular : —
“ I. Many important seats of manufacture, like Manchester, Sheffield, and Glasgow, and branches of trade, like the silk trade of Spitalfields, the printing, boot and shoe, and saddlers’ trades of the metropolis, have already combined to exhibit collections complete and illustrating the details of each trade in all its branches, to be arranged in groups in stalls, or in one or more glass cases, accord- ing to circumstances. This mode of action has been adopted in order that the local display should not be left to accident to be made by individuals on their own judgment alone, but with the judgment of all who are interested in the complete representation of the industry of the locality ; and as these arrange- ments conduce in a high degree to rendering the necessarily limited amount of space all the more effective for the object of an exhibition of national industry, it has been judged desirable to explain in some detail to those local committees, who may not have adopted already the collective principle of exhibition, the means by wffiich such mode adapts itself to the limited amount of space, and, at the same time, promotes the interests of individual exhibitors and the perfect display of British industry.
“II. The great object on the present occasion is to convey to the French public and the visitors to the Exhibition, likely to come from all parts of the world, a complete and general impression of the industry and resources of each of our great seats of manufacture. M. Dufour, the Secretary of the Imperial Commis- sion, has pointed out how this may be easily done without destroying the individuality of each exhibitor. For instance, a stall may be headed as the “Lock Trade of Wolverhampton,” or the “Silk Trade of Spitalfields,” repre- sented by the following houses (here to follow the names in alphabetical order) : A. B.
C. D.
E. F., &c.
And instead of showing a specimen of every description of goods v'hich every firm was able to produce, a complete collection may be formed of all the different kinds of locks and silks made in those localities, from the cheapest to the dearest,
Mr. Cole on the General Management {Appendix). 69
correctly classified and arranged, each house being called upon to supply speci- Mr. Cole mens of those particular goods in which it has the largest trade or the greatest r0N THE celebrity. Each specimen might, or might not, bear, on a small card, the name of the actual manufacturer, but on the stall and in the catalogue each firm ment
would not only appear as the contributor of the few specimens shown, but as — “ v
one of the manufacturers representing that particular industry of their locality, Appenctlx * ' and able to supply orders for all kinds.
“ III. Doubtless there are other principles upon which such a collective exhi- bition might be formed, and the same objects attained by different means ; but it is evident that the general impression of such arrangements would be infi- nitely superior to a number of little cases occupied each by a distinct exhibitor.
Not only will it be more useful to the country and to the locality, but to the individual exhibitors themselves.
In furtherance of the above plan, the Associate Committees of the metro- Q]ass caseg> poiis requested the issue of a special circular on the subject : — No. 98,
“ The Associate Committee for the representation of the above branch of3ls^Jan. industry are of opinion that it would be greatly to the advantage of the exhi- 1°5j* bitors, if they united in the expense of a glass case, wherein to exhibit their goods ; inasmuch as it would be a